FLO US Equity☆

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information included in this report, in considering our business and prospects. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. These risk factors are not listed in any order of significance. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem insignificant, may also impair our business operations. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition, liquidity, or results of operations.

Operational Risks

Economic conditions may negatively impact demand for our products, which could adversely impact our sales and operating profit.

The willingness of our customers and consumers to purchase our products may depend in part on economic conditions. Worsening economic conditions or future challenges to economic growth could have a negative impact on consumer demand, which could adversely affect our business. Deterioration of national and global economic conditions could cause consumers to shift purchases to more generic, lower-priced, or other value offerings, or consumers may forego certain purchases altogether during economic downturns and could result in decreased demand in the foodservice business. This economic uncertainty may increase pressure to reduce the prices of some of our products, limit our ability to increase or maintain prices, and reduce sales of higher margin products or shift our product mix to low-margin products.

In addition, changes in tax or interest rates, whether due to recession, efforts to combat inflation, financial and credit market disruptions or other reasons, could negatively impact us.

A disruption or change in the operation of our DSD distribution system could materially and/or negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

A material negative change in our relationship with the independent distributor partners could negatively affect our business. Such changes could result from litigation or one or more adverse rulings by courts or regulatory or governmental bodies in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate regarding our independent distributorship model, including actions or decisions that could affect the independent contractor classifications of the independent distributor partners, or an adverse judgment against the company for actions taken by the independent distributor partners. These changes could also result from regulatory developments based on the manner in which the U.S. Department of Labor applies the Fair Labor Standards Act. In addition, as a result of California distributor-related litigation, we began converting our independent distributor partners distribution model in California to an employment model in Fiscal 2024 and anticipate completing the conversion early in the second quarter of Fiscal 2025. Any of these developments could materially and/or negatively affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to attract or retain the highly skilled people we need for our business.

We depend on the skills and continued service of key personnel, including our experienced management team. In addition, our ability to achieve our strategic and operating goals depends on our ability to attract, recruit, hire, develop, and retain qualified individuals, including individuals with e-commerce, digital marketing, and data analytics capabilities. We compete with other companies both within and outside of our industry for talented personnel, and we may lose key personnel or fail to attract, recruit, hire, develop, and retain other talented personnel. Any such loss, failure or negative perception with respect to these individuals may adversely affect our business or financial results or our ability to meet regulatory reporting requirements. In addition, activities related to identifying, recruiting, hiring, and integrating qualified individuals may require significant time and expense. We may not be able to locate suitable replacements for any key employees who terminate their employment or offer employment to potential replacements on reasonable terms, each of which may adversely affect our business and financial results.

Labor shortages and increased turnover or increases in employee and employee-related costs could have adverse effects on our profitability.

We have recently experienced labor shortages at some of our bakeries. A number of factors may adversely affect the labor force available to us, including high employment levels, federal unemployment subsidies and benefits offered, and other government regulations, which include laws and regulations related to workers’ health and safety, wage and hour practices, and immigration. A labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate our bakeries and bread lines or otherwise operate at full capacity. An overall labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation could have a material adverse impact on the company’s operations, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows.

Additionally, health care and workers’ compensation are increasing and will likely continue to do so. Any substantial increase in these costs may have an adverse impact on our profitability. The company records the liabilities related to its benefit plans based on

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actuarial valuations, which include key assumptions determined by management. Material changes in benefit plan liabilities may occur in the future due to changes in these assumptions. Future annual amounts could be impacted by various factors, such as changes in the number of plan participants, changes in the discount rate, changes in the expected long-term rate of return, changes in the level of contributions to the plan, and other factors. In addition, legislation or regulations involving labor and employment and employee benefit plans (including employee health care benefits and costs) may impact our operational results.

The costs of maintaining and enhancing the value and awareness of our brands are increasing, which could have an adverse impact on our revenues and profitability.

We rely on the success of our well-recognized brand names and we intend to maintain our strong brand recognition by continuing to devote resources to advertising, marketing and other brand building efforts. Brand value could diminish significantly due to several factors, including consumer perception that we have acted in an irresponsible manner, adverse publicity about our products (whether or not valid), our failure to maintain the quality of our products, the failure of our products to deliver consistently positive consumer experiences, or the products becoming unavailable to consumers. The growing use of social and digital media platforms by consumers and third parties increases the speed and extent that information or misinformation and opinions can be shared. Brand recognition and loyalty can be impacted by the effectiveness of our advertising campaigns, marketing programs and sponsorships, as well as our use of social media. In addition, failure to comply with local or other laws and regulations could also hurt our reputation. Our marketing investments may not prove successful in maintaining or increasing our market share. If we are not able to successfully maintain our brand recognition or were to suffer damage to our reputation or loss of consumer confidence in our products for any of these reasons, our revenues and profitability could be adversely affected. Additionally, a company determination that any brand is no longer expected to contribute to the company's future results could lead to an impairment or material impairment of an intangible asset, resulting in an impairment or an acceleration of amortization due to a reduction in the useful life, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our inability to execute our business strategy could adversely affect our business.

We employ various operating strategies to maintain our position as one of the nation’s leading producers and marketers of bakery products available to customers through multiple channels of distribution. In particular, these operating strategies include, among other things, (i) the integration of acquisitions or the acquisition or disposition of assets at presently targeted values, (ii) the deployment of new systems and technology, and (iii) an enhanced organizational structure. Our focus on our long-term goals of being consumer-focused and committed to growing our most profitable brands is dependent on our success in achieving our strategic priorities: (i) develop team; (ii) focus on brands; (iii) prioritize margins; and (iv) smart M&A. These and related demands on our resources may divert the organization’s attention from other business issues. Our success is partly dependent upon properly executing, and realizing cost savings or other benefits from, these often-complex initiatives. Any delay in, or failure to implement, our strategic initiatives could adversely affect our ability to grow margins. If we are unsuccessful in implementing or executing one or more of our business strategies, our business could be adversely affected.

We may be adversely impacted by the failure to successfully realize the expected benefits of acquisitions, divestitures or joint ventures.

From time to time, we undertake acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures and co-investments. The success of any acquisition, divestiture or joint venture depends on the company’s ability to identify opportunities that help us meet our strategic objectives, consummate a transaction on favorable contractual terms, and achieve expected returns and other financial benefits. In particular, this risk arises in the context of the pending Simple Mills Acquisition, which is expected to close in the first quarter of Fiscal 2025.

Acquisitions, including future acquisitions, require us to efficiently integrate the acquired business or businesses, which involves a significant degree of difficulty, including the following:

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integrating the operations and business cultures of the acquired businesses while carrying on the ongoing operations of the businesses we operated prior to the acquisitions;

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managing a significantly larger company than before consummation of the acquisitions;

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the possibility of faulty assumptions underlying our expectations regarding the prospects of the acquired businesses;

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coordinating a greater number of diverse businesses and businesses located in a greater number of geographic locations;

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attracting and retaining the necessary personnel associated with the acquisitions;

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creating uniform standards, controls, procedures, policies and information systems and controlling the costs associated with such matters; and

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expectations about the performance of acquired trademarks and brands and the fair value of such trademarks and brands.

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Divestitures have operational risks that may include impairment charges. Divestitures also present unique financial and operational risks, including diverting management attention from the existing core business, separating personnel and financial data and other systems, and adversely affecting existing business relationships with suppliers and customers.

Co-investments with third parties through partnership, joint ventures, or other entities may involve non-controlling, illiquid interests and limited decision-making authority. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures, or other entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present were a third-party not involved, including the possibility that our joint venture partners might become bankrupt, fail to fund their share of required capital contributions, make poor business decisions, or block or delay necessary decisions which can lead to potential impairment recognition. Disputes between us and our joint venture partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our joint venture partners.

We have had, and may have in the future, situations where acquisitions, divestitures or joint ventures are not successfully implemented or completed, or the expected benefits of such acquisitions or divestitures are not otherwise realized, which has, and may in the future, negatively impacted the company’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Disruption in our supply chain or distribution capabilities from political instability, armed hostilities, incidents of terrorism, natural disasters, weather, inferior product or ingredient supply, or labor strikes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to make, move and sell products is critical to our success. Damage or disruption to our manufacturing or distribution capabilities, or the manufacturing or distribution capabilities of our suppliers, due to weather, including any potential effects of climate change, natural disaster, fire or explosion, terrorism, pandemics, inferior product or ingredient supply, labor strikes or work stoppages, or adverse outcomes in litigation involving our independent distributor model, could impair our ability to make, move or sell our products. Moreover, terrorist activity, armed conflict or political instability, including any escalation of hostility arising out of the conflict between Russia and the Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East, or natural disasters that may occur within or outside the U.S. may disrupt manufacturing, labor, and other business operations. Failure to take adequate steps to mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events and disruption to our manufacturing or distribution capabilities, or to effectively manage such events if they occur, could adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

The third-party vendor management processes may not be appropriately designed to reduce risks related to the delivery of goods, supplies and services.

As part of a concerted effort to achieve cost savings and efficiencies, we have entered into agreements with third-party vendors for the delivery of goods, supplies and services, including IT services. If we do not select quality vendors, appropriately review vendor contracts and monitor these vendors’ performance (including their ability to protect our customer, consumer or other confidential data), or if any of these third-parties do not perform according to the terms of the agreements, we may not be able to achieve the expected cost savings, we may have to incur additional costs to correct errors made by such third-party vendors or our reputation could be harmed by any failure to perform.

Technology Risks

We may be adversely impacted if our IT systems fail to perform adequately, including with respect to cybersecurity issues.

The efficient operation of our business depends on our IT systems. We rely on our IT systems to effectively manage our business data, communications, supply chain, order entry and fulfillment, and other business processes. The failure of our IT systems (including those provided to us by third-parties) to perform as we anticipate could disrupt our business and could result in billing, collecting and ordering errors, processing inefficiencies, and the loss of sales and customers, causing our business and results of operations to suffer.

In addition, our IT systems (including those provided to us by third parties), and the IT systems of our third-party business partners, may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from circumstances beyond our control, including fire, natural disasters, systems failures, security breaches or intrusions (including theft of customer, consumer or other confidential data), and cyber incidents. Cyber-attacks and other cyber incidents are occurring more frequently in the United States and are becoming more sophisticated with a wide range of expertise and motives. Such cyber-attacks and cyber incidents can take many forms, including extortion, denial of service, employee or personnel failures, or social engineering through phishing, ransomware or malware. Cybersecurity threat actors also may attempt to exploit vulnerabilities through software including software that is commonly used by companies in cloud-based services and bundled software. In addition, the risk of cyber-attacks has increased in connection with the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict in the Middle East, and the resulting geopolitical conflicts. In light of those and other geopolitical events, nation-state actors or their supporters may launch retaliatory cyber-attacks, and may attempt to cause supply chain and other third-party service provider disruptions, or take other geopolitically motivated retaliatory actions that may disrupt our business operations, result in data compromise,

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or both. These circumstances increase the likelihood of cyber-attacks and/or security breaches. In addition, the rapid evolution and increased adoption of artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning technologies may intensify our cybersecurity risks and make it more difficult to anticipate and implement protective measures to recognize, detect, and prevent the occurrence of any of the cyber events described above. Further, the technology and techniques used in cyberattacks are constantly evolving and the pace and extent of that evolution may accelerate with the use of emerging technologies including AI and machine learning.

There can be no assurance that the policies, protocols, and practices that we follow to address cybersecurity, including our controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information. We may incur significant costs in protecting or remediating cyber-attacks or other cyber incidents. If we are unable to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyber-attacks and other information security breaches, we may suffer financial and reputational damage, operational disruptions, be subject to litigation, civil or criminal investigations, regulatory intervention or incur costs related to remediation, payment of ransom or penalties, including as result of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to us or to our partners, customers, suppliers or employees.

We may experience difficulties in deploying the upgrade of our ERP system.

We are in the midst of deploying an upgrade to our ERP system to a more robust platform. The upgrade of the ERP system is designed to accurately maintain our financial records, enhance our operational functionality and provide timely information to our management team related to the operations of the business. The design and implementation of the upgrade to the ERP system has required, and continues to require, an investment of significant personnel and financial resources, including substantial expenditures for outside consultants, system hardware and software in addition to other expenses in connection with the transformation of our financial and operating processes. During the second quarter of Fiscal 2023, we began deploying the ERP upgrade. The deployment is anticipated to be completed in Fiscal 2026. We may not be able to deploy the ERP system upgrade successfully without experiencing delays, increased costs and other difficulties, including potential design defects, miscalculations, testing requirements, and the diversion of management’s attention from day-to-day business operations. If we are unable to deploy the ERP system upgrade as planned, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could be adversely affected, our ability to assess those controls adequately could be delayed, and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted.

We use, and may continue to expand our use of, AI in our business, and challenges with properly managing its use could result in reputational harm, competitive harm, and legal liability, and adversely affect our business operations.

We may leverage AI, including generative AI, in our product development, operations, and software programming. Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI into their operational processes more quickly or more successfully than we do, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition, there are significant risks involved in developing and deploying AI and there can be no assurance that the usage of AI will enhance our products or services or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability. For example, our AI-related efforts, particularly those related to generative AI, subject us to risks related to accuracy, intellectual property infringement or misappropriation, data privacy, and cybersecurity, among others. It is also uncertain how various laws related to online services, intermediary liability, and other issues will apply to content generated by AI. AI also presents emerging ethical issues, and if our use of AI becomes controversial, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. The rapid evolution of AI, including the regulation of AI by government or other regulatory agencies, will require significant resources to develop, test and maintain our platforms, offerings, services, and features to implement AI ethically and minimize any unintended harmful impacts.

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Industry Risks

Increases in costs and/or shortages of raw materials, fuels and utilities could adversely impact our profitability.

Raw materials, such as flour, sweeteners, shortening, yeast, water, and eggs, which are used in our bakery products, are subject to price fluctuations. The cost of these inputs may fluctuate widely due to foreign and domestic government policies and regulations (including tariffs), inflation, weather conditions, domestic and international demand, availability due to supply chain conditions, livestock disease (for example, avian influenza) or other unforeseen circumstances. The global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East. Both conflicts are fast-moving and uncertain. Global grain markets have exhibited increased volatility as sanctions have been imposed on Russia by the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and others in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Furthermore, the conflict in the Middle East may impact oil production capacity, oil prices, and cause disruptions in global supply chains and shipping routes. While we do not expect our operations to be directly impacted by these conflicts at this time, changes in global grain and commodity flows and increased supply chain costs could impact the markets in which we operate, which may in turn negatively impact our business, results of operations, supply chain and financial condition. Any substantial change in the prices or availability of raw materials may have an adverse impact on our profitability. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments from time to time to manage the impact of such volatility in raw materials prices; however, these strategies may not be adequate to overcome increases in market prices or availability. Our failure to enter into hedging or fixed price arrangements or any decrease in the availability or increase in the cost of these agreements and instruments could increase the price of these raw materials and significantly affect our earnings.

In addition, we are dependent upon natural gas or propane for firing ovens. The independent distributors and third-party transportation companies are dependent upon gasoline and diesel for their vehicles. The cost of these fuels may fluctuate widely due to economic and political conditions, government policy and regulation, war or other conflicts, or other unforeseen circumstances. Substantial future increases in prices for, or shortages of, these fuels could have a material adverse effect on our profitability, financial condition or results of operations. There can be no assurance that we can cover these potential cost increases through future pricing actions. Also, as a result of these pricing actions, consumers could purchase less or move from purchasing higher-margin products to lower-margin products.

Inflation may adversely affect us by increasing our costs of production, materials, and labor. In an inflationary environment, such as the current economic environment, depending on the market conditions of the baking industry, we may be unable to raise the prices of our products enough to keep up with the rate of inflation, which would reduce our profit margins, and continued inflationary pressures could impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Competition could adversely impact revenues and profitability.

The U.S. bakery industry is highly competitive. Our principal competitors in these categories all have substantial financial, marketing, and other resources. In most product categories, we compete not only with other widely advertised branded products, but also with store branded products that are generally sold at lower prices. Competition is based on product availability, product quality, price, effective promotions, and the ability to target changing consumer preferences.

Competitor and customer pressures require that we timely and effectively respond to changes in relevant markets, including changes to distribution channels and technological developments. Substantial growth in e-commerce has encouraged the entry of new competitors and business models, intensifying competition by simplifying distribution and lowering barriers to entry. The expanding presence of e-commerce retailers has impacted, and may continue to impact, consumer preferences and market dynamics, which in turn may negatively affect our sales or profits. Failure to effectively and timely assess new or developing trends, technological advancements (including advancements such as AI and machine learning, which may become critical in understanding consumer preferences in the future) or changes in distribution methods could negatively impact demand for our products, our operating results, achievement of our strategic and financial goals and our ability to capitalize on new revenue or value-producing opportunities.

We experience price pressure from time to time due to competitors’ promotional activity and other pricing efforts. This pricing pressure is particularly strong during adverse economic periods and periods of high inflation. Increased competition could result in reduced sales, margins, profits and market share.

Product removals, damaged product or safety concerns could adversely impact our results of operations.

We may be required to recall certain of our products should they be mislabeled, contaminated, spoiled, tampered with or damaged. We may become involved in lawsuits and legal proceedings alleging that the consumption of any of our products causes or caused injury, illness or death. Any such product removal, damaged product or an adverse result in any litigation related to such a product removal or damaged product could have a material adverse effect on our operating and financial results in future periods, depending on the costs of the product removal from the market, the destruction of product inventory, diversion of management time and attention, contractual and other claims made by customers that we supply, loss of key customers, competitive reaction and consumer attitudes.

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Even if a product liability, consumer fraud or other claim is unsuccessful or without merit, the negative publicity surrounding such assertions regarding our products could adversely affect our reputation and brand image. We also could be adversely affected if our customers or consumers in our principal markets lose confidence in the safety and quality of our products.

During fiscal years 2018 through 2023, we have been required, and may be required in future periods, to remove certain of our products from the market should they be mislabeled, contaminated, spoiled, tampered with or damaged, including as a result of inferior ingredients provided by any of our suppliers.

Consolidation in the retail and foodservice industries could adversely affect our sales and profitability.

We expect consolidations among our retail and foodservice customers to continue. If this trend continues and our retail and foodservice customers continue to grow larger due to consolidation in their respective industries, they may demand lower pricing and increased promotional programs. In addition, these pressures may restrict our ability to increase prices, including in response to commodity and other cost increases. Our margins and profits could decrease if a reduction in prices or increased costs are not counterbalanced with increased sales volume.

Inability to anticipate or respond to changes in consumer preferences may result in decreased demand for our products, which could have an adverse impact on our future growth and operating results.

The fresh packaged bread category has experienced volume declines in recent years reflecting, among other factors, shifts in consumer behavior and preferences. Our success depends in part on our ability to respond to current market trends and to anticipate the tastes and dietary habits of consumers, including concerns of consumers regarding nutrition, health and wellness, obesity, product attributes, ingredients, and packaging. Similarly, demand for our products could be negatively affected by consumer concerns or perceptions regarding the health effects of specific ingredients such as, but not limited to, sodium, trans fats, sugar, processed wheat, or other product ingredients or attributes. Also, certain weight loss drugs and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, which may suppress a person's appetite, may impact demand for our products. The introduction of new products and product extensions requires significant development and marketing investment. If we fail to anticipate, identify, or react to changes in consumer preferences, or if we fail to introduce new and improved products on a timely basis, we could experience reduced demand for our products, which could cause our sales, profitability, financial condition, and operating results to suffer.

We rely on several large customers for a significant portion of sales and the loss of one of our large customers or their decision to give higher priority to other brands could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have several large customers that account for a significant portion of sales, and the loss of one of our large customers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our top ten customers accounted for 56.7% of sales during Fiscal 2024. Our largest customer, Walmart/Sam’s Club, accounted for 22.4% during this period. These customers do not typically enter long-term sales contracts, and instead make purchase decisions based on a combination of price, product quality, consumer demand, and customer service performance. At any time, there is a risk that our customers will give higher priority to their own products or to the products of our competitors, resulting in less shelf space for our products. Additionally, our customers may face financial or other difficulties that may impact their operations and their purchases from us. Disputes with significant suppliers could also adversely affect our ability to supply products to our customers. If our sales to one or more of these customers are reduced, this reduction may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our large customers may impose requirements on us that may adversely affect our results of operations.

From time to time, our large customers may re-evaluate or refine their business practices and impose new or revised requirements on us, the distributors, and the customers’ other suppliers. The growth of large mass merchandisers, supercenters and dollar stores, together with changes in consumer shopping patterns, have produced large, sophisticated customers with increased buying power and negotiating strength. Current trends among retailers and foodservice customers include fostering high levels of competition among suppliers, demanding new products or increased promotional programs, requiring suppliers to maintain or reduce product prices, reducing shelf space for our products, and requiring product delivery with shorter lead times. These business changes may involve inventory practices, logistics, or other aspects of the customer-supplier relationship. Compliance with requirements imposed by large customers may be costly and may have an adverse effect on our margins and profitability. However, if we fail to meet a large customer’s demands, we could lose that customer’s business, which also could adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

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Legal and Regulatory Risks

Government regulation, including labeling or warning requirements, could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

As a producer and marketer of food items, our production processes, product quality, packaging, labeling, storage, and distribution, and the safety of food products and the health and safety of our employees, are subject to regulation by various federal, state and local government entities and agencies. In addition, the marketing and labeling of food products has come under increased scrutiny in recent years, and the food industry has been subject to an increasing number of legal proceedings and claims relating to alleged false or deceptive marketing and labeling under federal, state or local laws or regulations. Uncertainty regarding labeling standards has led to customer confusion and legal challenges. The imposition or proposed imposition of additional product labeling or warning requirements could reduce overall consumption of our products, lead to negative publicity (whether based in scientific fact or not) or leave consumers with the perception (whether or not valid) that our products do not meet their health and wellness needs. Such factors could adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

In addition, our operations are subject to extensive and increasingly stringent regulations administered by the Environmental Protection Agency related to the discharge of materials into the environment and the handling and disposition of waste. Failure to comply with these regulations can have serious consequences, including civil and administrative penalties and negative publicity. Changes in applicable laws or regulations or evolving interpretations thereof, including increased government regulations to limit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions as a result of concern over climate change, may result in increased compliance costs, capital expenditures, and other financial obligations for us, which could affect our profitability or impede the production or distribution of our products, and affect our sales.

Compliance with federal, state and local laws and regulations is costly and time consuming. Failure to comply with, or violations of, applicable laws and the regulatory requirements of one or more of these entities and agencies could subject us to civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, recalls or seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions, any of which could result in increased operating costs and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Legal proceedings or claims related to our marketing could damage our reputation and/or adversely affect our business or financial results.

Climate change, or legal, regulatory, or market measures to address climate change, may negatively affect our business and operations.

There is growing concern that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may have an adverse impact on global temperatures, weather patterns, and the frequency and severity of extreme weather and natural disasters. In the event that such climate change has a negative effect on agricultural productivity, we may be subject to decreased availability or less favorable pricing for certain commodities that are necessary for our products, such as corn and wheat. Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters can reduce crop size and crop quality, which in turn could reduce our supplies of raw materials, lower recoveries of usable raw materials, increase the prices of our raw materials, increase our cost of transporting and storing raw materials, or disrupt our production schedules.

We may also be subjected to decreased availability or less favorable pricing for water as a result of climate change, which could impact our production and distribution operations. In addition, natural disasters and extreme weather conditions may disrupt the productivity of our facilities or the operation of our supply chain. The increasing concern over climate change also may result in more regional, federal, and/or global legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases. In the event that such regulation is enacted and is more aggressive than the sustainability measures that we are currently undertaking to monitor our emissions and improve our energy efficiency, we may experience significant increases in our costs of operation and delivery. In particular, increasing regulation of fuel emissions could substantially increase the distribution and supply chain costs associated with our products. As a result, climate change could negatively affect our business and operations.

Additionally, as concerns about climate change and other environmental issues continue to increase, we may be required to comply with new laws and regulations which may result in increased/not yet identified compliance costs, the scale of which is to be evaluated. We continue to evaluate the possible impact of such new laws and regulations, including those mentioned in the following sentence. In October 2023, California passed new laws that mandate the disclosure of GHG emissions, climate-related financial risks and measures adopted to reduce and adapt to such risks. These California laws require initial disclosures in 2026.

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We are subject to increasing legal complexity and could be party to litigation that may adversely affect our business.

Increasing legal complexity may continue to affect our operations and results in material ways. We are or could be subject to legal proceedings that may adversely affect our business, including class actions, administrative proceedings, government investigations, securities laws, employment and personal injury claims, disputes with current or former suppliers, claims by current or former distributors, and intellectual property claims (including claims that we infringed another party’s trademarks, copyrights, or patents). Inconsistent standards imposed by governmental authorities can adversely affect our business and increase our exposure to litigation. Litigation involving our independent distributor model and the independent contractor classification of the independent distributors, as well as litigation related to disclosure made by us in connection therewith, if determined adversely, could increase costs, negatively impact our business prospects and the business prospects of our distributors and subject us to incremental liability for their actions. We are also subject to the legal and compliance risks associated with privacy, data collection, protection and management, in particular as it relates to information we collect when we provide products to customers.

Although we have various insurance programs in place that, subject to their terms and conditions, are intended to address certain costs associated with these events, the potential liabilities associated with these litigation matters, or those that could arise in the future, could be excluded from coverage or, if covered, could exceed the coverage provided by such programs. In addition, insurance carriers may seek to rescind or deny coverage with respect to pending or future claims or lawsuits. If we do not have sufficient coverage under our policies, or if coverage is denied, we may be required to make material payments to settle litigation or satisfy any judgment. Any of these consequences could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Simple Mills Acquisition Risks

The market price for our common stock following the closing of the Simple Mills Acquisition may be affected by factors different from those that historically have affected or currently affect our common stock.

Our future financial position may differ from our financial position before the completion of the Simple Mills Acquisition, and the results of operations of the combined company may be affected by some factors that are different from those currently affecting our results of operations. Accordingly, the market price and performance of our common stock is likely to be different from the performance of our common stock in the absence of the Simple Mills Acquisition. In addition, general fluctuations in stock markets could have a material adverse effect on the market for, or liquidity of, our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

We may not consummate the Simple Mills Acquisition on the terms currently contemplated or at all.

We may not consummate the Simple Mills Acquisition, which is subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. Certain of the conditions to completion of the Simple Mills Acquisition are not within our control, and we cannot predict when, or if, these conditions will be satisfied. If any of these conditions are not satisfied or waived prior to the outside date, it is possible that the Simple Mills Acquisition may be terminated. In addition, satisfying the conditions to and completion of the Simple Mills Acquisition may take longer, and could cost more than we currently expect. There can be no assurance that such conditions will be satisfied or that the Simple Mills Acquisition will be consummated on the terms currently contemplated or at all.

Failure to complete the Simple Mills Acquisition could negatively impact our stock price and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

If the Simple Mills Acquisition is not completed for any reason, including as a result of failure to obtain all requisite regulatory approvals, we may be materially adversely affected and, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the acquisition, we would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

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we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on our stock price;

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we may experience negative reactions from our customers, distributors, suppliers, vendors and joint venture partners;

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we will still be required to pay certain significant costs relating to the acquisition, such as legal, accounting and financial advisor fees; and

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matters relating to the acquisition (including integration planning) require substantial commitments of time and resources by our management, which may have resulted in the distraction of our management from ongoing business operations and pursuing other opportunities that could have been beneficial to us.

If the Simple Mills Acquisition is not completed, the risks described above may materialize and they may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, financial position and stock price.

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Our business relationships may be subject to disruption due to uncertainty associated with the Simple Mills Acquisition, which could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations, cash flows and financial position of us pending and following the closing of the Simple Mills Acquisition.

Parties with which we do business may experience uncertainty associated with the Simple Mills Acquisition, including with respect to current or future business relationships with us following the closing of the Simple Mills Acquisition. Our business relationships may be subject to disruption as customers, distributors, suppliers, vendors and joint venture partners may attempt to delay or defer entering into new business relationships with us, negotiate changes in existing business relationships with us or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than us following the Simple Mills Acquisition. These disruptions could have a material and adverse effect on the results of operations, cash flows and financial position of us, regardless of whether the Simple Mills Acquisition is completed, as well as a material and adverse effect on our ability to realize the expected benefits of the Simple Mills Acquisition.

Executive Offices

The address and telephone number of our principal executive offices are 1919 Flowers Circle, Thomasville, Georgia 31757, (229) 226-9110.

Information about our Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the persons who currently serve as the executive officers of Flowers Foods.

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EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Name, Age and Office Business Experience

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Name, Age and Office Business Experience

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Protecting the security of our information systems is of significant importance to Flowers. We follow certain policies, protocols, and practices that address cybersecurity.

Risk Management and Strategy. We have processes in place for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. These processes have been integrated into our enterprise risk management system. These processes also cover third-party service provider incidents that may impact the company.

Our cybersecurity program includes employee training and a computer security incident response plan (the “CSIRP”) that provides controls and procedures designed to timely and accurately report material cybersecurity incidents. Employees receive regular security training, and we conduct periodic phishing testing to assess whether our employees require additional training. Additionally, we provide our employees with easy-to-use tools to report potential phishing emails. The CSIRP establishes an organizational framework and guidelines to assist the company in identifying, responding to, and recovering from computer security incidents both at the company and its third-party service providers in connection with incidents that may impact the company, including the security incident management team (the “SIM Team”), a legal team (the “Legal Team”) and the computer security incident response team (the “CSIRT”). Each of the SIM Team, the Legal Team, and the CSIRT, often in consultation with the VP of Information Security, has a discrete set of responsibilities and obligations under the CSIRP. The CSIRT is a broad, cross-functional team of management stakeholders assigned with coordinating, developing, and managing the company’s response to computer security incidents when activated.

Once the CSIRT has been activated, incidents are reported to a subcommittee of the company’s disclosure committee, which consists of certain senior executives and leaders throughout the company and is charged with making disclosure determinations.

The CSIRP provides that, when activated, the CSIRT will lead all aspects of incident response, including the engagement of outside counsel and other third-party resources, such as an external incident response team, forensic resources, a crisis management or public relations firm, or notification service providers. For incidents where the CSIRP is not activated, either the SIM Team or the Legal Team, depending on the circumstances, is expected to lead and manage the incident response.

We maintain insurance covering certain costs that may be incurred in connection with cybersecurity incidents, should they occur. However, there is no guarantee that such coverage will be sufficient to address costs, liabilities and damages we may incur in connection with a cybersecurity incident or that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

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The company engages consultants and other third parties to identify and manage cybersecurity risks, including risks from third-party service providers that may impact the company.

No risks from cybersecurity threats, including as the result of previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect Flowers’ business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, we may incur significant costs in protecting or remediating cyber-attacks or other cyber incidents. If we are unable to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyber-attacks and other information security breaches, we may suffer financial and reputational damage, operational disruptions, be subject to litigation, civil or criminal investigations, regulatory intervention or incur costs related to remediation, payment of ransom or penalties, including as a result of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to us or to our partners, customers, suppliers or employees.

Governance. The company’s board of directors (the "Board" or "Board of Directors") oversees the company’s Information Security program, which is approved annually. The audit committee is tasked with oversight of certain risk issues, including cybersecurity, and regularly reports its activities to the Board of Directors. As described in its charter, the audit committee of the Board of Directors oversees risks related to information technology security and regularly reviews and discusses with the VP of Information Security and other members of management the company’s information technology security risk exposures, including (a) the potential impact of those exposures on the company’s business, financial results, operations and reputation, (b) the steps that management has taken to monitor and mitigate such exposures, (c) the company’s information governance policies and programs, and (d) legislative and regulatory developments that could materially impact the company’s privacy and data risk exposure.

At the management-level, the company’s IT systems are overseen by our CIO, who has responsibility for information technology strategy and operations. The company's Information Security program is led by the company’s VP of Information Security, who reports directly to the company's chief financial officer. The VP of Information Security has responsibility for information security strategy and operation. The VP of Information Security is responsible for managing and assessing material risks from cybersecurity threats. This individual has a variety of IT security skills, experiences and professional expertise, obtained through work experience and information security certifications and education.

Management tracks cybersecurity incidents through the process described above.Management regularly reports to the audit committee regarding policies and processes for assessing and managing risk associated with information technology and cybersecurity, as well as material cybersecurity incidents.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal executive offices are company owned and located in Thomasville, Georgia. The company also leases properties that are used for shared services functions and our IT group and owns several properties for our corporate offices. The company also has an additional shared services center in Phoenix, Arizona.

We operate 45 bakeries across the continental U.S. Each of the listed bakeries is company owned except for Modesto, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We believe that our bakeries have adequate production utilization and can meet the current operational requirements for the operation of the business. As discussed in Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K, the company has restructured its plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function. Additionally, across the continental U.S. in the markets we serve, we own approximately 140 warehouse/distribution centers and lease approximately 500 warehouse/distribution centers.

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The table below sets forth the production and sales operations in our bakeries:

Alabama Kansas Texas

Birmingham (P) Lenexa (PS) Denton (PS)

Montgomery (P) Kentucky El Paso (PS)

Tuscaloosa (P) Bardstown (PS) Houston (P)

Arizona London (PS)* Houston (PS)

Mesa (PS)* Louisiana San Antonio (PS)

Tolleson (P) Lafayette (P) Tyler (PS)

Arkansas New Orleans (PS) Utah

Batesville (PS) Maine West Jordan (PS)

Texarkana (P) Lewiston (P) Virginia

California Lewiston (PS) Lynchburg (P)

Modesto (Leased) (P) Nevada Norfolk (PS)

Colorado Henderson (PS)

Johnstown (P) North Carolina

Florida Goldsboro (PS)

Bradenton (PS) Jamestown (PS)

Jacksonville (PS) Newton (PS)

Lakeland (P) Oregon

Miami (PS) Milwaukie (PS)*

Georgia Pennsylvania

Atlanta (P)^ Oxford (PS)

Savannah (P) Philadelphia (Leased) (PS)

Suwanee (P) Tennessee

Thomasville (PS) Cleveland (P)

Tucker (P) Crossville (PS)*

Villa Rica (P) Knoxville (PS)

P - Production Only

PS - Production and Sales

*Only thrift store sales

^ Company announced the closure of this bakery effective late in the first quarter of Fiscal 2025.

We believe our facilities are well-maintained and adequate, that they are being appropriately utilized and that they have sufficient production utilization for their present intended purposes. Utilization is actual labor time as a percent of available hours of production in a week (based on 120 hours/week for three shifts). On a consolidated basis during Fiscal 2024, our average quarterly production utilization ranged from 89% to 97% across all bakeries. During heightened periods of demand, the company can improve utilization by streamlining production with longer production runs and fewer differentiated products produced. Production utilization is not materially different when a sales facility is also located at the bakery.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For a description of all material pending legal proceedings, See Note 24, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable

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PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Shares of the company’s common stock are quoted on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “FLO.”

Holders

As of February 14, 2025, there were approximately 3,195 holders of record of the company’s common stock.

Dividends

The payment of dividends is subject to the discretion of the company’s Board. For Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023, we paid cash dividends on common stock totaling $0.95 and $0.91 per share, respectively. While we intend to continue paying dividends on our common stock, the declaration of cash dividends is at the discretion of the Board, considered in the context of, among other things, general business conditions, our financial results, contractual, legal and regulatory restrictions regarding dividend payments and any other factors the Board may consider relevant.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

As originally announced on December 19, 2002, and subsequently increased, our Board of Directors had approved a plan that authorized share repurchases of up to 74.6 million shares. On May 26, 2022, the company announced that the Board of Directors increased the company's share repurchase authorization by 20.0 million shares. Under the share repurchase plan, the company may repurchase its common stock in open market or privately negotiated transactions or under an accelerated share repurchase program at such times and at such prices as determined to be in the company’s best interest. These repurchases may be commenced or suspended without prior notice depending on then-existing business or market conditions and other factors. The company did not purchase any shares of its common stock in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2024. From the inception of the plan through December 28, 2024, 73.0 million shares have been repurchased, at a cost of $756.0 million. At the close of the company’s fourth quarter on December 28, 2024, 21.5 million shares remained under the existing authorization.

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Stock Performance Graph

The chart below is a comparison of the cumulative total return (assuming the reinvestment of all dividends paid) of our common stock, Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, Standard & Poor’s 500 Packaged Foods and Meats Index, and Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 Index for the period December 28, 2019 through December 28, 2024, the last day of our 2024 fiscal year.

Companies in the S&P 500 Index, the S&P 500 Packaged Foods and Meats Index, and the S&P MidCap 400 Index are weighted by market capitalization and indexed to $100 at December 28, 2019. Flowers Foods’ share price is also indexed to $100 at December 28, 2019.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 1., Business, and the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K. The following information contains forward-looking statements which involve certain risks and uncertainties. See Forward-Looking Statements at the beginning of this Form 10-K. Any reference to sales refers to net sales inclusive of allowances and deductions against gross sales for variable consideration and consideration payable to customers.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is segregated into four sections, including:

•

Executive overview — provides a summary of our operating performance and cash flows, industry trends, and our strategic initiatives.

•

Critical accounting estimates — describes the accounting areas where management makes critical estimates to report our financial condition and results of operations.

•

Results of operations — an analysis of the company’s consolidated results of operations for Fiscal 2024 compared to Fiscal 2023 as presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023 for a discussion of the results of operations for Fiscal 2023 compared to Fiscal 2022.

•

Liquidity, capital resources and financial position — an analysis of cash flow, contractual obligations, and certain other matters affecting the company’s financial position.

MATTERS AFFECTING COMPARABILITY

The company operates on a 52-53 week fiscal year ending the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023 each consisted of 52 weeks. Fiscal 2025 will consist of 53 weeks. Furthermore, comparative results from quarter to quarter are impacted by the company's fiscal reporting calendar. Internal financial results and key performance indicators are reported on a weekly basis to ensure the same number of Saturdays and Sundays in comparable months to allow for consistent four-week progression analysis. This results in our first quarter consisting of sixteen weeks while the remaining three quarters have twelve weeks (except in cases where there is an extra week every five or six years in the fourth quarter). Accordingly, interim results may not be indicative of subsequent interim period results, or comparable to prior or subsequent interim period results, due to differences in the lengths of the interim periods.

Additionally, detailed below are expense items affecting comparability that will provide additional context while reading this discussion:

52 weeks 52 weeks Disclosure

(Amounts in thousands)

Business process improvement costs $ 4,529 $ 21,521 Note 2

Restructuring-related implementation costs 2,979 — Note 6

Plant closure costs and impairment of assets 10,310 7,298 Note 2

Pension plan settlement loss 241 — Note 22

Business process improvement costs related to the transformation strategy initiatives. In the second half of Fiscal 2020, we launched initiatives to transform our business, including an upgrade to our information system, as well as investments in e-commerce, autonomous planning, and our “bakery of the future” initiatives. These initiatives are further discussed in Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K. Implementation of the ERP upgrade is anticipated to be completed in Fiscal 2026. The expensed portion of costs incurred related to these initiatives, which was primarily consulting costs, was $4.5 million in Fiscal 2024 and $21.5 million in Fiscal 2023, and is reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Restructuring charges. In April 2024, the company announced a cost savings program to improve operational performance, which included employee termination benefits associated with a reduction-in-force ("RIF") and other expense optimization initiatives. During Fiscal 2024, the company incurred RIF costs of $7.4 million and made payments of $7.3 million. The company also incurred consulting costs associated with implementing the restructuring program in Fiscal 2024 and these costs are included in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

In February 2023, to improve operational effectiveness, increase profitable sales, and better meet customer requirements, the company announced a restructuring of plant operation responsibilities from the sales function to the supply chain function. Employee termination benefits and other cash charges were primarily for the voluntary employee separation incentive plan (the "VSIP") and employee relocation costs. During Fiscal 2023, we recorded VSIP-related charges of $5.2 million and made VSIP-related payments of $3.8 million. Additionally, we recorded and paid RIF charges of $0.9 million and relocation costs of $1.0 million in Fiscal 2023. These costs are recorded in the restructuring charges line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income. In the first quarter of Fiscal 2024, we paid the remaining VSIP payments of $1.4 million.

Plant closure costs and impairment of assets. On July 18, 2024, the company announced the closure of its Baton Rouge, Louisiana bakery. The bakery produced bun products and ceased production on September 19, 2024. This bakery closure is part of our strategy to optimize capacity within our supply chain. The facility continues to be used as a distribution center. The company recognized severance costs of $1.1 million and asset impairment and equipment relocation charges of $2.4 million in Fiscal 2024. Additionally, in Fiscal 2024, the company recorded charges totaling $2.7 million to fully impair certain ERP-related software and other equipment, and recognized a recovery of $1.3 million related to the sale of equipment that had been previously written off in Fiscal 2022 as part of the Phoenix, Arizona bakery closure. In Fiscal 2024, the company also recorded an asset impairment charge of $1.4 million to write off certain cake distribution territories classified as held for sale that the company no longer intends to sell. These costs and the costs below are included as a separate line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

During the second quarter of Fiscal 2022, we invested $9.0 million in Base Culture, a Clearwater, Florida-based company with one manufacturing facility. We made an additional investment of $2.0 million in the second quarter of Fiscal 2023. Base Culture's product offerings include better-for-you, gluten-free, and grain-free sliced breads and baked goods that are all-natural, 100% Paleo-certified, kosher-certified, dairy-free, soy-free, and non-GMO verified. These investments are being accounted for at cost, less any impairment, as we do not control, nor do we have the ability to significantly influence Base Culture. In the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2023, we recognized an impairment loss of $5.5 million on this investment and recognized an additional impairment of $4.0 million in Fiscal 2024.

During the third and fourth quarters of Fiscal 2023, the company entered into agreements to sell a warehouse and a closed bakery, respectively, both of which were classified as held for sale, and recorded impairment charges totaling $1.8 million. The company completed the sale of the impaired warehouse at the end of the third quarter of Fiscal 2023 and completed the sale of the closed bakery in the first quarter of Fiscal 2024.

Acquisition-related costs. On January 7, 2025, the company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger to acquire Simple Mills, maker of a premium brand of better-for-you crackers, cookies, snack bars, and baking mixes. The acquisition is expected to expand the company’s exposure to the better-for-you snacking segment and diversify its category exposure. The total cash purchase price is approximately $795 million. The company intends to use the net proceeds of the senior notes offering completed on February 14, 2025, together with cash on hand, to fund the cash consideration for the Simple Mills Acquisition and related fees and expenses as further discussed in the Capital Structure section below. The transaction is subject to customary regulatory and other approvals and closing conditions and is anticipated to close in the first quarter of Fiscal 2025. In Fiscal 2024, we incurred acquisition-related costs of $2.0 million. These costs and the acquisition costs discussed below are recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

On February 17, 2023, the company completed the acquisition of Papa Pita for total consideration of $274.8 million, inclusive of a net working capital purchase price adjustment. We funded the purchase price with cash on hand and from our existing credit facilities. Papa Pita is a manufacturer and distributor of bagels, tortillas, breads, buns, English muffins, and flat breads with one production facility in West Jordan, Utah. Prior to the acquisition, Papa Pita co-manufactured certain products for us. Papa Pita has direct-store-delivery distribution in the western U.S., expanding our geographic reach. We incurred additional acquisition-related costs of $3.7 million in Fiscal 2023.

Legal settlements and related costs. In the third and fourth quarters of Fiscal 2024, we reached agreements to settle certain distributor-related litigation in the aggregate amount of $2.2 million, inclusive of plaintiffs’ attorney fees. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2024, we reached an agreement to settle certain non-distributor-related litigation in the amount of $1.6 million. In the third quarter of Fiscal 2023, we reached an agreement to settle certain distributor-related litigation for a settlement payment, inclusive of plaintiffs’ attorney fees, of $55.0 million which was paid in the second quarter of Fiscal 2024. The settlement also requires a phased

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repurchase of approximately 350 distribution territories in California and the company estimates this cost, along with the cost to repurchase approximately 50 other California distribution territories that are not part of the settlement, to be approximately $80.2 million. Additional costs of $2.3 million were recognized to fully impair held and used distribution rights classified as intangible assets. The repurchases of the distribution rights commenced at the end of the first quarter of Fiscal 2024 and are anticipated to be completed early in the second quarter of Fiscal 2025.

All amounts related to legal settlements and related costs are recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of December 28, 2024, $20.7 million of settlements were accrued (inclusive of obligations for the repurchase of distribution territories) and all payments are anticipated to be completed by the end of the second quarter of Fiscal 2025. The remaining reserve for the related distributor notes receivable was $2.4 million at December 28, 2024.

Pension plan settlement loss. Retired and terminated vested pension plan participants not yet receiving their benefit payments have the option to receive their benefit as a single lump sum payment. In the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2024, a settlement charge of $0.2 million was triggered as a result of lump sum distributions paid in Fiscal 2024 and this amount is included in the other components of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit plans credit line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

We are the second-largest producer and marketer of packaged bakery foods in the U.S. with Fiscal 2024 sales of $5.1 billion. We operate in the highly competitive fresh bakery market. Our product offerings include a wide range of fresh breads, buns, rolls, snack items, bagels, English muffins, and tortillas, as well as frozen breads and rolls, which we produce at 45 plants in 19 states. Our products are sold under leading brands such as Nature’s Own, DKB, Canyon Bakehouse, Tastykake, Mrs. Freshley’s, and Wonder. See Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding our customers and brands, business strategies, strengths and core competencies, and competition and risks.

Impact of the Inflationary Economic Environment and Other Macroeconomic Factors on Our Business

We continue to monitor the impact of a variety of factors on our business, including the impact of the inflationary economic environment on our costs and the buying patterns of our consumers, supply chain disruptions, including any impact from the imposition of tariffs, labor shortages, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the conflict in the Middle East, as further discussed in Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K.

Summary of Operating Results, Cash Flows and Financial Condition:

Sales increased 0.2% in Fiscal 2024 compared to Fiscal 2023. Price/mix contributed 1.8% to the sales growth and the Papa Pita acquisition contributed 0.1% (cycled on February 17, 2024), partially offset by volume declines of 1.7%. Branded Retail sales decreased 0.1% and Other sales increased 0.8%. The benefits from optimizing our foodservice business were mostly offset by overall softness in the fresh packaged bread and cake categories, volume declines from exiting certain lower margin non-retail business, and consumer trade down to store branded products. Inflationary pressure on consumer spending and shifts in consumer behavior and preferences have negatively impacted the fresh packaged bread and cake categories. Sales of our leading brands, Nature's Own, DKB, and Canyon Bakehouse, continued to increase year over year.

Income from operations for Fiscal 2024 was $348.3 million compared to $172.9 million in Fiscal 2023. The improvement resulted primarily from the decrease in legal settlements and related costs of $133.7 million, moderating ingredient costs and, to a lesser extent, benefits from our savings initiatives, optimizing our foodservice business and lower distributor distribution fees. These factors were partially offset by the impact of decreased production volumes and higher workforce-related and rent expenses in the current year.

Net income was $248.1 million for Fiscal 2024 compared to $123.4 million in the prior year. The increase year over year resulted primarily from significant growth in income from operations, as described above, partially offset by a higher effective tax rate.

In Fiscal 2024, we generated net cash flows from operations of $412.7 million and invested $132.1 million in capital expenditures (inclusive of$6.0 million for the ongoing ERP upgrade). Additionally, we made stock repurchases of $22.7 million and paid $203.0 million in dividends to our shareholders. Our cash and cash equivalents balance as of December 28, 2024 was $5.0 million. In Fiscal 2024, we amended the two-year $200.0 million trade receivable repurchase facility (the "repurchase facility") to extend the scheduled facility expiration date to April 14, 2026.

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In Fiscal 2023, we generated net cash flows from operations of $349.4 million, paid $274.8 million for the Papa Pita acquisition, inclusive of the net working capital purchase price adjustment, and invested $129.1 million in capital expenditures (inclusive of $27.8 million for the ongoing ERP upgrade). Additionally, we made $45.8 million in stock repurchases and paid $195.2 million in dividends to our shareholders in Fiscal 2023.

Refer to the Capital Structure section below for additional information on the company's financial condition.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The company’s discussion and analysis of its results of operations and financial condition are based upon the Consolidated Financial Statements of the company, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires the company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the revenues, expenses, and cash flows during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the company evaluates its estimates, including those related to customer programs and incentives, bad debts, raw materials, inventories, long-lived assets, leased assets, intangible assets, income taxes, restructuring, pensions and other post-retirement benefits, and contingencies and litigation. The company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The selection and disclosure of the company’s critical accounting estimates have been discussed with the company’s audit committee. Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K includes a summary of the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table lists, in no particular order of importance, areas of critical assumptions and estimates used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additional detail can be found in the following notes:

Critical Accounting Estimate Note

Revenue recognition —

Derivative financial instruments 12

Long-lived assets —

Goodwill and other intangible assets 11

Self-insurance reserves 24

Income tax expense and accruals 23

Postretirement plans 22

Stock-based compensation 20

Commitments and contingencies 24

Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods. Revenues are recognized net of variable consideration provisions such as for returns, volume discounts and sales promotion expenses that result in uncertainty about the company’s ability to collect the amount. The company estimates the amount of variable consideration to be included in the transaction price at contract inception based on one of two approaches: the expected value approach (the “EV” approach) or the most-likely amount (the “MLA”) approach. The EV approach identifies possible outcomes of the contract and the probabilities of those outcomes. The MLA approach is used in cases when the company expects to be entitled to only one of the two possible outcomes. The company applies the approach consistently for similar types of contracts and updates the estimated transaction price at each reporting date. Consideration payable to a customer is recognized at the time control transfers and is a reduction to revenue. Estimates are made based on historical experience and other factors.

Derivative Financial Instruments. The company’s cost of certain raw materials is highly correlated to underlying commodities markets. Raw materials, such as our baking ingredients, experience price fluctuations. If actual market conditions become significantly different than those anticipated, raw material prices could increase significantly, adversely affecting our results of operations. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting to manage the impact of volatility in raw material prices. The company measures the fair value of its derivative portfolio using fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal market for that asset or liability. When quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities are not available, the company bases fair value on internally developed models that use current market observable inputs, such as exchange-quoted futures prices and yield curves. Refer to Item 7A., Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, of this Form 10-K for additional information about our derivative financial instruments, including sensitivity analyses of the company’s potential exposure to commodity price risk and interest rate risk.

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Valuation of Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. The company records an impairment charge to property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with applicable accounting standards when, based on certain indicators of impairment, it believes such assets have experienced a decline in value that is other than temporary. Future adverse changes, including decisions to discontinue or significantly reduce certain brands, in market conditions or poor operating results of these underlying assets could result in losses or an inability to recover the carrying value of the asset that may not be reflected in the asset’s current carrying value, thereby possibly requiring impairment charges in the future. Impairment charges recorded in Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023 are discussed above in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section.

The company evaluates the recoverability of the carrying value of its goodwill on an annual basis or at a time when events occur that indicate the carrying value of the goodwill may be impaired. Flowers has concluded it has one operating segment and one reporting unit. We have elected not to perform the qualitative approach, but instead perform a quantitative analysis by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with which the goodwill is associated to the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the goodwill is written down to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the fair value.

Our annual evaluation of goodwill impairment requires management judgment and the use of estimates and assumptions to determine the fair value of our reporting unit. Fair value is estimated using standard valuation methodologies incorporating market participant considerations and management’s assumptions on revenue, revenue growth rates, operating margins, discount rates, and EBITDA. Our estimates can significantly affect the outcome of the test. We perform the fair value assessment using the income and market approach. Changes in our forecasted operating results and other assumptions could materially affect these estimates. This test is performed in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year unless circumstances require this analysis to be completed sooner. The income approach is tested using a sensitivity analysis to changes in the discount rate and yield a sufficient buffer to significant variances in our estimates. The estimated fair value of our reporting unit exceeded its carrying value in excess of $3.3 billion in Fiscal 2024. A 1% decrease in the discount rate would increase the fair value of the reporting unit by $1.1 billion and a 1% increase in the discount rate would decrease the fair value by $0.8 billion. Based on management’s evaluation, no impairment charges relating to goodwill were recorded for Fiscal 2024 or Fiscal 2023.

In connection with acquisitions, the company has acquired trademarks, customer lists, non-compete agreements, and distributor relationships a portion of which are amortizable. The company evaluates these assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. The undiscounted future cash flows of each intangible asset are compared to the carrying amount, and if less than the carrying value, the intangible asset is written down to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. The fair value is computed using the same approach described above for goodwill and includes the same risks and estimates. The fair value of the trademarks could be less than our carrying value if any of our four material assumptions in our fair value analysis: (a) weighted average cost of capital; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins; and (d) market multiples do not meet our expectations, thereby requiring us to record an asset impairment. We use the multi-period excess earnings and relief from royalty methods to value these intangibles. The method used for impairment testing purposes is consistent with the valuation method employed at acquisition of the intangible asset. In Fiscal 2023, we recorded a $2.3 million charge to fully impair held and used distribution rights classified as intangibles assets. This was in conjunction with costs related to a California legal settlement. No impairment charges related to amortizing intangible assets were recorded in Fiscal 2024.

As of December 28, 2024, the company also owns trademarks acquired through acquisitions with a total carrying value of $127.1 million that are indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization. The company evaluates the recoverability of intangible assets not subject to amortization by comparing the fair value to the carrying value on an annual basis or at a time when events occur that indicate the carrying value may be impaired. In addition, the assets are evaluated to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite life. The fair value is compared to the carrying value of the intangible asset, and if less than the carrying value, the intangible asset is written down to fair value. There are certain inherent risks included in our expectations about the performance of acquired trademarks and brands. If we are unable to implement our growth strategies for these acquired intangible assets as expected, it could adversely impact the carrying value of the brands. The fair value of the trademarks could be less than our carrying value if any of our four material assumptions in our fair value analysis: (a) weighted average cost of capital; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins; and (d) market multiples do not meet our expectations, thereby requiring us to record an asset impairment.

Leases. The company’s leases consist of the following types of assets: bakeries, corporate office space, warehouses, bakery equipment, office equipment, transportation, and IT equipment. The company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to perform the lease classification tests on lease components and to measure the lease liabilities and right-of-use assets in situations when discount rates implicit in leases cannot be readily determined.

Self-Insurance Reserves. We are self-insured for various levels of general liability, auto liability, workers’ compensation, and employee medical and dental coverage. Insurance reserves are calculated on a combination of an undiscounted basis based on actual claims data and estimates of incurred but not reported claims developed utilizing historical claims trends. Projected settlements of incurred but not reported claims are estimated based on pending claims, historical trends, industry trends related to expected losses and actual reported losses, and key assumptions, including loss development factors and expected loss rates. Though the company does not expect them to do so, actual settlements and claims could differ materially from those estimated. Material differences in actual settlements and claims could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Income Tax Expense and Accruals. The annual tax rate is based on our income, statutory tax rates, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Changes in statutory rates and tax laws in jurisdictions in which we operate may have a material effect on the annual tax rate. The effect of these changes, if any, would be recognized as a discrete item upon enactment.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of revenues and expenses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid.

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserve for uncertain tax benefits reflect our best assessment of future taxes to be paid in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets if we believe it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred assets will not be realized. While the company considers future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance, if these estimates and assumptions change in the future, the company may be required to adjust its valuation allowance, which could result in a charge to, or an increase in, income in the period such determination is made.

Periodically, we face audits from federal and state tax authorities, which can result in challenges regarding the timing and amount of income or deductions. We provide reserves for potential exposures when we consider it more likely than not that a taxing authority may take a sustainable position on a matter contrary to our position. We evaluate these reserves on a quarterly basis to ensure that they have been appropriately adjusted for events, including audit settlements that may impact the ultimate payment of such potential exposures. While the ultimate outcome of audits cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not currently believe that current or future audits will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. The company is no longer subject to federal examination for years prior to Fiscal 2021, and with limited exceptions, for years prior to 2020 in state jurisdictions.

Postretirement Plans. The company sponsors a defined benefit pension plan for union employees, the Flowers Foods, Inc. Retirement Plan No. 2 ("Plan No. 2"), and a frozen nonqualified plan covering former Tasty executives. The company records pension costs and benefit obligations related to its defined benefit plans based on actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect key assumptions determined by management, including the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and mortality.

We use a spot rate approach (granular method) to estimate the service cost and interest cost components of benefit cost by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows, as we believe this provides the best estimate of service and interest costs.

The pension plan’s investment committee, which consists of certain members of management, establishes investment guidelines and regularly monitors the performance of the plan’s assets. The investment committee is responsible for executing these strategies and investing the pension assets in accordance with ERISA and fiduciary standards. The investment objective of the pension plan is to preserve the plan’s capital and maximize investment earnings within acceptable levels of risk and volatility. The investment committee meets on a regular basis with its investment advisors to review the performance of the plan’s assets. Based upon performance and other measures and recommendations from its investment advisors, the investment committee rebalances the plan’s assets to the targeted allocation when considered appropriate. For the details of our pension plan assets, see Note 22, Postretirement Plans, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K.

In developing the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets at each measurement date, the company considers the plan assets’ historical actual returns, targeted asset allocations, and the anticipated future economic environment and long-term performance of the individual asset classes, based on the company’s investment strategy. While appropriate consideration is given to recent and historical investment performance, the assumption represents management’s best estimate of the long-term prospective return. Further, pension costs do not include an explicit expense assumption, and therefore the return on assets rate reflects the long-term expected return, net of expenses. Based on these factors, the long-term rate of return assumption for Plan No. 2 is set at 5.3% for Fiscal 2025.

The company utilizes the Society of Actuaries’ (“SOA”) published mortality tables and improvement scales in developing their best estimates of mortality. In October 2019, the SOA published its final report on their “standard” mortality table (“Pri-2012”). For purposes of measuring pension benefit obligations of Plan No. 2, the company used the Pri-2012 base table with blue collar adjustment, and 117.1% multiplier, and a projection scale of MP-2021. No other collar adjustments are applied for any other plans. In addition, contingent annuitant mortality rates are applied for surviving spouses after the death of the original retiree.

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The company determines the fair value of substantially all of its plans’ assets utilizing market quotes rather than developing “smoothed” values, “market related” values, or other modeling techniques. Plan asset gains or losses in a given year are included with other actuarial gains and losses due to remeasurement of the plans’ projected benefit obligations (“PBO”). If the total unrecognized gain or loss exceeds 10% of the larger of (i) the PBO or (ii) the market value of plan assets, the excess of the total unrecognized gain or loss is amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active covered employees (or average future lifetime of participants if the plan is inactive or frozen). Prior service cost or credit, which represents the effect on plan liabilities due to plan amendments, is amortized over the average remaining service period of active covered employees (or average future lifetime if the plan is inactive or frozen).

In Fiscal 2025, the company does not expect to make any cash contributions to Plan No. 2 and expects to pay $0.2 million in nonqualified pension benefits from corporate assets.

Stock-based compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards granted is determined based on the grant date fair value. The company recognizes these compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate, and recognizes compensation cost only for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of the share-based payment award.

We grant performance stock awards that separately have a market and performance condition. The expense computed for the total shareholder return shares (“TSR”) is fixed and recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The expense computed for the return on invested capital (“ROIC”) shares can change depending on the expected attainment of performance condition goals. The expense for the ROIC shares can be within a range of 0% to 125% of the target for awards granted in Fiscal 2023 and earlier and 0% to 150% for awards granted subsequent to Fiscal 2023. There is a possibility that this expense component will change in subsequent quarters depending on how the company performs relative to the ROIC target. Additionally, there are time-based stock awards that vest over a period of three years. See Note 20, Stock-Based Compensation, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information. In early Fiscal 2025, the company granted stock awards to certain employees. The company expects stock-based compensation expense for Fiscal 2025 will be approximately $4.0 million to $6.0 million higher than Fiscal 2024. This estimate is inclusive of an additional $2.4 million of expense anticipated to be recognized in the first quarter of Fiscal 2025 due to the payout for the Fiscal 2023 grant currently trending since the grant date at 125% of target. Additionally, the company anticipates a shortfall of approximately $2.0 million to $4.0 million on the vesting of stock-based compensation awards that will vest in Fiscal 2025.

Commitments and contingencies. The company and its subsidiaries from time to time are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including personal injury, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, product liability, health and safety and employment matters, including lawsuits related to the independent distributors, which are being handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. Loss contingencies are recorded at the time it is probable an asset is impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For litigation claims, the company considers the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss. Losses are recorded in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Results of Operations

Consolidated Results - Fiscal 2024 compared to Fiscal 2023

The company’s results of operations, expressed as a percentage of sales, are set forth below for Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023:

Percentage of Sales Increase (Decrease)

(Amounts in thousands, except percentages)

Percentages may not add due to rounding.

Sales

$ % $ % % Change

(Amounts in thousands) (Amounts in thousands)

(The table above presents certain sales by category that have been reclassified from amounts previously reported to conform to the current period presentation.)

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The change in sales was attributable to the following:

Percentage point change in sales attributed to: Branded Retail Other Total

Favorable (Unfavorable)

Total percentage point change in net sales (0.1 ) 0.8 0.2

Price/Mix $ = Current fiscal year units x change in price per unit

Price/Mix % = Price/Mix $ ÷ Prior fiscal year Net Sales $

Volume $ = Prior fiscal year price per unit x change in units

Volume % = Volume $ ÷ Prior fiscal year Net Sales $

The company disaggregates its sales into two categories, Branded Retail and Other. These categories align with our brand-focused strategy to drive above-market growth via innovation and focusing on higher margin products. The Other category includes store branded retail and non-retail sales (foodservice, restaurant, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing).

Sales increased year over year mainly due to improved price/mix for our non-retail business resulting from executing our optimization strategies and to a much lesser extent the Papa Pita acquisition contribution mostly offset by volume declines, most notably in the Other sales category. Volume decreases in the Other sales category resulted from the company strategically exiting certain foodservice business in the latter half of Fiscal 2023 and declines in vending volumes, net of increased volume for store branded retail products. The Branded Retail sales category also experienced volume declines from lower branded retail cake volumes, partially offset by volume growth in branded bread products. Our mix of Branded Retail sales to total sales was 63.9% for Fiscal 2024 as compared to 64.1% for Fiscal 2023. Year over year, our promotional activity increased in response to inflationary pressure on consumer spending.

We anticipate our Fiscal 2025 sales will increase from optimizing our non-retail business, new product innovation, and the additional week in Fiscal 2025. However, category headwinds and changes in consumer buying patterns and promotional activity could partially offset that improvement.

Branded Retail Sales

Branded Retail sales decreased 0.1% year over year due to softer volumes, partially offset by favorable price/mix and the acquisition contribution. Improved price/mix resulted from greater sales of our more differentiated branded products, such as organic and Keto. Decreases in branded cake volumes were partially offset by volume growth in branded bread products. Declines in branded cake resulted from overall category softness, market share declines, and targeted sales rationalization. Higher branded bread volumes were due to increases in organic products, traditional buns and rolls, and Keto products, partially offset by softness in traditional loaf breads. Inflationary pressure on consumer spending contributed to lower volumes.

Sales of our leading brands, Nature's Own, DKB, and Canyon Bakehouse, increased year over year. Sales of Nature's Own benefited from growth in Keto bread (introduced in Fiscal 2023), Keto buns (introduced in Fiscal 2024), and traditional buns and rolls, but experienced volume declines for traditional loaf breads. DKB benefitted from efficient market execution and growth from more recently introduced products, such as rolls and snack bars. Consistent with our strategy to grow our business beyond the traditional bread category, the company plans to launch the national rollout of DKB snack bites in Fiscal 2025. Canyon Bakehouse's sales increased on higher volumes as we resolved production capacity constraints that impacted prior year results.

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Other Sales

Sales in the Other category increased 0.8% primarily from optimizing our foodservice business, increased store branded retail sales on higher volume, and the acquisition contribution, partially offset by volume declines for our non-retail sales. Store branded retail sales increased year over year from volume growth in store branded traditional loaf breads and gluten-free bread, net of negative price/mix. Store branded retail sales as a percent of our total sales was relatively unchanged from the prior year. Non-retail sales increased year over year due to positive price/mix and to a much lesser extent the acquisition contribution, partially offset by volume declines. Foodservice drove most of the volume decrease as we exited certain lower margin business in the second half of Fiscal 2023. Declines in vending, institutional, and thrift store sales also contributed to lower volumes.

Materials, Supplies, Labor, and Other Production Costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately; as a percent of sales)

Ingredients and packaging 29.4 32.0 (2.6 )

Materials, supplies, labor and other production costs as a percent of sales decreased year over year due to moderating ingredient and packaging costs, improved sales price/mix, and decreased product returns. Lower production volumes and higher workforce-related costs partially offset the overall improvement. The decrease in ingredient and packaging costs was mostly attributed to lower pricing for commodities such as flour, fats and oils, and eggs, and packaging items including bags and corrugated containers. Higher costs for sweeteners partially offset the lower ingredient costs. Wage inflation, higher employee compensation costs, and lower production volumes drove the increase in workforce-related costs as a percent of sales. We expect the impact of lower production volumes and the competitive labor market to continue to negatively impact our operations. The increase in the Other line item mostly reflects the impact of lower production volumes, increased outside purchases of product (sales with no associated ingredient costs), and higher bakery maintenance costs.

Prices of ingredient and packaging materials fluctuate due to various factors including, but not limited to, government policy and regulation (including tariffs), weather conditions, domestic and international demand, availability due to supply conditions, including livestock disease, or other unforeseen circumstances, and we monitor these markets closely. Ingredient and packaging costs experienced volatility in both Fiscal 2024 and 2023 but are anticipated to be less volatile in Fiscal 2025. We use eggs in several of our products and could be adversely impacted from increased costs and/or reduced availability of supply as a result of the avian influenza that has been detected in egg-laying flocks. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other financial instruments to manage the impact of volatility in certain raw material prices. Any decrease in the availability of these agreements and instruments could increase the cost of these raw materials and significantly affect our earnings.

Selling, Distribution, and Administrative Expenses (as a percent of sales)

Distributor distribution fees 13.3 14.1 (0.8 )

Workforce-related costs increased as a percent of sales year over year due to a shift from distributor distribution fees, higher employee compensation costs, wage inflation, and a competitive labor market. Benefits from our cost savings initiatives partially offset the overall increase in workforce-related costs. Distributor distribution fees decreased as a percent of sales primarily due to a smaller portion of our sales being made through independent distributor partners ("IDP" or "IDPs"). We anticipate a continued shift from distributor distribution fees to workforce-related costs and other territory-related costs, such as vehicle rent expense, among others, as the company completes a phased repurchase of the California distribution rights and converts to an employee-based model in that state. The repurchases began at the end of the first quarter of Fiscal 2024 and are anticipated to be completed early in the second quarter of Fiscal 2025. The decrease in the Other line item mostly reflects the $133.7 million decrease in legal settlements and related costs and, to a much lesser extent, reduced marketing investments and lower transportation and consulting costs. These items were partially offset by higher rent expenses and increased amortization of cloud-based applications. See the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section

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above for a discussion of legal settlements and related costs and project-related consulting costs. Additionally, see Note 24, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding legal settlements.

Restructuring Charges and Plant Closure Costs and Impairment of Assets

Refer to the discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above regarding these items.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense increased in dollars and as percent of sales compared to the prior year primarily due to the ERP assets being placed in service in the second quarter of Fiscal 2023 and, to a lesser extent, other capital projects being placed in service and the Papa Pita assets acquired midway through the first quarter of Fiscal 2023, net of assets becoming fully depreciated.

Income from Operations

Income from operations increased in dollars and as a percent of sales compared to the prior year primarily due to significantly lower selling, distribution, and administrative costs, as described above, moderating input costs, and improved sales price/mix, partially offset by lower production volumes, increased bakery workforce-related costs, and greater depreciation expense.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense increased in dollars and as a percent of sales as compared to the prior year primarily due to lower interest income year over year due to decreases in distributor notes receivable outstanding. The company anticipates interest expense will be significantly higher in Fiscal 2025 due to the issuance of the 2035 Notes and 2055 Notes (each as defined below) on February 14, 2025.

Income Tax Expense

The effective tax rate for Fiscal 2024 was 24.6% compared to 21.4% in the prior year. The increase in the rate was primarily due to a decrease in benefits on stock-based compensation coupled with unfavorable discrete items related to state income tax in the current year. For the periods presented, the primary differences in the effective rate and statutory rate relate to state income taxes, windfalls on the vesting of stock-based compensation awards, and benefits recognized from tax credits.

The Inflation Reduction Act did not have a material impact on the effective tax rate for Fiscal 2024 or 2023 and there is no anticipated material impact on the effective tax rate in future periods.

Comprehensive Income

The increase in comprehensive income year over year resulted primarily from increased net income.

LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES AND FINANCIAL POSITION

Strategy

We believe our ability to consistently generate cash flows from operating activities to meet our liquidity needs is one of our key financial strengths. Furthermore, we strive to maintain a conservative financial position as we believe it allows us flexibility to make investments and acquisitions and is a strategic competitive advantage. Currently, our liquidity needs arise primarily from working capital requirements, capital expenditures, and obligated debt repayments. We believe we currently have access to available funds and financing sources to meet our short and long-term capital requirements. The company’s strategy for use of its excess cash flows includes:

•

implementing our strategic priorities, including our transformation strategy initiatives;

•

paying dividends to our shareholders;

•

maintaining a conservative financial position;

•

making strategic acquisitions; and

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•

repurchasing shares of our common stock.

Although there has been no material adverse impact on the company’s results of operations, liquidity or cash flows in Fiscal 2024, volatility in global and U.S. economic environments, including as a result of, among other things, the inflationary economic environment, supply chain disruptions, including any impact from the imposition of tariffs, labor shortages, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the conflict in the Middle East, could significantly impact our ability to generate future cash flows and we continue to evaluate these various potential business risks. Those potential risks include the possibility of future economic downturns that could result in a significant shift away from our branded retail products to store branded products, supply chain disruptions that have impacted, and could continue to impact, the procurement of raw materials and packaging items, and the workforce available to us, among other risks.

The macroeconomic-related factors discussed above remain fluid and the future impact on our business, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources cannot be reasonably estimated with any degree of certainty. If the company were to experience a significant reduction in revenues, the company would have additional alternatives to maintain liquidity, including amounts available on our debt facilities, capital expenditure reductions, adjustments to its capital allocation policy, and cost reductions. Although we do not currently anticipate a need, we also believe that we could access the capital markets to raise additional funds. The earliest maturity date of our non-revolving debt is 2026. We believe the fundamentals of the company remain strong and that we have sufficient liquidity on hand to continue business operations during the volatile global and U.S. economic environments. The company had total available liquidity of $569.4 million as of December 28, 2024, consisting of cash on hand and the available balances under the credit facility (as defined below) and the repurchase facility.

We expect the transformation strategy initiatives will require significant capital investment and expense over the next two years. We currently anticipate the upgrade of our ERP system will cost approximately $350 million (of which approximately 35% has been or is anticipated to be capitalized) and anticipate the upgrade to be completed in Fiscal 2026. As of December 28, 2024, we have incurred costs related to the project of approximately $238 million. In Fiscal 2025, we expect costs for the upgrade of our ERP system (a portion of which may be expensed as incurred, capitalized, recognized as a cloud computing arrangement, or recognized as a prepaid service contract) to be approximately $30 million to $35 million. The increase in costs is due to an increase in the number of planned deployments for Fiscal 2025. Costs related to our digital initiatives are more fluid and cannot currently be estimated. See Item 1A., Risk Factors, “We may experience difficulties in deploying the upgrade of our ERP system.”

The company leases certain property and equipment under various financing and operating lease arrangements. Most of the operating leases provide the company with the option, after the initial lease term, to purchase the property at the then fair value, renew the lease at the then fair value, or return the property. The financing leases provide the company with the option to purchase the property at a fixed price at the end of the lease term. The company believes the use of leases as a financing alternative places the company in a more favorable position to fulfill its long-term strategy for the use of its cash flow. See Note 15, Leases, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for detailed financial information regarding the company’s lease arrangements.

Key items impacting our liquidity, capital resources and financial position in Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023:

Fiscal 2024:

•

Generated $412.7 million of net cash from operating activities.

•

Paid dividends to our shareholders of $203.0 million.

•

Invested in our business through capital expenditures of $132.1 million (inclusive of $6.0 million of capital expenditures, including amounts recognized in accounts payable at year end, for the ERP upgrade).

•

Repurchased $22.7 million of our common stock.

•

Incurred business process improvement costs of $4.5 million related to the ongoing transformation strategy initiatives (exclusive of capitalized or deferred costs).

Fiscal 2023:

•

Generated $349.4 million of net cash from operating activities.

•

Completed the Papa Pita acquisition on February 17, 2023 for $274.8 million in cash (inclusive of a net working capital purchase price adjustment).

•

Paid dividends to our shareholders of $195.2 million.

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•

Invested in our business through capital expenditures of $129.1 million (inclusive of $27.8 million of capital expenditures, including amounts recognized in accounts payable at year end, for the ERP upgrade).

•

Repurchased $45.8 million of our common stock.

•

Incurred business process improvement costs of $21.5 million related to the ongoing transformation strategy initiatives (exclusive of capitalized or deferred costs).

Liquidity Discussion

Flowers Foods’ cash and cash equivalents were $5.0 million at December 28, 2024 and $22.5 million at December 30, 2023. The cash and cash equivalents were derived from the activities presented in the table below (amounts in thousands):

Cash flow component Fiscal 2024 Fiscal 2023

Cash flows provided by operating activities $ 412,664 $ 349,353

Cash disbursed for investing activities (172,669 ) (403,812 )

Cash disbursed for financing activities (257,517 ) (88,148 )

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities included the following items for non-cash adjustments to net income (amounts in thousands):

Allowances for accounts receivable 8,304 8,412

•

Refer to the Plant closure costs and impairment of assets discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above regarding the impairment of assets.

•

For Fiscal 2024, deferred income tax activity was composed of temporary differences between book and tax income, including the current year impact of a payment for a previously accrued legal settlement. Additionally, the current year included the impact of year over year differences in tax depreciation activity, vesting of stock equity awards, and activity related to the capitalization of research and development expenses as defined under Internal Revenue Code Section 174. For Fiscal 2023, deferred income tax activity was comprised of temporary differences, including the impact of the capitalization of research and development and certain information technology costs, and accrued legal settlements and related costs.

•

Other non-cash items include non-cash interest expense for the amortization of debt discounts and deferred financing costs (including $0.3 million related to the write-off of unamortized costs upon the early extinguishment of the securitization facility in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023), activity in the allowances for inventory obsolescence, and gains or losses on the sale of assets.

Net cash for working capital requirements and pension plan contributions included the following items (amounts in thousands):

Changes in accounts receivable $ (4,515 ) $ 5,008

Changes in hedging activities, net (639 ) (1,498 )

Changes in other assets and accrued liabilities (24,873 ) 104,362

Qualified pension plan contributions — (1,000 )

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•

Changes in accounts receivable were mainly attributable to price impacts period over period. Changes in inventories resulted from volatility in input costs. Changes in accounts payable were mainly attributable to volatility in input costs and timing of capital spending period over period.

•

Hedging activities change from market movements that affect the fair value and required collateral of positions and the timing and recognition of deferred gains or losses. We expect these changes will continue to occur as part of our hedging program, though the degree and financial impact cannot be currently estimated.

•

The change in other assets primarily resulted from changes in income tax receivable balances in each respective period. Changes in accruals for legal settlements, employee compensation, and insurance primarily resulted in the change in other accrued liabilities. In Fiscal 2024, we accrued $3.8 million of legal settlements and paid $57.1 million of legal settlements, of which $55.0 million had been accrued for in the prior year. In Fiscal 2023, the company recorded a legal settlement and related costs of $137.5 million (of which $120.3 million was included in other accrued liabilities for distribution rights repurchase obligations, $14.9 million as a contra account to other assets, and $2.3 million was a non-cash impairment charge) and paid $5.5 million of legal settlements that had been accrued for in the prior year. We anticipate making payments of approximately $53.9 million, including our share of employment taxes, in performance-based cash awards under our cash incentive plans in the first quarter of Fiscal 2025. During Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023, we paid $31.9 million and $32.1 million, respectively, including our share of employment taxes, in performance-based cash awards under our bonus plans. An additional $1.9 million and $2.2 million were paid in Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023, respectively, for our share of employment taxes on the vesting of employee restricted stock awards in each respective year.

•

In Fiscal 2023, we made a voluntary defined benefit pension plan cash contribution of $1.0 million to Plan No 2. At this time, we do not expect to make any voluntary cash contributions to our pension plans in Fiscal 2025 and expect to pay $0.2 million in nonqualified pension benefits from corporate assets. The company believes its cash flow and balance sheet will allow it to fund future pension needs without adversely affecting the business strategy of the company.

Cash Flows Disbursed for Investing Activities. The table below presents net cash disbursed for investing activities (amounts in thousands):

Purchase of property, plant, and equipment $ (132,088 ) $ (129,078 )

Acquisition of business — (274,755 )

Investment in unconsolidated affiliate — (1,981 )

Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment 2,140 2,312

Net cash disbursed for investing activities $ (172,669 ) $ (403,812 )

•

The company currently estimates capital expenditures of approximately $140.0 million to $150.0 million (inclusive of expenditures for the ERP upgrade of $4.0 million to $6.0 million) in Fiscal 2025.

•

The repurchases of the California distribution rights contributed to most of the change in the repurchases of distribution rights, net of principal payments from notes receivable. The company expects to complete the California repurchases early in the second quarter of Fiscal 2025.

•

As discussed in the Executive Overview section above, on February 17, 2023, we completed the Papa Pita acquisition for $274.8 million in cash (inclusive of a net working capital purchase price adjustment). Papa Pita operates one manufacturing facility in West Jordan, Utah.

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Cash Flows Disbursed for Financing Activities. The table below presents net cash disbursed for financing activities (amounts in thousands):

Payment of financing fees (190 ) (533 )

Change in bank overdrafts (3,721 ) 220

Payments on financing leases (70 ) (1,819 )

Net cash disbursed for financing activities $ (257,517 ) $ (88,148 )

•

Our annual dividend rate increased from $0.92 per share in Fiscal 2023 to $0.96 per share in Fiscal 2024. While there are no requirements to increase our dividend rate, we have shown a recent historical trend to do so. We anticipate funding future dividend payments from cash flows from operations.

•

In Fiscal 2024, we paid financing fees associated with amending the repurchase facility. In Fiscal 2023, we paid financing fees associated with executing the repurchase facility and for the amendment to the credit facility.

•

Stock repurchase decisions are made based on our stock price, our belief of relative value, and our cash projections at any given time. See Note 19, Stockholders’ Equity, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information. A portion of these shares were acquired to satisfy employees’ tax withholding and payment obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards, which are repurchased by the company based on the fair market value on the vesting date.

•

Changes in debt obligations primarily related to drawdowns made to fund the Papa Pita acquisition in the first quarter of Fiscal 2023. See the discussion below under the “Capital Structure” section for additional details regarding changes in debt obligations.

Capital Structure

Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations and stockholders’ equity were as follows as of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023. For a detailed description of our debt and right-of-use lease obligations and information regarding our distributor arrangements, deferred compensation, and guarantees and indemnification obligations, see Note 15, Leases, and Note 16, Debt and Other Commitments, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K:

Interest Rate at Final Balance at Fixed or

(Amounts in thousands)

Unsecured credit facility 7.53% 2026 2,200 — Variable Rate

Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations $ 1,276,109 $ 1,285,039

Total stockholders’ equity was as follows at December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023:

Balance at

(Amounts in thousands)

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The company has historically entered into amendments and extensions approximately one year prior to the maturity of its debt facilities. On February 13, 2023, we amended the securitization facility and then on April 14, 2023, terminated the securitization facility and entered into the repurchase facility, a two-year $200.0 million accounts receivable repurchase facility. On April 15, 2024, we amended the repurchase facility to extend the scheduled facility expiration date to April 14, 2026. Additionally, on April 12, 2023, we completed the eighth amendment to the senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the "credit facility") to, among other things, replace the benchmark rate at which borrowings bear interest under the credit facility from LIBOR to Term SOFR and to allow for entry into permitted accounts receivable repurchase facilities. The repurchase facility and the credit facility are generally used for short-term liquidity needs. The interest rate for the credit facility shown in the table above reflects a swingline borrowing. Swingline borrowings are typically repaid or converted to a SOFR loan within five business days. At December 28, 2024, the interest rate on a SOFR loan would have been 5.34%.

The following table details the amounts available under the repurchase facility and credit facility as of December 28, 2024 and the highest and lowest balances outstanding under these arrangements during Fiscal 2024:

Amount Available Highest Lowest

for Withdrawal at Balance in Balance in

(Amounts in thousands)

(1)

Amount excludes a provision in the agreement which allows the company to request an additional $200.0 million in additional revolving commitments.

Amounts outstanding under the credit facility can vary daily. Changes in the gross borrowings and repayments can be caused by cash flow activity from operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends, share repurchases, and tax payments, as well as derivative transactions which are part of the company’s overall risk management strategy as discussed in Note 12, Derivative Financial Instruments, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K. During Fiscal 2024, the company borrowed $88.7 million in revolving borrowings under the credit facility and repaid $86.5 million in revolving borrowings. The amount available under the credit facility is reduced by $8.4 million for letters of credit.

The repurchase facility and the credit facility are variable rate debt. In periods of rising interest rates, the cost of using these facilities will become more expensive and increase our interest expense. Therefore, borrowings under these facilities provide us the greatest direct exposure to rising rates.

Restrictive financial covenants for our borrowings include such ratios as a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. Our debt may also contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. The company believes that, given its current cash position, its cash flow from operating activities and its available credit capacity, it can comply with the current terms of the debt agreements and can meet its presently foreseeable financial requirements. As of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under our debt agreements.

In connection with entering into the Merger Agreement, the company entered into a commitment letter, pursuant to which, among other things, Royal Bank of Canada committed to provide debt financing for the consummation of the Simple Mills Acquisition, consisting of a $795.0 million 364-day Term Loan Facility, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the commitment letter. The company intends to use the net proceeds of the offering of the 2035 Notes (as defined below) and the 2055 Notes (as defined below), together with cash on hand, to fund the cash consideration for the Simple Mills Acquisition and pay related fees and expenses in lieu of borrowing under the Term Loan Facility. In connection with the issuance of the 2035 Notes and the 2055 Notes, on February 14, 2025, the company terminated the outstanding commitments in respect of the Term Loan Facility. The company will recognize costs of approximately $3.6 million associated with the Term Loan Facility in the first quarter of Fiscal 2025.

On February 5, 2025, we entered into a $500.0 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “2025 Revolving Credit Facility”) pursuant to a Credit Agreement (the “2025 Revolving Credit Agreement”), dated as of February 5, 2025, with certain financial institutions party thereto as lenders and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent. The 2025 Revolving Credit Facility refinances and replaces the company’s credit facility entered into pursuant to the amended and restated credit agreement, dated as of October 24, 2003, with the lenders party thereto and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as administrative agent (as amended, restated, modified or supplemented from time to time, the "amended and restated credit agreement"). The maturity date of the amended

43

and restated credit agreement was July 30, 2026. No borrowings were outstanding under the amended and restated credit agreement upon its termination.

The 2025 Revolving Credit Facility has an initial maturity date of February 5, 2030. Under the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility, up to $50.0 million of availability may be drawn in the form of letters of credit and up to $50.0 million of availability may be drawn in the form of swingline loans. The 2025 Revolving Credit Facility also includes an incremental facility whereby the Company may increase the commitments to up to $700.0 million if certain conditions are met.

Borrowings under the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility bear interest, at the option of the company, based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or the “base rate” plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin is determined by reference to a pricing grid set forth in the 2025 Revolving Credit Agreement based on the company’s leverage and debt rating, ranging from a maximum of 1.525% in the case of SOFR-based loans and 0.525% in the case of base rate loans to a minimum of 0.815% in the case of SOFR-based loans and 0.00% in the case of base rate loans, based upon the company’s then applicable leverage ratio and debt rating. In addition, the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility bears an additional facility fee on the full amount of the commitments, also determined by reference to the pricing grid, and ranging from a maximum of 0.225% to a minimum of 0.06%, based upon the company’s then applicable leverage ratio and debt rating.

On February 14, 2025, the company issued (i) $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.750% Senior Notes due 2035 (the “2035 Notes”) and (ii) $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.200% Senior Notes due 2055 (the "2055 Notes", and. together with the 2035 Notes, the “Notes”), pursuant to the Indenture, dated as of April 3, 2012 (the “Base Indenture”), by and between the company, as issuer, and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (as successor to Wells Fargo Bank, National Association), as trustee, as amended and supplemented from time to time, including without limitation, pursuant to an Officer’s Certificate, dated February 14, 2025 (together with the Base Indenture, the “Indenture”), establishing the specific terms and forms of the Notes, each as a new series of securities under the Indenture, and appointing Regions Bank to serve as series trustee with respect to the Notes. The company intends to use the net proceeds of the offering, together with cash on hand, (i) to fund the cash consideration for the Simple Mills Acquisition, (ii) to pay fees and expenses related to the Simple Mills Acquisition and the offering, and (iii) for general corporate purposes.

Flowers intends to maintain its balanced capital deployment model, along with a commitment to its investment grade debt rating.

Special Purpose Entities. At December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, the company did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Guarantees. In the event the company ceases to utilize the independent distribution form of doing business or exits a geographic market, the company is contractually required to purchase the distribution rights from the independent distributors.

Stock Repurchase Plan. Previously, our Board had approved a plan that authorized share repurchases of up to 74.6 million shares of the company’s common stock. On May 26, 2022, the company announced that the Board increased the company's share repurchase authorization by 20.0 million shares. At the close of the company’s fourth quarter on December 28, 2024, 21.5 million shares remained under the existing authorization. Under the share repurchase plan, the company may repurchase its common stock in open market or privately negotiated transactions or under an accelerated repurchase program at such times and at such prices as determined to be in the company’s best interest. These purchases may be commenced or suspended without prior notice depending on then-existing business or market conditions and other factors.

During Fiscal 2024, 1.0 million shares of the company’s common stock were repurchased under the plan at a cost of $22.7 million and during Fiscal 2023, 1.9 million shares were repurchased under the plan at a cost of $45.8 million. From the inception of the plan through December 28, 2024, 73.0 million shares have been repurchased, at a cost of $756.0 million. No repurchases of the company’s common stock were made during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2024.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

See Note 3, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K regarding this information.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The company uses derivative financial instruments as part of an overall strategy to manage market risk. The company uses forwards, futures, swaps, and option contracts to hedge existing or future exposure to changes in interest rates and commodity prices. The company does not enter into these derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those anticipated, interest rates and commodity prices could increase significantly, adversely affecting our interest costs and the margins from the sale of our products.

Interest Rate Risk

The company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, the company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. During Fiscal 2024, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with forecasted issuances of debt. As of December 28, 2024, the company’s hedge portfolio contained interest rate derivatives with a fair value of $7.7 million.

A sensitivity analysis has been prepared to quantify the company’s potential exposure to interest rate market risk with respect to our derivative portfolio. Based on the company’s derivative portfolio as of December 28, 2024, a hypothetical 100-basis-point increase (decrease) in interest rates would increase (decrease) the fair value of the derivative portfolio by $10.1 million and $(11.6) million, respectively.

Commodity Price Risk

The company enters into commodity forward, futures, option, and swap contracts for wheat and, to a lesser extent, other commodities in an effort to provide a predictable and consistent commodity price and thereby reduce the impact of market volatility in its raw material and packaging prices. As of December 28, 2024, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives with a fair value (liability) of $(0.6) million and is based on quoted market prices, all of which relates to instruments that will be utilized in Fiscal 2025.

A sensitivity analysis has been prepared to quantify the company’s potential exposure to commodity price risk with respect to its derivative portfolio. Based on the company’s derivative portfolio as of December 28, 2024, a hypothetical ten percent change in commodity prices would increase or decrease the fair value of the derivative portfolio by $1.9 million. The analysis disregards changes in the exposures inherent in the underlying hedged items; however, the company expects that any increase or decrease in the fair value of the portfolio would be substantially offset by increases or decreases in raw material and packaging prices.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Refer to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and the Financial Statement Schedule for the required information.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures:

We have established and maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information relating to the company, which is required to be timely disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), is accumulated and communicated to management in a timely fashion and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) was performed as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. This evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including both our CEO and our CFO.

Based upon that evaluation, both our CEO and our CFO have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this annual report.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and our CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 28, 2024.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 28, 2024 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which is included herein.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None of the company's directors or officers adopted, modified, or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K, during the company's fiscal quarter ended December 28, 2024.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

46

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item with respect to directors of the company set forth under the caption “Corporate Governance and Board Matters — Director-Nominees” and the information set forth under the captions “Corporate Governance and Board Matters — The Board and Its Committees,” “Corporate Governance and Board Matters — Relationships Among Certain Directors,” “Audit Committee Matters — Audit Committee Report,” and “Share Ownership — Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders expected to be filed with the SEC in April 2025 (the “proxy”) are incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this item with respect to executive officers of the company is set forth in Part I of this Form 10-K.

We have adopted the Flowers Foods, Inc. Code of Conduct (the “Code of Conduct”), which includes the code previously referred to as the Flowers Foods, Inc. Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for Officers and Members of the Board of Directors (collectively, "Code of Conduct"), and which applies to all of our employees, directors and officers. The Code of Conduct is publicly available on our website at www.flowersfoods.com in the “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE” section of the “INVESTORS” tab. If we make any substantive amendments to our Code of Conduct or we grant any waiver, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Conduct, we intend to disclose the nature of the amendment or waiver on our website at the same location. Alternatively, we may elect to disclose the amendment or waiver in a current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC.

We have adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of company securities by directors, officers and employees - and in certain instances, by the company itself - that we believe are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations and applicable listing standards. The foregoing summary of our insider trading policies and procedures is qualified by reference to the Flowers Foods, Inc. Insider Trading Policy filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.

Our Chairman and CEO certified to the NYSE on June 21, 2024 pursuant to Section 303A.12 of the NYSE’s listing standards, that he was not aware of any violation by Flowers Foods of the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards as of that date.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Corporate Governance and Board Matters — Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation” in the proxy.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The following chart sets forth the amounts of securities authorized for issuance under the company’s compensation plans as of December 28, 2024.

Plan Category (a) (b) (c)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 4,263,011 $ — 7,558,957

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — — —

(1)

Includes 1,224,965 outstanding time-based restricted stock units and 3,038,046 outstanding performance-based awards. The performance-based awards assume outstanding awards vest at the maximum potential number of shares issuable and may overstate potential dilution.

(2)

Time-based restricted stock units and performance-based awards are not considered in the weighted average exercise price as these awards have no exercise price.

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(3)

Assumes all unvested awards are issuable at the maximum potential number of shares issuable and may overstate potential dilution.

Under the company’s 2014 Omnibus Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Omnibus Plan”), the Board is authorized to grant a variety of stock-based awards, including stock options, restricted stock and deferred stock, to its directors and certain of its employees. The number of securities set forth in column (c) above reflects securities available for issuance as stock options, restricted stock and deferred stock under the company’s compensation plans. The number of shares originally available under the Omnibus Plan was 8,000,000 shares. On May 25, 2023, the company amended and restated the Omnibus Plan to register an additional 9,340,000 shares of common stock. The Omnibus Plan replaced the Flowers Foods’ 2001 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan, as amended and restated as of April 1, 2009 (“EPIP”), the Stock Appreciation Rights Plan, and the Annual Executive Bonus Plan. As a result, no additional shares will be issued under the EPIP. There are 58,772 deferred shares outstanding under the EPIP that will be issued at the end of the deferral period. See Note 20, Stock-Based Compensation, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information on equity compensation plans.

The remaining information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Share Ownership — Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the proxy.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Corporate Governance and Board Matters — Transactions with Management and Others” and “Corporate Governance and Board Matters — Director Independence” in the proxy.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Audit Committee Matters — Proposal 3 Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm — Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2023 Audit Firm Fee Summary” in the proxy.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)

List of documents filed as part of this report.

1.

Financial Statements of the Registrant

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023.

Consolidated Statements of Income for Fiscal 2024, Fiscal 2023, and Fiscal 2022.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for Fiscal 2024, Fiscal 2023, and Fiscal 2022.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for Fiscal 2024, Fiscal 2023, and Fiscal 2022.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for Fiscal 2024, Fiscal 2023, and Fiscal 2022.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

2.

Exhibits. The following documents are filed as exhibits hereto:

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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit

No Name of Exhibit

50

Exhibit

No Name of Exhibit

51

Exhibit

No Name of Exhibit

52

Exhibit

No Name of Exhibit

53

Exhibit

No Name of Exhibit

10.45 +* — Form of Performance Stock Agreement.

10.46 +* — Form of Time Based Restricted Stock Agreement.

19.1 * — Flowers Foods, Inc. Insider Trading Policy.

21.1 * — Subsidiaries of Flowers Foods, Inc.

101.INS * — Inline XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH * — Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Linkbase.

* Filed herewith

+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

The company has elected not to provide summary information.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Flowers Foods, Inc. has duly caused this Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on this 18th day of February, 2025.

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

/s/ A. RYALS MCMULLIAN

A. Ryals McMullian

Chairman and

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ R. STEVE KINSEY

R. Steve Kinsey

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer andPrincipal Accounting Officer)

55

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of Flowers Foods, Inc. and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature Title Date

A. Ryals McMullian

R. Steve Kinsey

/s/ EDWARD J. CASEY, JR Director February 18, 2025

Edward J. Casey, Jr.

/s/ THOMAS C. CHUBB III Director February 18, 2025

Thomas C. Chubb III

/s/ GEORGE E. DEESE Director February 18, 2025

George E. Deese

/s/ RHONDA O. GASS Director February 18, 2025

Rhonda O. Gass

/s/ BRIGITTE H. KING Director February 18, 2025

Brigitte H. King

/s/ MARGARET G. LEWIS Director February 18, 2025

Margaret G. Lewis

/s/ W. JAMESON MCFADDEN Director February 18, 2025

W. Jameson McFadden

/s/ JOANNE D. SMITH Director February 18, 2025

Joanne D. Smith

/s/ JAMES T. SPEAR Director February 18, 2025

James T. Spear

/s/ MELVIN T. STITH, PH.D. Director February 18, 2025

Melvin T. Stith, Ph.D.

/s/ C. MARTIN WOOD III Director February 18, 2025

C. Martin Wood III

56

FLOWERS FOODS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS