Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the risks discussed elsewhere in this report, the following are important factors that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky, and that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. The risks and uncertainties described below are
37
Table of Contents
not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we deem immaterial also may impair our business operations. If any of the following risks or such other risks actually occur, our business and the value of your investment in our company could be harmed.
Risks Related to the Commercialization of Our Products
Our ability to grow our company is dependent upon the commercial success of CABOMETYX in its approved indications and the continued clinical development, regulatory approval, clinical acceptance and commercial success of the cabozantinib franchise in additional indications.
We anticipate that for the foreseeable future, our ability to maintain or meaningfully increase cash flow to fund our business operations and growth will depend upon the continued commercial success of CABOMETYX, both alone and in combination with other therapies, as a treatment for the highly competitive indications for which it is approved, and possibly for other indications for which cabozantinib is currently being evaluated in potentially label-enabling clinical trials, if warranted by the data generated from these trials. In this regard, part of our strategy is to pursue additional indications for CABOMETYX and increase the number of cancer patients who could potentially benefit from this medicine. However, we cannot be certain that the clinical trials we and our collaboration partners are conducting will demonstrate adequate safety and efficacy in these additional indications to receive regulatory approval in the major commercial markets where CABOMETYX is approved. Even if the required regulatory approvals to market CABOMETYX for additional indications are achieved, we and our collaboration partners may not be able to commercialize CABOMETYX effectively and successfully in these additional indications. If revenue from CABOMETYX decreases or remains flat, or if we are unable to expand the number of labeled indications for which CABOMETYX is approved, or if we or our collaboration partners fail to achieve anticipated product royalties and collaboration milestones, we may need to reduce our operating expenses, access other sources of cash or otherwise modify our business plans, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to grow revenues from sales of CABOMETYX depends upon the degree of market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payers, and the medical community.
Our ability to increase or maintain revenues from sales of CABOMETYX for its approved indications is, and if approved for additional indications will be, highly dependent upon the extent of market acceptance of CABOMETYX among physicians, patients, foreign and U.S. government healthcare payers such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial healthcare plans and the medical community. Market acceptance for CABOMETYX could be impacted by numerous factors, including the effectiveness and safety profile, or the perceived effectiveness and safety profile, of CABOMETYX compared to competing products, the strength of CABOMETYX sales and marketing efforts and changes in pricing and reimbursement for CABOMETYX. If CABOMETYX does not continue to be prescribed broadly for the treatment of patients in its approved indications, our product revenues could flatten or decrease, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our competitors may develop products and technologies that impair the relative value of our marketed products and any current and future product candidates.
The biopharmaceutical industry is competitive and characterized by constant technological change and diverse offerings of products, particularly in the area of oncology therapies. Many of our competitors have greater capital resources, larger research and development staff and facilities, deeper regulatory expertise and more extensive product manufacturing and commercial capabilities than we do, which may afford them a competitive advantage. Further, our competitors may be more effective at in-licensing and developing new commercial products that could render our products, and those of our collaboration partners, obsolete and noncompetitive. We face, and will continue to face, intense competition from biopharmaceutical companies, as well as academic research institutions, clinical reference laboratories and government agencies that are pursuing scientific and clinical research activities similar to ours.
Furthermore, the specific indications for which CABOMETYX is currently or may be approved, based on the results from clinical trials currently evaluating cabozantinib, are highly competitive. Several novel therapies and combinations of therapies have been approved, are in advanced stages of clinical development or are under expedited regulatory review in these indications, and these other therapies are currently competing or are expected to compete with CABOMETYX. Even if our current and future clinical trials, including those evaluating cabozantinib in combination with an ICI in mCRPC or evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with an ICI in CRC and RCC, produce positive results sufficient to obtain marketing approval by the FDA and other global regulatory authorities, it is uncertain whether physicians will choose to prescribe regimens containing our products instead of competing products and product combinations in approved indications.
38
Table of Contents
If we are unable to maintain or increase our sales, marketing, market access and product distribution capabilities for our products, we may be unable to maximize product revenues, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Maintaining our sales, marketing, market access and product distribution capabilities requires significant resources, and there are numerous risks involved with maintaining and continuously improving our commercial organization, including our potential inability to successfully recruit, train, retain and incentivize adequate numbers of qualified and effective sales and marketing personnel. We are competing for talent with numerous commercial- and precommercial-stage, oncology-focused biopharmaceutical companies seeking to build out and maintain their commercial organizations, as well as larger biopharmaceutical organizations that have extensive, well-funded and more experienced sales and marketing operations, and we may be unable to maintain or adequately scale our commercial organization as a result of such competition. Also, to the extent that the commercial opportunities for CABOMETYX grow over time, we may not properly scale the size and experience of our commercialization teams to market and sell CABOMETYX successfully in an expanded number of indications. If we are unable to maintain or scale our commercial function appropriately, we may not be able to maximize product revenues, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we are unable to obtain or maintain coverage and reimbursement for our products from third-party payers, our business will suffer.
Our ability to commercialize our products successfully is highly dependent on the extent to which health insurance coverage and reimbursement is, and will be, available from third-party payers, including foreign and U.S. governmental payers, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and private health insurers. Third-party payers continue to scrutinize and manage access to pharmaceutical products and services and may limit reimbursement for newly approved products and indications. Patients are generally not capable of paying for CABOMETYX or COMETRIQ themselves and rely on third-party payers to pay for, or subsidize, the costs of their medications, among other medical costs. Accordingly, market acceptance of CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ is dependent on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement is available from third-party payers. These entities could refuse, limit or condition coverage for our products, such as by using tiered reimbursement or pressing for new forms of contracting, or alternatively for patients who rely on our co-pay assistance program, implement co-pay accumulators or maximizers that exempt such co-pay assistance from patient deductibles (or otherwise modify benefit designs in a manner that takes into account the availability of co-pay assistance), which has increased and could further increase the costs of our co-pay assistance program or cause patients to abandon CABOMETYX or COMETRIQ therapy due to higher out-of-pocket costs. If third-party payers do not provide or increase limitations on coverage or reimbursement for CABOMETYX or COMETRIQ, our revenues and results of operations may suffer. In addition, even if third-party payers provide some coverage or reimbursement for CABOMETYX or COMETRIQ, the availability of such coverage or reimbursement for prescription drugs under private health insurance and managed care plans, which often varies based on the type of contract or plan purchased, may not be sufficient for patients to afford CABOMETYX or COMETRIQ.
Current healthcare laws and regulations in the U.S. and future legislative or regulatory reforms to the U.S. healthcare system may affect our ability to commercialize our marketed products profitably.
Federal and state governments in the U.S. are considering legislative and regulatory proposals to change the U.S. healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to continue to commercialize CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ profitably. Similarly, among policy makers and payers, there is significant interest in promoting such changes with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs and expanding patient access. The life sciences industry and specifically the market for the sale, insurance coverage and distribution of pharmaceuticals has been a particular focus of these efforts and would likely be significantly affected by any major legislative or regulatory initiatives. In addition, there have been, and may in the future be, initiatives at both the federal and state level that could significantly modify the terms and scope of government-provided health insurance coverage, ranging from changes to some or all of the provisions of the PPACA to establishing a single-payer, national health insurance system to more limited “buy-in” options to existing public health insurance programs, any of which could have a significant impact on the healthcare industry. Although such attempts to reform the U.S. healthcare system have not significantly impacted our business to date, it is possible that additional legislative, executive and judicial activities in the future could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Furthermore, because we participate in the 340B Program to sell a portion of our marketed products, changes in the administration of the program could have a material adverse impact on our revenues. Some manufacturers are currently involved in ongoing litigation regarding the legality of contract pharmacy arrangements under the 340B Program,
39
Table of Contents
which may affect the way in which manufacturers are required to extend discounts to covered entities through contract pharmacies. Effective July 2022, we implemented a 340B Program Integrity Initiative, pursuant to which we request all hospital covered entities (i.e., hospitals that participate in the 340B Program) to provide claims-level data for CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ dispensed by contract pharmacies. A covered entity that elects not to provide this limited claims data and that does not have an in-house pharmacy may designate a single contract pharmacy location within our authorized specialty pharmacy network. We believe this initiative will provide much-needed transparency and promote compliance with program requirements, and at the same time, should not restrict patient access to our medicines. HHS has notified us that it is reviewing our policy, and we have responded to HHS’ request for information. Since 2021, numerous manufacturers that previously implemented similar contract pharmacy integrity programs have received enforcement letters from HHS stating that those manufacturers’ actions restricted contract pharmacy transactions in violation of the 340B Program statute, which may subject them to repayment of overcharges and civil monetary penalties. As mentioned above, certain of these manufacturers are now in litigation with the government over the legality of these programs, and depending on the outcome of such litigation, we may be required to modify or suspend our 340B Program Integrity Initiative. Further, it is possible that HHS could seek to implement administrative proceedings to recover overcharges and/or impose civil monetary penalties against us regarding our 340B Program Integrity Initiative. If such proceedings were implemented against us, a negative ruling could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Due to general uncertainty with respect to this litigation and in the current regulatory and healthcare policy environment, and specifically regarding positions that the Biden Administration may take with respect to these issues, we are unable to predict the impact of any legislative, regulatory, third-party payer or policy actions, including potential cost containment and healthcare reform measures. If enacted, we and any third parties we might engage may be unable to adapt to any changes implemented as a result of such measures, and we could face difficulties in maintaining or increasing profitability or otherwise experience a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Pricing for pharmaceutical products in the U.S. has come under increasing attention and scrutiny by federal and state governments, legislative bodies and enforcement agencies. Initiatives arising from this scrutiny may result in changes that have the effect of reducing our revenue or harming our business or reputation.
There continue to be U.S. Congressional inquiries, hearings and proposed and enacted federal legislation and rules, as well as executive orders, designed to, among other things: reduce or limit the prices of drugs and make them more affordable for patients (including, for example, by tying drug prices to the prices of drugs in other countries); reform the structure and financing of Medicare Part D pharmaceutical benefits; implement additional data collection and transparency reporting regarding drug pricing, rebates, fees and other remuneration provided by drug manufacturers; enable the government to negotiate prices under Medicare; revise rules associated with the calculation of average manufacturer price and best price under Medicaid; eliminate the AKS discount safe harbor protection for manufacturer rebate arrangements with Medicare Part D plan sponsors; create new AKS safe harbors applicable to certain point-of-sale discounts to patients and fixed fee administrative fee payment arrangements with pharmacy benefit managers; and revise the rebate methodology under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. For instance in August 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act, which among other things: allows for CMS to impose price controls for certain single-source drugs and biotherapeutics reimbursed under Medicare Part B and Part D; subjects drug manufacturers to civil monetary penalties and a potential excise tax for offering a price that is not equal to or less than the government-imposed “maximum fair price” under the law; imposes Medicare rebates for price increases that exceed inflation; and redesigns the funding and benefit structure of the Medicare Part D program, potentially increasing manufacturer liability while capping annual out-of-pocket drug expenses for Medicare beneficiaries. These provisions have started taking effect incrementally in late 2022 and may be subject to various legal challenges. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, CMS has commenced public rulemaking and issued guidance addressing certain aspects of the Inflation Reduction Act, and overtime the Inflation Reduction Act could reduce the revenues we are able to collect from sales of our products and increase our government discount and rebate liabilities; however, the degree of impact that the Inflation Reduction Act will ultimately have upon our business remains unclear. In addition, we cannot know the final form or timing of any other legislative, regulatory and/or administrative measures, and some of these pending and enacted legislative proposals or executive rulemaking, if implemented without successful legal challenges, would likely have a significant and far-reaching impact on the biopharmaceutical industry and therefore also likely have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biotherapeutic product pricing, including restrictions on pricing or reimbursement at the state government level, limitations on discounts to patients, marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some
40
Table of Contents
cases, policies to encourage importation from other countries (subject to federal approval) and bulk purchasing, including the National Medicaid Pooling Initiative. In particular, the obligation to provide notices of price increases to purchasers under laws such as California’s SB-17 may influence customer ordering patterns for CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ, which in turn may increase the volatility of our revenues as a reflection of changes in inventory volumes. Furthermore, adoption of these drug pricing transparency regulations, and our associated compliance obligations, may increase our general and administrative costs and/or diminish our revenues. Implementation of these federal and/or state cost-containment measures or other healthcare reforms may limit our ability to generate product revenue or commercialize our products, and in the case of drug pricing transparency regulations, may result in fluctuations in our results of operations.
Lengthy regulatory pricing and reimbursement procedures and cost control initiatives imposed by governments outside the U.S. could delay the marketing of and/or result in downward pressure on the price of our approved products, resulting in a decrease in revenue.
Outside the U.S., including major markets in the EU and Japan, the pricing and reimbursement of prescription pharmaceuticals is generally subject to significant governmental control. In these countries, pricing and reimbursement negotiations with governmental authorities or payers can take six to 12 months or longer after the initial marketing authorization is granted for a product, or after the marketing authorization for a new indication is granted. This can substantially delay broad availability of the product. To obtain reimbursement and/or pricing approval in some countries, our collaboration partners Ipsen and Takeda may also be required to conduct a study or otherwise provide data that seeks to establish the cost effectiveness of CABOMETYX compared with other available established therapies. The conduct of such a study could also result in delays in the commercialization of CABOMETYX.
Additionally, cost-control initiatives, increasingly based on affordability and accessibility, as well as post-marketing assessments of the added value of CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ as compared to existing treatments, could influence the prices paid for and net revenues we realize from CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ, or the indications for which we are able to obtain reimbursement, which would result in lower license revenues to us. Recent legislative changes and ongoing policy changes in the EU are aimed at increasing cooperation between the EU Member States. Such initiatives, particularly the HTA Regulation adopted in December 2021, may further impact the price and reimbursement status of CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ when it enters into application 2025.
The timing of the entrance of generic competitors to CABOMETYX and legislative and regulatory action designed to reduce barriers to the development, approval and adoption of generic drugs in the U.S. could limit the revenue we derive from our products, most notably CABOMETYX, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Under the FDCA, the FDA can approve an ANDA for a generic version of a branded drug without the applicant undertaking the human clinical testing necessary to obtain approval to market a new drug. The FDA can also approve an NDA under section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA that relies in part on the agency’s findings of safety and/or effectiveness for a previously approved drug, where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use. Both the ANDA and 505(b)(2) NDA processes are discussed above in “Item 1. Business—Government Regulation—FDA Review and Approval—Abbreviated FDA Approval Pathways and Generic Products” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In either case, if an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant submits an application referencing one of our marketed products prior to the expiry of one or more our Orange Book-listed patents for the applicable product, we may litigate with the potential generic competitor to protect our patent rights, which would result in substantial costs, divert the attention of management, and could have an adverse impact on our stock price. For example, MSN, Teva and Cipla have separately submitted ANDAs to the FDA requesting approval to market their respective generic versions of CABOMETYX tablets, and we have subsequently filed patent enforcement lawsuits against both companies. For a more detailed discussion of these litigation matters, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. It is possible that MSN, Teva, Cipla or other companies, following FDA approval of an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA, could introduce generic or otherwise competitor versions of our marketed products before our patents expire if they do not infringe our patents or if it is determined that our patents are invalid or unenforceable, and we expect that generic cabozantinib products would be offered at a significantly lower price compared to our marketed cabozantinib products. Regardless of the regulatory approach, the introduction of a generic version of cabozantinib would likely decrease our revenues derived from the U.S. sales of CABOMETYX and thereby materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. There are also equivalent procedures in the EU permitting authorization of generic versions and biosimilars of medicinal products authorized in the EU once related data and market exclusivity periods have expired.
41
Table of Contents
The U.S. federal government has also taken numerous legislative and regulatory actions to expedite the development and approval of generic drugs and biosimilars. Both Congress and the FDA are considering, and have enacted, various legislative and regulatory proposals focused on drug competition, including legislation focused on drug patenting and provision of drug to generic applicants for testing. For example, the Ensuring Innovation Act, enacted in April 2021, amended the FDA’s statutory authority for granting NCE exclusivity to reflect the agency’s existing regulations and longstanding interpretation that award NCE exclusivity based on a drug’s active moiety, as opposed to its active ingredient, which is intended to limit the applicability of NCE exclusivity, thereby potentially facilitating generic competition. In addition, the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, which incorporated the framework from the CREATES legislation, allowed ANDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or biosimilar developers to obtain access to branded drug and biotherapeutic product samples. Further, Section 3222 of the of the 2023 Appropriations Act requires the FDA to make therapeutic equivalence determinations for 505(b)(2) NDAs at the time of approval, or up to 180 days thereafter, if requested by the applicant. Additionally, Section 3224 of the 2023 Appropriations Act allows the FDA to approve an ANDA even if there are differences between the generic drug’s proposed labeling and that of the listed drug due to the FDA approving a change to the listed drug’s label (excluding warnings) within 90 days of when the ANDA is otherwise eligible for approval, provided that the ANDA applicant agrees to submit revised labeling for the generic drug within 60 days of approval. While the full impact of these provisions is unclear at this time, its provisions do have the potential to facilitate the development and future approval and market success of generic versions of our products, introducing generic competition that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Growth of Our Product Portfolio and Research and Development
We may be unable to expand our discovery and development pipeline, which could limit our growth and revenue potential.
Our business is focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of new medicines for difficult-to-treat cancers. In this regard, we have invested in substantial technical, financial and human resources toward drug discovery activities with the goal of identifying new product candidates to advance into clinical trials. Notwithstanding this investment, many programs that initially show promise will ultimately fail to yield product candidates for multiple reasons. For example, product candidates may, on further study, be shown to have inadequate efficacy, harmful side effects, suboptimal pharmaceutical profiles or other characteristics suggesting that they are unlikely to be commercially viable products.
Apart from our drug discovery efforts, our strategy to expand our development pipeline is also dependent on our ability to successfully identify and acquire or in-license relevant product candidates and technologies. However, the in-licensing and acquisition of product candidates and technologies is a highly competitive area, and many other companies are pursuing the same or similar product candidates and technologies to those that we may consider attractive. In particular, larger companies with more capital resources and more extensive clinical development and commercialization capabilities may have a competitive advantage over us. Furthermore, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We may also be unable to in-license or acquire additional product candidates and technologies on acceptable terms that would allow us to realize an appropriate return on our investment. Even if we succeed in our efforts to obtain rights to suitable product candidates and technologies, the competitive business environment may result in higher acquisition or licensing costs, and our investment in these potential products and technologies will remain subject to the inherent risks associated with the development and commercialization of new medicines. In certain circumstances, we may also be reliant on the licensor for the continued development of the in-licensed technology and their efforts to safeguard their underlying intellectual property.
With respect to acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate the target company successfully into our existing business, maintain the key business relationships of the target company, or retain key personnel of the acquired business. Furthermore, we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities or otherwise incur unanticipated expenses. Any acquisitions or investments made by us also could result in our spending significant amounts, issuing dilutive securities, assuming or incurring significant debt obligations and contingent liabilities, incurring large one-time expenses and acquiring intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense and significant write-offs, any of which could harm our financial condition and results of operations. If our drug discovery efforts, including research collaborations, in-licensing arrangements and other business development activities, do not result in suitable product candidates, our business and prospects for growth could suffer.
42
Table of Contents
Clinical testing of cabozantinib for new indications, or of new product candidates, is a lengthy, costly, complex and uncertain process that may fail ultimately to demonstrate safety and efficacy data for those products sufficiently differentiated to compete in our highly competitive market environment.
Clinical trials are inherently risky and may reveal that cabozantinib, despite its approval for certain indications, or a new product candidate, is ineffective or has an unacceptable safety profile with respect to an intended use. Such results may significantly decrease the likelihood of regulatory approval of a product candidate or of an approved product for a new indication. Moreover, the results of preliminary studies do not necessarily predict clinical or commercial success, and late-stage or other potentially label-enabling clinical trials may fail to confirm the results observed in early-stage trials or preliminary studies. Although we have established timelines for manufacturing and clinical development of cabozantinib and our other product candidates based on existing knowledge of our compounds in development and industry metrics, we may not be able to meet those timelines.
We may experience numerous unforeseen events, during or as a result of clinical investigations, that could delay or prevent commercialization of cabozantinib in new indications or of zanzalintinib or other new product candidates. These events may include:
•lack of acceptable efficacy or a tolerable safety profile;
•negative or inconclusive clinical trial results that require us to conduct further testing or to abandon projects;
•discovery or commercialization by our competitors of other compounds or therapies that show significantly improved safety or efficacy compared to cabozantinib or our other product candidates;
•our inability to identify and maintain a sufficient number of clinical trial sites;
•lower-than-anticipated patient registration or enrollment in our clinical testing;
•additional complexities posed by clinical trials evaluating cabozantinib, zanzalintinib or our other product candidates in combination with other therapies, including extended timelines to provide for collaboration on clinical development planning, the failure by our collaboration partners to provide us with an adequate and timely supply of product that complies with the applicable quality and regulatory requirements for a combination trial
•reduced staffing or shortages in laboratory supplies and other resources necessary to complete the trials;
•failure of our third-party contract research organizations or investigators to satisfy their contractual obligations, including deviating from any trial protocols; and
•withholding of authorization from regulators or institutional review boards to commence or conduct clinical trials or delays, variations, suspensions or terminations of clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a determination by these regulators and institutional review boards that participating patients are being exposed to unacceptable health risks.
The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War has had a modest impact on our clinical development operations, particularly with respect to patient recruitment, potentially delaying our ability to complete enrollment in a timely manner. In addition, this conflict has had and may continue to have an adverse impact on the ability of clinical sites and their patients to adhere to trial protocols for in-office clinical visits and other procedures, our ability to supply clinical sites with cabozantinib or other study drugs and to pay clinical sites and investigators for work performed, as well as our ability to collect data and conduct site monitoring visits, all of which could undermine the data quality for patients enrolled at these clinical sites. The need to shift enrollment of patients away from these clinical sites or close certain sites entirely, or to replace patients in affected territories should investigators be unable to continue treating and monitoring them, could further impact our anticipated timelines for completing the trials and achieving clinical endpoints, as well as increase our clinical development expenses.
If there are further delays in or termination of the clinical testing of cabozantinib, zanzalintinib or our other product candidates due to any of the events described above or otherwise, our expenses could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be impaired, either of which could adversely impact our financial results. Furthermore, we rely on our collaboration partners to fund a significant portion of our cabozantinib clinical development programs. Should one or all of our collaboration partners decline to support future planned clinical trials, we will be entirely responsible for financing the further development of the cabozantinib franchise or our other product candidates and, as a result, we may be unable to execute our current business plans, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
43
Table of Contents
We may not be able to pursue the further development of the cabozantinib franchise, zanzalintinib or our other product candidates or meet current or future requirements of the FDA or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions in accordance with our stated timelines or at all. Our planned clinical trials may not begin on time, or at all, may not be completed on schedule, or at all, may not be sufficient for registration of our product candidates or otherwise may not result in an approvable product. The duration and the cost of clinical trials vary significantly as a result of factors relating to a particular clinical trial, including, among others: the characteristics of the product candidate under investigation; the number of patients who ultimately participate in the clinical trial; the duration of patient follow-up; the number of clinical sites included in the trial; and the length of time required to enroll eligible patients. Any delay could limit our ability to generate revenues, cause us to incur additional expense and cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly.
The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, uncertain and subject to change, and may not result in regulatory approvals for additional cabozantinib indications or for our other product candidates, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The activities associated with the research, development and commercialization of the cabozantinib franchise, zanzalintinib and our other product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the U.S., as well as by comparable regulatory authorities in other territories. The processes of obtaining regulatory approvals in the U.S. and other foreign jurisdictions is expensive and often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and they can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. For example, before an NDA or sNDA can be submitted to the FDA, or a marketing authorization application to the EMA or any application or submission to comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions, the product candidate must undergo extensive clinical trials, which can take many years and require substantial expenditures.
Any clinical trial may fail to produce results satisfactory to the FDA or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to approve any NDA or sNDA or decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, we may encounter delays or rejections based upon changes in policy, which could cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application for cabozantinib or for zanzalintinib or our other product candidates. For example, the FDA launched Project Optimus in 2021 as an initiative to reform the dose optimization and dose selection paradigm in oncology drug development, which was driven by the FDA’s concerns that the current paradigm for dose selection may result in doses and schedules of molecularly targeted therapies that are inadequately characterized before initiating pivotal trials. Through collaboration with the biopharmaceutical industry, academia and other stakeholders, the FDA’s goal for this initiative is to advance an oncology dose-finding and dose optimization paradigm that emphasizes dose selections that maximize efficacy as well as safety and tolerability. In support of this initiative, the FDA may request sponsors of oncology product candidates to conduct dose optimization studies pre- or post-approval, and the FDA also continues to develop and finalize guidance documents and implement initiatives regarding the development and clinical research of oncology product candidates. Recently, in part due to questions raised by the process underlying the approval of an Alzheimer’s disease drug,government authorities and other stakeholders have been scrutinizing the accelerated approval pathway, with some stakeholders advocating for reforms. Even prior to this, the FDA has held Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee meetings to discuss accelerated approvals for which confirmatory trials have not verified clinical benefit. Such scrutiny, among other factors, has resulted in voluntary withdrawals of certain products and indications approved on an accelerated basis. Spurred by the Alzheimer’s drug controversy, the HHS Office of Inspector General has also initiated an assessment of how the FDA implements the accelerated approval pathway. In addition, Section 3210 of the 2023 Appropriations Act revised the accelerated approval pathway. Although this legislation did not change the standard for accelerated approval, it, among other things: requires the FDA to specify the conditions for required post-marketing trials; permits the FDA to require such trials to be underway prior to approval, or within a specific period after approval; requires sponsors to provide reports on post-marketing trial progress no later than 180 days after approval and every 180 days thereafter until such trials are completed; makes the failure to conduct required post-marketing trials with due diligence and the failure to submit the required reports prohibited acts; and details procedures the FDA must follow to withdraw an accelerated approval on an expedited basis. While it is not clear at this time how these legislative and regulatory initiatives will affect our plans to pursue accelerated approval for one or more of our product candidates, these developments may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Even if the FDA or a comparable authority in another jurisdiction approves cabozantinib for one or more new indications or approves one of our other product candidates, including zanzalintinib, for use, such approval may be limited, imposing significant restrictions on the indicated uses, conditions for use, labeling, distribution, and/or production of the
44
Table of Contents
product and could impose requirements for post-marketing studies, including additional research and clinical trials, all of which may result in significant expense and limit our and our collaboration partners’ ability to commercialize cabozantinib, zanzalintinib or our other product candidates in any new indications. Failure to complete post-marketing requirements of the FDA in connection with a specific approval in accordance with the timelines and conditions set forth by the FDA could significantly increase costs or delay, limit or ultimately restrict the commercialization of cabozantinib, zanzalintinib or another product candidate in the approved indication. Regulatory agencies could also impose various administrative, civil or criminal sanctions for failure to comply with regulatory requirements, including withdrawal of product approval. Further, current or any future laws or executive orders governing FDA or foreign regulatory approval processes that may be enacted or executed could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Financial Matters
Our profitability could be negatively impacted if expenses associated with our extensive clinical development, business development and commercialization activities, both for the cabozantinib franchise and our other product candidates, grow more quickly than the revenues we generate.
Although we reported net income of $182.3 million and $231.1 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, we may not be able to maintain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis, and we are unable to predict the extent of future profits or losses. The amount of our net profits or losses will depend, in part, on: the level of sales of CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ in the U.S.; our achievement of development, regulatory and commercial milestones, if any, under our collaboration agreements; the amount of royalties from sales of CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ outside of the U.S. under our collaboration agreements; other collaboration revenues; and the level of our expenses, including those associated with our extensive drug discovery, clinical development and business development activities, both for the cabozantinib franchise and our other product candidates, as well as our general business expansion plans. Our expected future expenses in particular may also be increased by inflationary pressures, which could increase the costs of outside services, labor, raw materials and finished drug product. We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts to fund the continued development of the cabozantinib franchise for additional indications and of our other product candidates, as well as the commercialization of our approved products. In addition, we intend to continue to expand our oncology product pipeline through our drug discovery efforts, including research collaborations, in-licensing arrangements and other strategic transactions that align with our oncology drug development, regulatory and commercial expertise, which efforts could involve substantial costs. To offset these costs in the future, we will need to generate substantial revenues. If these costs exceed our current expectations, or we fail to achieve anticipated revenue targets, the market value of our common stock may decline.
Risks Related to Our Relationships with Third Parties
We rely on Ipsen and Takeda for the commercial success of CABOMETYX in its approved indications outside of the U.S., and we are unable to control the amount or timing of resources expended by these collaboration partners in the commercialization of CABOMETYX in its approved indications outside of the U.S.
We rely upon the regulatory, commercial, medical affairs, market access and other expertise and resources of our collaboration partners, Ipsen and Takeda, for commercialization of CABOMETYX in their respective territories outside of the U.S. We cannot control the amount and timing of resources that our collaboration partners dedicate to the commercialization of CABOMETYX, or to its marketing and distribution, and our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of CABOMETYX by our collaboration partners depends on their ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for, achieve market acceptance of, and to otherwise effectively market, CABOMETYX in its approved indications in their respective territories. If our collaboration partners are unable or unwilling to invest the resources necessary to commercialize CABOMETYX successfully in the EU, Japan and other international territories where it has been approved, this could reduce the amount of revenue we are due to receive under these collaboration agreements, thus resulting in harm to our business and operations.
45
Table of Contents
Our clinical, regulatory and commercial collaborations with major companies make us reliant on those companies for their continued performance and investments, which subjects us to a number of risks.
We have established clinical and commercial collaborations with leading biopharmaceutical companies for the development and commercialization of our products, and our dependence on these collaboration partners subjects us to a number of risks, including, but not limited to:
•our collaboration partners’ decision to terminate our collaboration, or their failure to comply with the terms of our collaboration agreements and related ancillary agreements, either intentionally or as a result of negligence or other insufficient performance;
•our inability to control the amount and timing of resources that our collaboration partners devote to the development or commercialization of our products;
•the possibility that our collaboration partners may stop or delay clinical trials, fail to supply us on a timely basis with product required for a combination trial, or deliver product that fails to meet appropriate quality and regulatory standards;
•disputes that may arise between us and our collaboration partners that result in the delay or termination of the development or commercialization of our drug candidates, or that diminish or delay receipt of the economic benefits we are entitled to receive under the collaboration, or that result in costly litigation or arbitration;
•the possibility that our collaboration partners may experience financial difficulties that prevent them from fulfilling their obligations under our agreements;
•our collaboration partners’ inability to obtain regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or at all;
•our collaboration partners’ failure to comply with legal and regulatory requirements relevant to the authorization, marketing, distribution and supply of our marketed products in the territories outside the U.S. where they are approved; and
•our collaboration partners’ failure to properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or their use of our intellectual property rights or proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property rights or expose us to potential litigation.
If any of these risks materialize, we may not receive collaboration revenues or otherwise realize anticipated benefits from such collaborations, and our product development efforts and prospects for growth could be delayed or disrupted, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our growth potential is dependent in part upon companies with which we have entered into research collaborations, in-licensing arrangements and similar business development relationships.
To expand our early-stage product pipeline, we have augmented our drug discovery activities with multiple research collaborations and in-licensing arrangements with other companies. Our dependence on our relationships with these research and in-licensing partners subjects us to numerous risks, including, but not limited to:
•our research and in-licensing partners’ decision to terminate our relationship, or their failure to comply with the terms of our agreements, either intentionally or as a result of negligent performance;
•disputes that may arise between us and our research and in-licensing partners that result in the delay or termination of research activities with respect to any in-licensed assets or supporting technology platforms;
•the possibility that our research and in-licensing partners may experience financial difficulties that prevent them from fulfilling their obligations under our agreements;
•the possibility that our research and in-licensing partners may be acquired and that any acquiring entity may not honor our partners’ research commitments or otherwise fail to continue fulfilling their obligations under our agreements;
•our research and in-licensing partners’ failure to properly maintain or defend their intellectual property rights or their use of third-party intellectual property rights or proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our license to develop these assets or utilize technology platforms;
•laws, regulations or practices imposed by countries outside the U.S. that could impact or inhibit scientific research or the development of healthcare products by foreign competitors or otherwise disadvantage healthcare products made by foreign competitors, as well as general political or economic instability in those countries, any of which could complicate, interfere with or impede our relationships with our ex-U.S. research, development and in-licensing partners; and
46
Table of Contents
•our research and in-licensing partners’ failure to comply with applicable healthcare laws, as well as established guidelines, laws and regulations related to GMP and GLP.
If any of these risks materialize, we may not be able to expand our product pipeline or otherwise realize a return on the resources we will have invested to develop these early-stage assets, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and prospects for growth.
If third parties upon which we rely to perform clinical trials for cabozantinib in new indications or for new product candidates do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize cabozantinib or other product candidates beyond currently approved indications.
We do not have the ability to conduct clinical trials for cabozantinib or for new potential product candidates independently, so we rely on independent third parties for the performance of these trials, such as the U.S. federal government, third-party contract research organizations, medical institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, or if the third parties must be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they generate or provide is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our clinical trial or data security protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our preclinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize cabozantinib beyond currently approved indications or obtain regulatory approval for zanzalintinib or our other product candidates. In addition, due to the complexity of our research initiatives, we may be unable to engage with third-party contract research organizations that have the necessary experience and sophistication to help advance our drug discovery efforts, which would impede our ability to identify, develop and commercialize our potential product candidates.
We lack our own manufacturing and distribution capabilities necessary for us to produce materials required for certain preclinical activities and to produce and distribute our products for clinical development or for commercial sale, and our reliance on third parties for these services subjects us to various risks.
We do not own or operate manufacturing or distribution facilities for CMC development activities, preclinical, clinical or commercial production and distribution for our current products and new product candidates. Instead, we rely on various third-party contract manufacturing organizations to conduct these operations on our behalf. As our operations continue to grow in these areas, we continue to expand our supply chain through additional third-party contract manufacturers, distributors and suppliers. To establish and manage our supply chain requires a significant financial commitment, the creation of numerous third-party contractual relationships and continued oversight of these third parties to fulfill compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Although we maintain significant resources to directly and effectively oversee the activities and relationships with the companies in our supply chain, we do not have direct control over their operations.
Our third-party contract manufacturers may not be able to produce or deliver material on a timely basis or manufacture material with the required quality standards, or in the quantity required to meet our preclinical, clinical development and commercial needs and applicable regulatory requirements. Although we have not yet experienced significant production delays or seen significant impairment to our supply chain as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, our third-party contract manufacturers, distributors and suppliers could experience operational delays due to lack of capacity or resources, facility closures and other hardships as a result of these types of global events, which could impact our supply chain by potentially causing delays to or disruptions in the supply of our preclinical, clinical or commercial products. If our third-party contract manufacturers, distributors and suppliers do not continue to supply us with our products or product candidates in a timely fashion and in compliance with applicable quality and regulatory requirements, or if they otherwise fail or refuse to comply with their obligations to us under our manufacturing, distribution and supply arrangements, we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. Furthermore, their failure to supply us could impair or preclude meeting commercial or clinical product supply requirements for us or our partners, which could delay product development and future commercialization efforts and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, through our third-party contract manufacturers and data service providers, we continue to provide serialized commercial products as required to comply with the DSCSA and its foreign equivalents where applicable. If our third-party contract manufacturers or data service providers fail to support our efforts to continue to comply with DSCSA and its foreign equivalents, as well as any future electronic pedigree requirements, we may face legal penalties or be restricted from selling our products.
47
Table of Contents
If third-party scientific advisors and contractors we rely on to assist with our drug discovery efforts do not perform as expected, the expansion of our product pipeline may be delayed.
We work with scientific advisors at academic and other institutions, as well as third-party contractors in various locations throughout the world, that assist us in our research and development efforts, including in drug discovery and preclinical development strategy. These third parties are not our employees and may have other commitments or contractual obligations that limit their availability to us. Although these third-party scientific advisors and contractors generally agree not to do competing work, if a conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services. There has also been increased scrutiny surrounding the disclosures of payments made to medical researchers from companies in the pharmaceutical industry, and it is possible that the academic and other institutions that employ these medical researchers may prevent us from engaging them as scientific advisors and contractors or otherwise limit our access to these experts, or that the scientific advisors themselves may now be more reluctant to work with industry partners. Even if these scientific advisors and contractors with whom we have engaged intend to meet their contractual obligations, their ability to perform services may be impacted by increased demand for such services from other companies or by other external factors, such as reduced capacity to perform services. If we experience additional delays in the receipt of services, lose work performed by these scientific advisors and contractors or are unable to engage them in the first place, our discovery and development efforts with respect to the matters on which they were working or would work in the future may be significantly delayed or otherwise adversely affected.
Risks Related to Healthcare Regulatory and Other Legal Compliance Matters
We are subject to healthcare laws, regulations and enforcement; our failure to comply with those laws could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, which laws and regulations are enforced by the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. Should our compliance controls prove ineffective at preventing or mitigating the risk and impact of improper business conduct or inaccurate reporting, we could be subject to enforcement of the following, including, without limitation:
•the federal AKS;
•the FDCA and its implementing regulations;
•federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, and the Civil Monetary Penalties Law;
•federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;
•HIPAA and its implementing regulations, as amended;
•state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws;
•the Open Payments program of the PPACA;
•state and local laws and regulations that require drug manufacturers to file reports relating to marketing activities, payments and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities; and
•state and federal pharmaceutical price and price reporting laws and regulations.
In addition, we may be subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, a U.S. law which regulates certain financial relationships with foreign government officials (which could include, for example, medical professionals employed by national healthcare programs) and its foreign equivalents, as well as federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.
These federal and state healthcare laws and regulations govern drug marketing practices, including off-label promotion, and also impact our current and future business arrangements with third parties, including various healthcare entities. If our operations are found, or even alleged, to be in violation of the laws described above or other governmental regulations that apply to us, we, or our officers or employees, may be subject to significant penalties, including administrative civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, regulatory penalties, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal and state healthcare programs, imprisonment, reputational harm, additional reporting requirements and oversight through a Corporate Integrity Agreement or other monitoring agreement, any of which would adversely affect our ability to sell our products and operate our business and also adversely affect our financial results. Furthermore, responding to any such allegation or investigation
48
Table of Contents
and/or defending against any such enforcement actions can be time-consuming and would require significant financial and personnel resources. Therefore, if any state or the federal government initiates an enforcement action against us, our business may be impaired, and even if we are ultimately successful in our defense, litigating these actions could result in substantial costs and divert the attention of management.
Enhanced governmental and private scrutiny over, or investigations or litigation involving, pharmaceutical manufacturer patient assistance programs and donations to patient assistance foundations created by charitable organizations could negatively impact our business practices, harm our reputation, divert the attention of management and increase our expenses.
To help patients afford our products, we have a patient assistance program and also occasionally make donations to independent charitable foundations that help financially needy patients. These types of programs designed to assist patients with affording pharmaceuticals have become the subject of Congressional interest and enhanced government scrutiny. The HHS Office of Inspector General established guidelines permitting pharmaceutical manufacturers to make donations to charitable organizations that provide co-pay assistance to Medicare patients, provided that manufacturers meet certain specified compliance requirements. In the event we make such donations but are found not to have complied with these guidelines and other laws or regulations respecting the operation of these programs, we could be subject to significant damages, fines, penalties or other criminal, civil or administrative sanctions or enforcement actions. Moreover, in December 2020, the CMS finalized changes to Medicaid Drug Rebate Program pricing calculations regarding the provision of co-payment assistance to patients that may be impacted by private insurer accumulator programs. The portion of this rule dealing with manufacturer co-payment assistance (and related support programs) was challenged and vacated by a federal court in May 2022 (and CMS did not appeal). However, it is possible that CMS could issue new rulemaking or guidance that would affect the amount of rebates owed under the Medicaid program or otherwise limit our ability to support our patient co-pay assistance program. We also rely on a third-party hub provider and exercise oversight to monitor patient assistance program activities. Hub providers are generally hired by manufacturers to assist patients with insurance coverage, financial assistance and treatment support after the patients receive a prescription from their healthcare professional. For manufacturers of specialty pharmaceuticals (including our marketed products), the ability to have a single point of contact for their therapies helps ensure efficient medication distribution to patients. Accordingly, our hub activities are also subject to scrutiny and may create risk for us if not conducted appropriately. A variety of entities, including independent charitable foundations and pharmaceutical manufacturers, but not including our company, have received subpoenas from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and other enforcement authorities seeking information related to their patient assistance programs and support, and certain of these entities have entered into costly civil settlement agreements with DOJ and other enforcement authorities that include requirements to maintain complex corporate integrity agreements that impose significant reporting and other requirements. Should we or our hub providers receive a subpoena or other process, regardless of whether we are ultimately found to have complied with the regulations governing patient assistance programs, this type of government investigation could negatively impact our business practices, harm our reputation, divert the attention of management and increase our expenses.
We are subject to laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and the collection and processing of personal data. Failure to maintain compliance with these regulations could create additional liabilities for us.
The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve in the U.S. and other jurisdictions around the world. For example, the CPRA went into operation in 2020 and affords California residents expanded privacy rights and protections, including civil penalties for violations and statutory damages under a private right of action for data security breaches. These protections were expanded by the CPRA, which became effective in January 2023 and will be enforceable in most key respects beginning on July 1, 2023. Privacy laws in other states may also impact our operations, including both comprehensive and sector-specific legislation, and Congress is also considering additional federal privacy legislation. In addition, most healthcare professionals and facilities are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA with respect to our clinical and commercial activities. Although we are not considered to be a covered entity or business associate under HIPAA, we could be subject to penalties if we use or disclose individually identifiable health information in a manner not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. Other countries also have, or are developing, laws governing the collection, use and transmission of personal information. For example, in the EU, the GDPR regulates the processing of personal data of individuals within the EU, even if, under certain circumstances, that processing occurs outside the EU, and also places restrictions on transfers of such data to countries outside of the EU, including the U.S. Should we fail to provide adequate privacy or data security protections or maintain compliance with these laws and regulations, including the CCPA, as amended by the CPRA, as well as the GDPR, we could be subject to sanctions or other penalties, litigation, an increase in our cost of doing business and questions concerning the validity of our data processing activities, including clinical trials.
49
Table of Contents
Risks Related to Our Information Technology and Intellectual Property
Data breaches, cyber-attacks and other failures in our information technology operations and infrastructure could compromise our intellectual property or other sensitive information, damage our operations and cause significant harm to our business and reputation.
In the ordinary course of our business, we and our third-party service providers, such as contract research organizations, collect, maintain and transmit sensitive data on our networks and systems, including our intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information (such as research data and personal information) and confidential information with respect to our customers, clinical trial patients and our collaboration partners. We have also outsourced significant elements of our information technology infrastructure to third parties and, as a result, such third parties may or could have access to our confidential information. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business and reputation, and while we have enhanced and are continuing to enhance our cybersecurity efforts commensurate with the growth and complexity of our business, our systems and those of third-party service providers may be vulnerable to a cyber-attack. In addition, we are heavily dependent on the functioning of our information technology infrastructure to carry out our business processes, such as external and internal communications or access to clinical data and other key business information. Accordingly, both inadvertent disruptions to this infrastructure and cyber-attacks could cause us to incur significant remediation or litigation costs, result in product development delays, disrupt critical business operations, expend key information technology resources and divert the attention of management.
Although the aggregate impact of cyber-attacks on our operations and financial condition has not been material to date, we and our third-party service providers have frequently been the target of threats of this nature and expect them to continue. Any future data breach and/or unauthorized access or disclosure of our information or intellectual property could compromise our intellectual property and expose our sensitive business information or sensitive business information of our collaboration partners, which may lead to significant liability for us. A data security breach could also lead to public exposure of personal information of our clinical trial patients, employees or others and result in harm to our reputation and business, compel us to comply with federal and/or state breach notification laws and foreign law equivalents including the GDPR, subject us to investigations and mandatory corrective action, or otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy and security of personal information, which could disrupt our business, result in increased costs or loss of revenue, and/or result in significant financial exposure. Furthermore, the costs of maintaining or upgrading our cybersecurity systems (including the recruitment and retention of experienced information technology professionals, who are in high demand) at the level necessary to keep up with our expanding operations and prevent against potential attacks are increasing, and despite our best efforts, our network security and data recovery measures and those of our third-party service providers may still not be adequate to protect against such security breaches and disruptions, which could cause material harm to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to use our technology, which could adversely affect our ability to compete in the market.
Our success will depend in part upon our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of the intellectual property related to our technologies and products. The patent positions of biopharmaceutical companies, including our patent position, are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. We will be able to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our technologies are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. We will continue to apply for patents covering our technologies and products as, where and when we deem lawful and appropriate. However, these applications may be challenged or may fail to result in issued patents. Our issued patents have been and may in the future be challenged by third parties as invalid or unenforceable under U.S. or foreign laws, or they may be infringed by third parties, and we are from time to time involved in the defense and enforcement of our patents or other intellectual property rights in a court of law, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office inter partes review or reexamination proceeding, foreign opposition proceeding or related legal and administrative proceeding in the U.S. and elsewhere. The costs of defending our patents or enforcing our proprietary rights in post-issuance administrative proceedings and litigation can be substantial and the outcome can be uncertain. An adverse outcome may allow third parties to use our intellectual property without a license and/or allow third parties to introduce generic and other competing products, any of which would negatively impact our business. Third parties may also attempt to invalidate or design around our patents, or assert that they are invalid or otherwise unenforceable, and seek to introduce generic versions of cabozantinib. For example, we received Paragraph IV certification notice letters from MSN, Teva and Cipla concerning the respective ANDAs that each had filed with the FDA seeking approval to market their respective generic versions of CABOMETYX tablets. Should MSN, Teva, Cipla or any other third parties receive FDA approval of an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) NDA with respect to cabozantinib, it is possible that such
50
Table of Contents
company or companies could introduce generic versions of our marketed products before our patents expire if they do not infringe our patents or if it is determined that our patents are invalid or unenforceable, and the resulting generic competition could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, because patent applications can take many years to issue, third parties may have pending applications, unknown to us, which may later result in issued patents that cover the production, manufacture, commercialization or use of our product candidates. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products. They may also be negatively impacted by the decisions of foreign courts, which could limit the protection contemplated by the original regulatory approval and our ability to thwart the development of competing products that might otherwise have been determined to infringe our intellectual property rights. Furthermore, others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design around our patents. In addition, our patents may be challenged or invalidated or may fail to provide us with any competitive advantages, if, for example, others were the first to invent or to file patent applications for closely related inventions.
The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Many countries, including certain countries in the EU, have compulsory licensing laws based on related EU rules, under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties (for example, the patent owner has failed to “work” the invention in that country or the third party has patented improvements). In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of the patent. Initiatives seeking compulsory licensing of life-saving drugs are also becoming increasingly prevalent in developing countries either through direct legislation or international initiatives. Governments in those developing countries could require that we grant compulsory licenses to allow competitors to manufacture and sell their own versions of our products or product candidates, thereby reducing our product sales. Moreover, the Russian Federation has and may further limit protections on patents originating from “unfriendly countries” (including the U.S.) in response to sanctions relating to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, and in general, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the aggressive enforcement of patent and other intellectual property protection, which makes it difficult to stop infringement. We also rely on trade secret protection for some of our confidential and proprietary information, and we are taking security measures to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, particularly in light of recent instances of data loss and misappropriation of intellectual property in the biopharmaceutical industry. However, these measures may not provide adequate protection, and while we seek to protect our proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees, partners and consultants, as well as maintain cybersecurity protocols within our information technology infrastructure, we cannot provide assurance that our proprietary information will not be disclosed, or that we can meaningfully protect our trade secrets. In addition, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.
Litigation or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend substantial time and money and adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize products.
Our commercial success depends in part upon our ability to avoid infringing patents and proprietary rights of third parties and not to breach any licenses that we have entered into with regard to our technologies and the technologies of third parties. Other parties have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering products and technologies that we have developed or intend to develop. If patents covering technologies required by our operations are issued to others, we may have to obtain licenses from third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and may require us to pay substantial royalties, grant a cross-license to some of our patents to another patent holder or redesign the formulation of a product candidate so that we do not infringe third-party patents, which may be impossible to accomplish or could require substantial time and expense. In addition, we may be subject to claims that our employees or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers, or that they used or sought to use patent inventions belonging to their former employers. Furthermore, third parties may obtain patents that relate to our technologies and claim that use of such technologies infringes on their patents or otherwise employs their proprietary technology without authorization. Regardless of their merit, such claims could require us to incur substantial costs and divert the attention of management and key technical personnel in defending ourselves against any such claims or enforcing our own patents. In the event of any third party’s successful claim of patent infringement or misappropriation of trade secrets, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could impede or prevent the achievement of our product development goals, or we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from these third parties, subjecting us to substantial
51
Table of Contents
royalty payment obligations. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize products.
Risks Related to Our Operations, Managing Our Growth and Employee Matters
If the COVID-19 pandemic is further prolonged or becomes more severe, our business operations and corresponding financial results could suffer, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and prospects for growth.
To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a modest impact on our business operations, in particular with respect to our clinical trial, drug discovery and commercial activities. We anticipate that a further prolonged, or more severe, global public health crisis could limit our ability to identify and work with clinical investigators at clinical trial sites globally to enroll, initiate and maintain treatment per protocol of patients for our ongoing clinical trials. Disruptions to medical and administrative operations at clinical trial sites, including staffing and materials shortages and the implementation of crisis management initiatives, have and may continue to reduce personnel and other resources necessary to conduct our clinical trials, which could further delay some of our clinical trial plans or may require certain trials to be temporarily suspended. We are also reliant on laboratory materials manufactured and distributed from areas that continue to be impacted by both the COVID-19 pandemic and other natural disasters, for which supply has become limited. If we are unable to obtain the requisite materials to conduct our planned drug discovery activities, we may be required to redirect the focus of, or even suspend, such activities. Should the COVID-19 pandemic be further prolonged or grow in severity, we may ultimately be unable to achieve our drug discovery and preclinical development objectives within the previously disclosed timelines, which could have a material adverse impact on our prospects for growth.
If we are unable to manage our growth, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and our prospects may be adversely affected.
We have experienced and expect to continue to experience growth in the number of our employees and in the scope of our operations, in particular as we continue to grow our pipeline of product candidates. This growth places significant demands on our management and resources, and our current and planned personnel and operating practices may not be adequate to support our growth. To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to improve existing, and implement new, facilities, operational and financial systems, and procedures and controls, as well as expand, train and manage our growing employee base, and there can be no assurance that we will effectively manage our growth without experiencing operating inefficiencies or control deficiencies. We continue to increase our management personnel to oversee our expanding operations, and recruiting and retaining qualified individuals is difficult. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, or we are unsuccessful in recruiting qualified management personnel, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The loss of key personnel or the inability to retain and, where necessary, attract additional personnel could impair our ability to operate and expand our operations.
We are highly dependent upon the principal members of our management, as well as clinical, commercial and scientific staff, the loss of whose services might adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Also, we may not have sufficient personnel to execute our business plans. Retaining and, where necessary, recruiting qualified clinical, commercial, scientific and pharmaceutical operations personnel will be critical to support activities related to advancing the development programs for the cabozantinib franchise and our other product candidates, successfully executing upon our commercialization plan for the cabozantinib franchise and our proprietary research and development efforts. Competition is intense for experienced clinical, commercial, scientific and pharmaceutical operations personnel, and we may be unable to retain or recruit such personnel with the expertise or experience necessary to allow us to successfully develop and commercialize our products. Further, all of our employees are employed “at will” and, therefore, may leave our employment at any time.
Risks Related to Environmental and Product Liability
We use hazardous chemicals and biological materials in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly.
Our research and development processes involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and our operations can produce hazardous waste products. We cannot eliminate the risk of
52
Table of Contents
accidental contamination or discharge, or any resultant injury from these materials, and we may face liability under applicable laws for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by our collaboration partners or other third parties of these materials. Such liability may exceed our insurance coverage and our total assets, and in addition, we may be required to indemnify our collaboration partners against all damages and other liabilities arising out of our development activities or products produced in connection with our collaborations with them. Moreover, our continued compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development and production efforts.
We face potential product liability exposure far in excess of our limited insurance coverage.
We may be held liable if any product we or our collaboration partners develop or commercialize causes injury or is found otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims could result in decreased demand for our products and product candidates, injury to our reputation, withdrawal of patients from our clinical trials, product recall, substantial monetary awards to third parties and the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop in the future. We maintain limited product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials and commercial activities for cabozantinib. However, our insurance may not be sufficient to reimburse us for expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, if insurance coverage becomes more expensive, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Our stock price has been and may in the future be highly volatile.
The trading price of our common stock has been highly volatile, and it may remain highly volatile or fluctuate substantially due to factors such as the following, many of which we cannot control:
•the announcement of FDA or other regulatory approval or non-approval, or delays in the FDA or other regulatory review process with respect to cabozantinib, zanzalintinib or our other product candidates, our collaboration partners’ product candidates being developed in combination with either cabozantinib, zanzalintinib or our other product candidates, or our competitors’ product candidates;
•the commercial performance of both CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ and the revenues we generate from those approved products, including royalties paid under our collaboration and license agreements;
•adverse or inconclusive results or announcements related to our or our collaboration partners’ clinical trials or delays in those clinical trials;
•the timing of achievement of our clinical, regulatory, partnering, commercial and other milestones for the cabozantinib franchise, zanzalintinib or any of our other product candidates or programs;
•our ability to make future investments in the expansion of our pipeline through drug discovery, including future research collaborations, in-licensing arrangements and other strategic transactions;
•our ability to obtain the materials and services, including an adequate product supply for any approved drug product, from our third-party vendors or do so at acceptable prices;
•the timing and amount of expenses incurred for clinical development and manufacturing of cabozantinib, zanzalintinib and our other product candidates;
•actions taken by regulatory agencies, both in the U.S. and abroad, with respect to cabozantinib or our clinical trials for cabozantinib, zanzalintinib or our other product candidates;
•unanticipated regulatory actions taken by the FDA as a result of changing FDA standards and practices concerning the review of product candidates, including approvals at earlier stages of clinical development or with lesser developed data sets and expedited reviews;
•the announcement of new products or clinical trial data by our competitors;
•the announcement of regulatory applications, such as MSN’s, Teva’s and Cipla’s respective ANDAs, seeking approval of generic versions of our marketed products;
•quarterly variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations;
•changes in our relationships with our collaboration partners, including the termination or modification of our agreements, or other events or conflicts that may affect our collaboration partners’ timing and willingness to develop, or if approved, commercialize our products and product candidates out-licensed to them;
53
Table of Contents
•the announcement of an in-licensed product candidate or strategic acquisition;
•litigation, including intellectual property infringement and product liability lawsuits, involving us;
•changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, or financial guidance from our management team, and any failure to achieve the operating results projected by securities analysts or by our management team;
•the entry into new financing arrangements;
•developments in the biopharmaceutical industry;
•sales of large blocks of our common stock or sales of our common stock by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders;
•additions and departures of key personnel or board members;
•the disposition of any of our technologies or compounds; and
•general market, macroeconomic and political conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.
These and other factors could have material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock. In addition, the stock markets in general, and the markets for biotechnology and pharmaceutical stocks in particular, have historically experienced significant volatility that has often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. Likewise, as a result of significant changes in U.S. or global political and macroeconomic conditions, including historically high inflation, as well as policies governing foreign trade and healthcare spending and delivery, or the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, the financial markets could continue to experience significant volatility that could also continue to negatively impact the markets for biotechnology and pharmaceutical stocks. These broad market fluctuations have adversely affected and may in the future adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. Excessive volatility may continue for an extended period of time following the date of this report.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been initiated. A securities class action suit against us could result in substantial costs and divert the attention of management, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent or deter attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
Provisions in our corporate charter and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent an acquisition of us, a change in control, or attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove members of our current Board of Directors. Because our Board of Directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. These provisions include:
•a prohibition on actions by our stockholders by written consent;
•the ability of our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a “poison pill” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our Board of Directors; and
•advance notice requirements for director nominations and stockholder proposals.
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
54
Table of Contents
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters is located in Alameda, California, where we lease approximately 610,000 square feet of office and laboratory space under multiple leases. Approximately 100,000 square feet of leased laboratory space in Alameda is under construction and anticipated to be available for operations in 2025. Also in 2022, we established a presence for Exelixis East in the Greater Philadelphia area and signed intermediate-term office and laboratory space. We believe these leased facilities are sufficient to accommodate our current and near-term needs.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
MSN I ANDA Litigation
In September 2019, we received a notice letter regarding an ANDA submitted to the FDA by MSN, requesting approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets. MSN’s initial notice letter included a Paragraph IV certification with respect to our U.S. Patents No. 8,877,776 (salt and polymorphic forms), 9,724,342 (formulations), 10,034,873 (methods of treatment) and 10,039,757 (methods of treatment), which are listed in the Orange Book, for CABOMETYX. MSN’s initial notice letter did not provide a Paragraph IV certification against U.S. Patents No. 7,579,473 (composition of matter) or 8,497,284 (methods of treatment), each of which is listed in the Orange Book. On October 29, 2019, we filed a complaint in the Delaware District Court for patent infringement against MSN asserting infringement of U.S. Patent No. 8,877,776 arising from MSN’s ANDA filing with the FDA. On November 20, 2019, MSN filed its response to the complaint, alleging that the asserted claims of U.S. Patent No. 8,877,776 are invalid and not infringed. On May 5, 2020, we received notice from MSN that it had amended its ANDA to include additional Paragraph IV certifications. In particular, the May 5, 2020 amended ANDA requested approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets prior to expiration of two previously unasserted CABOMETYX patents: U.S. Patents No. 7,579,473 and 8,497,284. On May 11, 2020, we filed a complaint in the Delaware District Court for patent infringement against MSN asserting infringement of U.S. Patents No. 7,579,473 and 8,497,284 arising from MSN’s amended ANDA filing with the FDA. Neither of our complaints have alleged infringement of U.S. Patents No. 9,724,342, 10,034,873 and 10,039,757. On May 22, 2020, MSN filed its response to the complaint, alleging that the asserted claims of U.S. Patents No. 7,579,473 and 8,497,284 are invalid and not infringed. On March 23, 2021, MSN filed its First Amended Answer and Counterclaims (amending its prior filing from May 22, 2020), seeking, among other things, a declaratory judgment that U.S. Patent No. 9,809,549 (salt and polymorphic forms) is invalid and would not be infringed by MSN if its generic version of CABOMETYX tablets were approved by the FDA. U.S. Patent No. 9,809,549 is not listed in the Orange Book. On April 7, 2021, we filed our response to MSN’s First Amended Answer and Counterclaims, denying, among other things, that U.S. Patent No. 9,809,549 is invalid or would not be infringed. The two lawsuits comprising the MSN I litigation, numbered Civil Action Nos. 19-02017 and 20-00633, were consolidated in April 2021.
On October 1, 2021, pursuant to a stipulation between us and MSN, the Delaware District Court entered an order that (i) MSN’s submission of its ANDA constitutes infringement of certain claims relating to U.S. Patents No. 7,579,473 and 8,497,284, if those claims are not found to be invalid, and (ii) upon approval, MSN’s commercial manufacture, use, sale or offer for sale within the U.S., and importation into the U.S., of MSN’s ANDA product prior to the expiration of U.S. Patents No. 7,579,473 and 8,497,284 would also infringe certain claims of each patent, if those claims are not found to be invalid. Then, on October 12, 2021, pursuant to a separate stipulation between us and MSN, the Delaware District Court entered an order dismissing MSN’s counterclaims with respect to U.S. Patent No. 9,809,549. In our MSN I complaints, we sought, among other relief, an order that the effective date of any FDA approval of MSN’s ANDA be a date no earlier than the expiration of all of U.S. Patents No. 7,579,473, 8,497,284 and 8,877,776, the latest of which expires on October 8, 2030, and equitable relief enjoining MSN from infringing these patents. In an effort to streamline the case, the parties narrowed their assertions. On April 8, 2022, MSN withdrew its validity challenge to U.S. Patent No. 8,877,776. On April 14, 2022, we agreed not to assert U.S. Patent No. 8,497,284 at trial and MSN, correspondingly, agreed to withdraw its validity challenges to U.S. Patent No. 8,497,284, as well as claims 1-4 and 6-7 of U.S. Patent No. 7,579,473. As a result of this narrowing, the trial addressed two issues: (1) infringement of claim 1 of the U.S. Patent No. 8,877,776; and (2) validity of claim 5 of the U.S. Patent No. 7,579,473. A bench trial for MSN I occurred in May 2022, and on January 19, 2023, the Delaware District Court issued a ruling rejecting MSN’s invalidity challenge to U.S. Patent No. 7,759,473. The Delaware District Court also ruled that MSN’s proposed ANDA product does not infringe U.S. Patent No. 8,877,776 and entered judgment that the effective date of any final FDA approval of MSN’s ANDA shall not be a date earlier than August 14, 2026, the expiration date of U.S. Patent No. 7,759,473. This ruling in MSN I does not impact our separate and ongoing MSN II lawsuit. At this time, we are evaluating the next course of action, but we intend to vigorously defend our intellectual property rights, including through potential appeal.
55
Table of Contents
MSN II ANDA Litigation
On January 11, 2022, we received notice from MSN that it had further amended its ANDA to assert additional Paragraph IV certifications. In particular, the January 11, 2022 amended ANDA requested approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets prior to expiration of three previously-unasserted CABOMETYX patents that are now listed in the Orange Book: U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439 (crystalline salt forms), 11,091,440 (pharmaceutical composition) and 11,098,015 (methods of treatment). On February 23, 2022, we filed a complaint in the Delaware District Court for patent infringement against MSN asserting infringement of U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439, 11,091,440 and 11,098,015 arising from MSN’s further amendment of its ANDA filing with the FDA. On February 25, 2022, MSN filed its response to the complaint, alleging that the asserted claims of U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439, 11,091,440 and 11,098,015 are invalid and not infringed. On June 7, 2022, we received notice from MSN that it had further amended its ANDA to assert an additional Paragraph IV certification. As currently amended, MSN’s ANDA now requests approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets prior to expiration of a previously-unasserted CABOMETYX patent that is now listed in the Orange Book: U.S. Patent No. 11,298,349 (pharmaceutical composition). On July 18, 2022, we filed a complaint in the Delaware District Court for patent infringement against MSN asserting infringement of U.S. Patent No. 11,298,349 arising from MSN’s further amendment of its ANDA filing with the FDA. On August 9, 2022, MSN filed its response to the complaint, alleging that the asserted claims of U.S. Patent No. 11,298,349 are invalid and not infringed and amended its challenges to U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439, 11,091,440 and 11,098,015 to allege that these patents are not enforceable based on equitable grounds. The two lawsuits comprising the MSN II litigation, numbered Civil Action Nos. 22-00228 and 22-00945, were consolidated in October 2022 and involve Exelixis patents that are different from those asserted in the MSN I litigation described above.
On June 21, 2022, pursuant to a stipulation between us and MSN, the Delaware District Court entered an order that (i) MSN’s submission of its ANDA constitutes infringement of certain claims relating to U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439, 11,091,440 and 11,098,015, if those claims are not found to be invalid, and (ii) upon approval, MSN’s commercial manufacture, use, sale or offer for sale within the U.S., and importation into the U.S., of MSN’s ANDA product prior to the expiration of U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439, 11,091,440 and 11,098,015 would also infringe certain claims of each patent, if those claims are not found to be invalid. In our MSN II complaints, we are seeking, among other remedies, equitable relief enjoining MSN from infringing the asserted patents, as well as an order that the effective date of any FDA approval of MSN’s ANDA would be a date no earlier than the expiration of all of U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439, 11,091,440, 11,098,015 and 11,298,349, the latest of which expires on February 10, 2032. A bench trial for MSN II has been scheduled for October 2023.
Teva ANDA Litigation
In May 2021, we received notice letters from Teva regarding an ANDA Teva submitted to the FDA, requesting approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets. Teva’s notice letters included a Paragraph IV certification with respect to our U.S. Patents No. 9,724,342 (formulations), 10,034,873 (methods of treatment) and 10,039,757 (methods of treatment), which are listed in the Orange Book. Teva’s notice letters did not provide a Paragraph IV certification against any additional CABOMETYX patents. On June 17, 2021, we filed a complaint in the Delaware District Court for patent infringement against Teva, asserting infringement of U.S. Patents No. 9,724,342, 10,034,873 and 10,039,757 arising from Teva’s ANDA filing with the FDA. On August 27, 2021, Teva filed its answer and counterclaims to the complaint, alleging that the asserted claims of U.S. Patents No. 9,724,342, 10,034,873 and 10,039,757 are invalid and not infringed. On September 17, 2021, we filed an answer to Teva’s counterclaims. On July 29, 2022, we received notice from Teva that it had amended its ANDA to assert an additional Paragraph IV certification. As amended, Teva’s ANDA now requests approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets prior to expiration of a previously-unasserted CABOMETYX patent that is now listed in the Orange Book: U.S. Patent No. 11,298,349 (pharmaceutical composition). On September 2, 2022, we filed a complaint in the Delaware District Court for patent infringement against Teva, asserting infringement of U.S. Patent No. 11,298,349 arising from Teva’s amended ANDA filing with the FDA. We are seeking, among other relief, an order that the effective date of any FDA approval of Teva’s ANDA be a date no earlier than the expiration of all of U.S. Patents No. 9,724,342, 10,034,873, 10,039,757 and 11,298,349, the latest of which expires on July 9, 2033, and equitable relief enjoining Teva from infringing these patents. On September 30, 2022, the parties filed a stipulation to consolidate the two lawsuits, numbered Civil Action Nos. 21-00871 and 22-01168, and to stay all proceedings, which was granted by the Delaware District Court on October 3, 2022. Following a similar order granted by the Delaware District Court on February 9, 2022 to stay all proceedings with respect to Civil Action No. 21-00871, this case remained administratively closed, and Civil Action No. 22-01168 was administratively closed on October 3, 2022.
56
Table of Contents
Other
On February 6, 2023, we received a notice letter regarding an ANDA submitted to the FDA by Cipla, including a Paragraph IV certification with respect to our U.S. Patents No. 8,877,776 (salt and polymorphic forms), 9,724,342 (formulations), 10,039,757 (methods of treatment), 11,098,015 (methods of treatment), 11,091,439 (crystalline salt forms), 11,091,440 (pharmaceutical composition) and 11,298,349 (pharmaceutical composition).Cipla’s ANDA requests approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets prior to the expiration of the aforementioned patents. We have not yet responded to this Paragraph IV certification notice letter but are evaluating it and will vigorously defend our cabozantinib intellectual property estate.
We may also from time to time become a party or subject to various other legal proceedings and claims, either asserted or unasserted, which arise in the ordinary course of business. Some of these proceedings have involved, and may involve in the future, claims that are subject to substantial uncertainties and unascertainable damages.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock has traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “EXEL” since April 11, 2000.
Holders
On January 30, 2023, there were 339 holders of record of our common stock. The number of record holders is based upon the actual number of holders registered on our books at such date and does not include holders of shares in “street names” or persons, partnerships, associations, corporations or other entities identified in security position listings maintained by depository trust companies.
Dividends
Since inception, we have not paid dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all future earnings, if any, for use in our business and currently do not plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities by us during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
There were no repurchases of our common stock during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Performance
This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of ours under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
57
Table of Contents
The following graph compares, for the five-year period ended December 31, 2022, the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2017 in each of our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Total Return Index and the Nasdaq Biotechnology Total Return Index and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stock price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
Year Ended December 31,
Item 6. Reserved
58
Table of Contents
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Some of the statements under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are forward-looking statements. These statements are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our business and our industry and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our company’s or our industry’s results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied in, or contemplated by, the forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include those discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These and many other factors could affect our future financial and operating results. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events after the date of this report.
Overview
We are an oncology company innovating next-generation medicines and combination regimens at the forefront of cancer care. Through the commitment of our drug discovery, development and commercialization resources, we have produced four marketed pharmaceutical products, including our flagship molecule, cabozantinib. We continue to evolve our product portfolio, leveraging our investments, expertise and strategic partnerships, to target an expanding range of tumor types and indications with our clinically differentiated pipeline of small molecules, ADCs and other biotherapeutics.
Sales related to cabozantinib account for the majority of our revenues. Cabozantinib is an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases including MET, AXL, VEGF receptors and RET and has been approved by the FDA and in 62 other countries as: CABOMETYX tablets, both alone and in combination with BMS’ OPDIVO for advanced RCC, for previously treated HCC and, currently by the FDA and EC, for previously treated, RAI-refractory DTC and COMETRIQ capsules approved for progressive, metastatic MTC. For physicians treating these types of cancer, cabozantinib has become or is becoming an important medicine in their selection of effective therapies.
The other two products resulting from our discovery efforts are: COTELLIC, an inhibitor of MEK, approved as part of multiple combination regimens to treat specific forms of advanced melanoma and marketed under a collaboration with Genentech; and MINNEBRO, an oral, non-steroidal, selective blocker of MR, approved for the treatment of hypertension in Japan and licensed to Daiichi Sankyo.
We plan to continue leveraging our operating cash flows to support the ongoing investigation of cabozantinib in phase 3 trials for new indications and the advancement of a broad array of diverse biotherapeutics and small molecule programs for the treatment of cancer exploring multiple modalities and mechanisms of action. Of the clinical-state assets that have emerged from our drug discovery and preclinical activities thus far, the furthest along are zanzalintinib, a next-generation oral TKI, and XB002, an ADC that targets TF. We are also focused on conserving cash and managing risks of clinical failure by securing options to acquire other investigational drug candidates from third parties if those assets demonstrate evidence of clinical success. One example of this approach is CBX-12, a clinical-stage PDC invented by Cybrexa that utilizes Cybrexa’s proprietary alphalex technology to enhance the delivery of exatecan, a highly potent, second-generation topoisomerase I inhibitor, to tumor cells.
Cabozantinib Franchise
The FDA first approved CABOMETYX as a monotherapy for previously treated patients with advanced RCC in April 2016, and then for previously untreated patients with advanced RCC in December 2017. In January 2021, the CABOMETYX label was expanded to include first-line advanced RCC in combination with OPDIVO, which was the first CABOMETYX regimen approved for treatment in combination with an ICI. In addition to RCC, in January 2019, the FDA approved CABOMETYX for the treatment of patients with HCC previously treated with sorafenib, and then in September 2021, the FDA approved CABOMETYX for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with locally advanced or metastatic DTC that has progressed following prior VEGF receptor-targeted therapy and who are RAI-refractory or ineligible.
To develop and commercialize CABOMETYX and COMETRIQ outside the U.S., we have entered into license agreements with Ipsen and Takeda. We granted to Ipsen the rights to develop and commercialize cabozantinib outside of the U.S. and Japan, and to Takeda we granted the rights to develop and commercialize cabozantinib in Japan. Both Ipsen and Takeda also contribute financially and operationally to the further global development and commercialization of the cabozantinib franchise in other potential indications, and we work closely with them on these activities. Utilizing its
59
Table of Contents
regulatory expertise and established international oncology marketing network, Ipsen has continued to execute on its commercialization plans for CABOMETYX, having received regulatory approvals and launched in multiple territories outside of the U.S., including in the EU, the United Kingdom and Canada, as a treatment for advanced RCC and for HCC in adults who have previously been treated with sorafenib. In addition, in March 2021, Ipsen and BMS received regulatory approval from the EC for CABOMETYX in combination with OPDIVO as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced RCC, followed by additional regulatory approvals for the combination in other territories beyond the EU. Most recently, in May 2022, we announced that Ipsen received regulatory approval from the EC for CABOMETYX as a monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic, RAI-refractory or ineligible DTC and who have progressed during or after prior systemic therapy, which followed an approval from Health Canada in April 2022 for a similar DTC indication. With respect to the Japanese market, Takeda received Manufacturing and Marketing Approvals in 2020 from the Japanese MHLW of CABOMETYX as a treatment of patients with curatively unresectable or metastatic RCC and as a treatment of patients with unresectable HCC who progressed after cancer chemotherapy. In August 2021, Takeda and Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., BMS’ development and commercialization partner in Japan, received Manufacturing and Marketing Approval from the MHLW of CABOMETYX in combination with OPDIVO as a treatment for unresectable or metastatic RCC.
In addition to our regulatory and commercialization efforts in the U.S. and the support provided to our collaboration partners for rest-of-world regulatory and commercialization activities, we are also pursuing other indications for cabozantinib that have the potential to increase the number of cancer patients who could potentially benefit from this medicine. We are continuing to evaluate cabozantinib in combination with ICIs in late-stage clinical trials that we sponsor, along with our collaboration partners, across RCC and mCRPC. Beyond clinical trials that we or our collaboration partners sponsor, independent investigators also conduct trials evaluating cabozantinib through our CRADA with NCI-CTEP or our IST program. Over time, the data we have obtained from these investigator-sponsored clinical trials have helped advance our development program for the cabozantinib franchise by informing subsequent label-enabling trials, including COSMIC-311, our phase 3 pivotal trial evaluating cabozantinib in previously treated patients with RAI-refractory DTC, from which positive results served as the basis for the FDA’s and EC’s approvals of CABOMETYX for DTC. Moreover, these data sets may also prove valuable by informing our development plans for zanzalintinib.
Building on preclinical and clinical observations that cabozantinib in combination with ICIs may promote a more immune-permissive tumor environment, we initiated numerous pivotal studies to further explore these combination regimens. The first of these studies to deliver results was CheckMate-9ER, a phase 3 pivotal trial evaluating the combination of CABOMETYX and OPDIVO compared to sunitinib in previously untreated, advanced or metastatic RCC, and positive results from CheckMate-9ER served as the basis for the FDA’s, EC’s and MHLW’s approvals of CABOMETYX in combination with OPDIVO as a first-line treatment of patients with advanced RCC in January 2021, March 2021 and August 2021, respectively. We are also collaborating with BMS on COSMIC-313, a phase 3 pivotal trial evaluating the triplet combination of cabozantinib, nivolumab and ipilimumab versus the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with previously untreated advanced intermediate- or poor-risk RCC. We announced top-line results from COSMIC-313 in July 2022, and in September 2022 we presented the data at the Presidential Symposium III at the 2022 ESMO Congress. The trial met its primary endpoint, demonstrating significant improvement in BIRC-assessed PFS at the primary analysis for the triplet combination. At a prespecified interim analysis for the secondary endpoint of OS, the triplet combination did not demonstrate a significant benefit, and therefore, the trial will continue to the next analysis of OS, expected in 2023. The safety profile observed in the trial was reflective of the known safety profiles for each single agent, as well as the combination regimens used in this study. Based on feedback from the FDA, we do not intend to submit an sNDA for the combination regimen based on the currently available data, and we plan to discuss a potential regulatory submission with the FDA when the results of the next OS analysis are available.
To diversify our exploration of combinations with ICIs, we also initiated multiple trials evaluating cabozantinib in combination with Roche’s ICI, atezolizumab, beginning in 2017 with COSMIC-021, a broad phase 1b study evaluating the safety and tolerability of the cabozantinib and atezolizumab combination with atezolizumab in patients with a wide variety of locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. The encouraging efficacy and safety data that emerged from COSMIC-021 have been instrumental in guiding our clinical development strategy for cabozantinib in combination with ICIs. We are currently evaluating the cabozantinib and atezolizumab combination in two late-stage trials: CONTACT-03, in which focuses on patients with inoperable, locally advanced or metastatic RCC who have progressed following treatment with an ICI as the immediate proceeding therapy; and CONTACT-02, which focuses on patients with mCRPC who have been previously treated with one NHT. A third trial, CONTACT-01, which focused on patients with metastatic NSCLC who have been previously treated with an ICI and platinum-containing chemotherapy, did not meet its primary endpoint of OS at final analysis. CONTACT-03 is sponsored by Roche and co-funded by us, and we anticipate announcing results of the primary PFS analysis
60
Table of Contents
from CONTACT-03 in the first half of 2023. CONTACT-02 is sponsored by us and co-funded by Roche, and we anticipate completing enrollment and announcing results of the primary PFS analysis in the second half of 2023.
For additional information on our cabozantinib clinical trials, see “Business—Exelixis Development Programs—Cabozantinib Development Program” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Pipeline Activities
Zanzalintinib
The first compound to enter the clinic following our re-initiation of drug discovery activities in 2017 was zanzalintinib, a next-generation oral TKI that targets VEGF receptors, MET, AXL, MER and other kinases implicated in cancer’s growth and spread. In designing zanzalintinib, we sought to build upon our experience with cabozantinib, retaining a similar target profile while improving key characteristics, including the pharmacokinetic half-life. To date, we have initiated two large phase 1b clinical trials studying zanzalintinib: STELLAR-001 and STELLAR-002. STELLAR-001 is a phase 1b clinical trial evaluating zanzalintinib, both as a monotherapy and in combination with either atezolizumab or Merck KGaA’s and Pfizer’s avelumab. We have established a recommended dose of 100 mg for both single-agent zanzalintinib and zanzalintinib in combination with atezolizumab, and we have begun enrolling expansion cohorts for patients with clear cell RCC, non-clear cell RCC, hormone-receptor positive breast cancer, mCRPC and CRC. The dose-escalation stage for zanzalintinib in combination with avelumab is ongoing, with expansion cohorts planned initially in UC. We presented data from STELLAR-001 during poster sessions at the 2022 ESMO Congress in September 2022, which showed zanzalintinib has demonstrated preliminary, clinical activity similar to that observed with cabozantinib in phase 1 across a range of solid tumors and dose levels, with a manageable safety profile. STELLAR-002 is a phase 1b clinical trial evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with either nivolumab, nivolumab and ipilimumab, or a fixed dose of nivolumab and BMS’ relatlimab. We have established a recommended dose of 100 mg for zanzalintinib in combination with nivolumab, and we have begun enrolling patients in expansion cohorts for patients with clear cell RCC. The dose-escalation stage for zanzalintinib in the other combination regimens is ongoing and is continuing to enroll patients with advanced solid tumors in dose-escalation cohorts. Depending on the dose-escalation results, STELLAR-002 may enroll expansion cohorts for patients with clear cell and non-clear cell RCC, mCRPC, UC, HCC, NSCLC, CRC and SCCHN. To better understand the individual contribution of the therapies, treatment arms in the expansion cohorts may include zanzalintinib as a single agent in addition to the ICI combination regimens.
We also initiated two phase 3 pivotal trials evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with ICIs in 2022. The first trial, STELLAR-303, was initiated in June 2022 and is evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with atezolizumab versus regorafenib in patients with metastatic non-microsatellite instability-high or non-mismatch repair-deficient CRC who have progressed after, or are intolerant to, the current standard of care. The trial aims to enroll approximately 600 patients worldwide with documented RAS status at approximately 137 sites globally. The primary objective of STELLAR-303 is to evaluate the efficacy of the combination in patients with RAS wild-type disease, and outcomes in patients with RAS-mutated disease will also be evaluated. The primary efficacy endpoint of STELLAR-303 is OS, and additional efficacy endpoints include PFS, ORR and DOR per RECIST v. 1.1, in each case as assessed by the investigator. The second trial, STELLAR-304, was initiated in December 2022 and is evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with nivolumab versus sunitinib in previously untreated patients with advanced non-clear cell RCC. The trial aims to enroll approximately 291 patients at approximately 170 sites globally. The primary efficacy endpoints of STELLAR-304 are PFS and ORR per RECIST v 1.1, in each case as assessed by BIRC. The secondary efficacy endpoint is OS. Beyond STELLAR-303 and STELLAR-304, we intend to explore a series of early-stage and pivotal trials evaluating zanzalintinib in novel combination regimens across a broad array of future potential indications.
For additional information on our zanzalintinib clinical trials, see “Business—Exelixis Development Programs—Pipeline Development Programs – Advancing Exelixis’ Future Cancer Therapy Candidates—Zanzalintinib Development Program” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Biotherapeutics
Much of our drug discovery activities focuses on discovering and advancing various biotherapeutics that have the potential to become anti-cancer therapies, such as bispecific antibodies, ADCs and other innovative treatments. ADCs in particular present a unique opportunity for new cancer treatments, given their capabilities to deliver anti-cancer payload drugs to targets with increased precision while minimizing impact on healthy tissues. This biotherapeutic approach has been validated by multiple regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of ADCs in the past several years. Furthest along amongst our biotherapeutics programs is XB002, our lead TF-targeting ADC program, in-licensed from Iconic. We are evaluating XB002, both as a single agent and in combination with either nivolumab or Roche’s bevacizumab, in JEWEL-101,
61
Table of Contents
a phase 1 study in patients with advanced solid tumors for which therapies are unavailable, ineffective or intolerable. In October 2022, we announced promising initial dose-escalation results from JEWEL-101 during the Antibody-drug Conjugates Poster Session at the 2022 ENA Symposium. The data demonstrated that XB002 was well-tolerated at multiple dose levels, and a pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that XB002 was stable with low levels of free payload. The planned cohort-expansion phase, which we expect to initiate during 2023, is designed to further explore the selected dose of XB002, both as a single agent and in combination with either nivolumab or bevacizumab, in individual tumor cohorts, which may include forms of NSCLC, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, UC, SCCHN, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, mCRPC, triple negative breast cancer and hormone-receptor positive breast cancer, and we also intend to initiate additional dose-escalation and expansion cohorts to evaluate the potential of XB002 in combination with additional ICIs and other targeted therapies across a wide range of tumor types, including indications other than those currently addressed by commercially available TF-targeted therapies. For additional information on JEWEL-101 and our development plans for XB002, see “Business—Exelixis Development Programs—Pipeline Development Programs – Advancing Exelixis’ Future Cancer Therapy Candidates—XB002 Development Program” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Most recently, in November 2022, we executed two option deals that highlight our strategic efforts to access clinical- or near-clinical-stage assets: an exclusive collaboration agreement with Cybrexa providing us with the right to acquire CBX-12; and an exclusive clinical development and option agreement with Sairopa to develop ADU-1805, a potentially best-in-class mAb that targets SIRPα. For more information on these arrangements, see “Business—Collaborations and Business Development Activities—Research Collaborations and In-licensing Arrangements” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. CBX-12 is currently being evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial to explore its pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability and preliminary anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced or metastatic refractory solid tumors. For more information on the current development of CBX-12, see “Business—Exelixis Development Programs—Pipeline Development Programs – Advancing Exelixis’ Future Cancer Therapy Candidates—Development of CBX-12” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
To facilitate the growth of our various biotherapeutics programs, we have established multiple research collaborations and in-licensing arrangements and entered into other strategic transactions that provide us with access to antibodies, binders, payloads and conjugation technologies, which are the components employed to generate next-generation ADCs or multispecific antibodies. In addition to the option deals with Cybrexa and Sairopa, some of our active research collaborations for biotherapeutics programs include collaborations with:
•Adagene, which is focused on using Adagene’s SAFEbody technology to develop novel masked ADCs or other innovative biotherapeutics with potential for improved therapeutic index;
•BioInvent, which is intended to expand our portfolio of antibody-based therapies and will utilize BioInvent’s proprietary n-CoDeR antibody library and patient-centric F.I.R.S.T screening platform, which together are designed to allow for parallel target and antibody discovery;
•Catalent, which is focused on the discovery and development of multiple ADCs using Catalent’s proprietary SMARTag site-specific bioconjugation technology;
•Invenra, which is focused on the discovery and development of novel binders and multispecific antibodies for the treatment of cancer; and
•NBE, which is focused on the discovery and development of multiple ADCs by leveraging NBE’s unique expertise and proprietary platforms in ADC discovery, including NBE’s SMAC-Technology and novel payloads.
We have already made significant progress under these and other research collaborations and in-licensing arrangements and believe we will continue to do so in 2023 and in future years. For example, as a direct result of these arrangements, we are advancing three biotherapeutics development candidates: XB010, XB014 and ZB628. XB010, our first ADC advanced internally, targets the tumor antigen 5T4 and incorporates antibodies sourced from Invenra and was constructed using Catalent’s SMARTag site-specific bioconjugation platform. XB014 and XB628 are bispecific antibodies: XB014 combines a PD-L1 targeting arm with a CD47 targeting arm to block a macrophage checkpoint; and XB628 targets PD-L1 and NKG2A, identified as an emerging immune checkpoint that may mediate resistance to classical checkpoint inhibition. Both XB014 and XB628 were developed through our collaboration with Invenra.
For additional information on these specific research collaborations and in-licensing arrangements related to our biotherapeutics programs, see “Business—Collaborations and Business Development Activities—Research Collaborations and In-licensing Arrangements” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
62
Table of Contents
Other Small Molecules
Since its formation in 2000, our drug discovery group has advanced 25 compounds to the IND stage, either independently or with collaboration partners, and today we deploy our drug discovery expertise to advance small molecule drug candidates toward and through preclinical development. These efforts are led by our experienced scientists, including some of the same scientists who led the efforts to discover cabozantinib, cobimetinib and esaxerenone, each of which are now commercially distributed drug products. For example, zanzalintinib, which was discovered at Exelixis, has now entered into phase 3 clinical trials. We augment our small molecule discovery activities through research collaborations and in-licensing arrangements with other companies engaged in small molecule discovery, including:
•STORM, which is focused on the discovery and development of inhibitors of novel RNA modifying enzymes, including ADAR1;
•Aurigene, which is focused on the discovery and development of novel small molecules as therapies for cancer; and
•StemSynergy, which is focused on the discovery and development of novel oncology compounds aimed to inhibit tumor growth by targeting CK1α and the Notch pathway.
For additional information on these research collaborations and in-licensing arrangements related to our small molecule programs, see “Business—Collaborations and Business Development Activities—Research Collaborations and In-licensing Arrangements” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The most advanced compounds to emerge from these arrangements is XL102, our lead program targeting CDK7, in-licensed from Aurigene.We are evaluating XL102, both as a single agent and in combination with other anti-cancer therapies, in QUARTZ-101, a phase 1 study in patients with inoperable, locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. In December 2022, we announced initial dose-escalation results from QUARTZ-101 during the Poster Session at the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. The data demonstrated that XL102 was well-tolerated at multiple dose levels and a pharmacokinetic analysis supported adding investigation of twice-daily oral dosing. We are continuing to evaluate the efficacy of XL102 in additional patients during this initial dose-escalation phase. The subsequent cohort-expansion phase is designed to further explore the selected dose of XL102 as a single agent and in combination regimens in individual tumor cohorts, including ovarian cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, hormone-receptor positive breast cancer and mCRPC. For additional information on QUARTZ-101 and our development plans for XL102, see “Business—Exelixis Development Programs—Pipeline Development Programs – Advancing Exelixis’ Future Cancer Therapy Candidates—XL102 Development Program” in Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are currently advancing more than 10 discovery programs and expect to progress up to five new development candidates into preclinical development during 2023. In addition, we will continue to engage in business development initiatives with the goal of acquiring and in-licensing promising oncology platforms and assets and then further characterize and develop them utilizing our established preclinical and clinical development infrastructure.
2022 Business Updates and Financial Highlights
During 2022, we continued to execute on our business objectives, generating significant revenues from operations and enabling us to continue to seek to maximize the clinical and commercial potential of our products and expand our product pipeline. Significant business updates and financial highlights for 2022 and subsequent to year-end include:
Business Updates
•In January 2022, we appointed Vicki L. Goodman, M.D., as Executive Vice President, Product Development & Medical Affairs, and Chief Medical Officer.
•In January 2022, we announced the completion of enrollment for CONTACT-03. Based on current event rates, we anticipate announcing results of the primary PFS analysis in the first half of 2023.
•In January 2022, we announced an amendment to our exclusive option and license agreement with Iconic to acquire broad rights to use the anti-TF antibody incorporated into XB002 for any application, including conjugated to other payloads, as well as rights within oncology to a number of other anti-TF antibodies developed by Iconic, including for use in ADCs and multispecific biotherapeutics.
•In January 2022, cabozantinib in combination with ICIs in patients with forms of previously treated CRC was the subject of multiple data presentations at the 2022 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium.
63
Table of Contents
•In February 2022, cabozantinib in patients with forms of RCC and other genitourinary cancers was the subject of multiple data presentations at the 2022 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium.
•In February 2022, we filed a patent lawsuit in the Delaware District Court against MSN asserting infringement of U.S. Patents No. 11,091,439, 11,091,440 and 11,098,015 arising from MSN’s further amendment of its ANDA. This lawsuit, along with a subsequent lawsuit we filed against MSN in July 2022 asserting infringement of U.S. Patent No. 11,298,349, comprise MSN II, a new case against MSN involving Exelixis patents that are different from those asserted previously in the consolidated MSN I patent lawsuits that we filed in 2019 and 2020 and were adjudicated at a bench trial in May 2022. A bench trial for MSN II has been scheduled for October 2023. For a more detailed discussion of the MSN II litigation matter, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
•In March 2022, we announced results from the final OS analysis of COSMIC-312 trial, which showed neither improvement nor detriment in OS for cabozantinib in combination with atezolizumab versus sorafenib in patients with previously untreated advanced HCC. Based on this outcome for OS and the rapidly evolving treatment landscape for previously untreated HCC, we do not intend to submit an sNDA to the FDA for the combination regimen.
•In April 2022, we announced the initiation of a phase 1 clinical trial evaluating XL114 as a monotherapy in patients with NHL. Based on initial findings in this phase 1 trial and the evolving treatment landscape for NHL, we have discontinued development of XL114 as of January 2023.
•In May 2022, we announced that Ipsen received regulatory approvals from the EC and Health Canada for CABOMETYX as a monotherapy for patients with previously treated, RAI-refractory DTC.
•In June 2022, cabozantinib in patients with forms of NSCLC, UC, RCC, SCCHN and DTC was the subject of multiple data presentations at the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting.
•In June 2022, we announced an exclusive option and license agreement with BioInvent to identify and develop novel antibodies for use in immuno-oncology therapeutics utilizing BioInvent’s n-CoDeR antibody library and patient-centric F.I.R.S.T screening platform.
•In June 2022, we announced the initiation of STELLAR-303, a global phase 3 pivotal trial evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with atezolizumab in patients with metastatic non-microsatellite instability-high or non-mismatch repair-deficient CRC who have progressed after or are intolerant to the current standard of care.
•In July 2022, we announced an exclusive license agreement with Ryvu to develop novel targeted therapies utilizing Ryvu’s STING technology.
•In July 2022, we announced results from the phase 3 COSMIC-313 trial, in which the triplet combination of cabozantinib, nivolumab and ipilimumab met its primary endpoint, demonstrating significant improvement in PFS versus the doublet combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab at the primary analysis. At a prespecified interim analysis for the secondary endpoint of OS, the triplet combination did not demonstrate a significant benefit, and therefore the trial will continue to the next analysis of OS, expected in 2023.
•In September 2022, we filed a patent lawsuit in the Delaware District Court against Teva, asserting infringement of U.S. Patent No. 11,298,349 arising from Teva’s amendment of its ANDA, originally filed with the FDA in May 2021. This lawsuit, our second case against Teva, has been consolidated with the prior patent lawsuit we filed in June 2021 and involves an Exelixis patent that is different from those asserted previously in June 2021. All proceedings were stayed pursuant to an order of the Delaware District Court in October 2022. For a more detailed discussion of the Teva litigation matter, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
•In September 2022, clinical data from COSMIC-313 were presented as part of Presidential Symposium III at the 2022 ESMO Congress. In addition, cabozantinib in patients with in RCC, DTC and advanced adrenocortical carcinoma was the subject of multiple data presentations, and we also presented phase 1b data from STELLAR-001, in which zanzalintinib demonstrated preliminary clinical activity similar to that observed with cabozantinib in phase 1 across a range of solid tumors with an acceptable safety profile.
•In October 2022, we announced an expansion of our clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with BMS to include the use of the fixed-dose combination of nivolumab and relatlimab in STELLAR-002, our ongoing phase 1b clinical trial evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with multiple ICIs in advanced solid tumors.
•In October 2022, we announced promising initial dose-escalation results from JEWEL-101, the ongoing phase 1 trial evaluating XB002 in patients with advanced solid tumors, during the Antibody-drug Conjugates Poster
64
Table of Contents
Session at the 2022 ENA Symposium. The data demonstrated that XB002 was well-tolerated at multiple dose levels, and a pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that XB002 was stable with low levels of free payload.
•In November 2022, we announced an agreement with Cybrexa that provides us the right to acquire CBX-12, a clinical-stage PDC that utilizes Cybrexa’s proprietary alphalex technology to enhance delivery of exatecan to tumor cells.
•In November 2022, we announced an exclusive option and license agreement and clinical development collaboration with Sairopa to develop ADU-1805, a mAb that targets SIRPα.
•In November 2022, we announced a new license agreement with Catalent for three target programs with lead antibody and/or ADC candidates.
•In December 2022, we announced initial dose-escalation results from QUARTZ-101, our phase 1 trial evaluating XL102 in patients with advanced solid tumors, during the Poster Session at the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. The data demonstrated that XL102 was well tolerated at multiple dose levels.
•In December 2022, we announced results from the phase 3 CONTACT-01 trial evaluating cabozantinib in combination with atezolizumab in patients with previously treated NSCLC, in which the combination did not meet its primary endpoint of OS at final analysis.
•In December 2022, we announced the initiation of STELLAR-304, a global phase 3 pivotal trial evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with nivolumab in previously untreated patients with advanced non-clear cell RCC. The primary endpoints are PFS and ORR per RECIST v. 1.1, and the secondary endpoint is OS.
•In December 2022, we appointed Dana T. Aftab, Ph.D., as Executive Vice President, Discovery and Translational Research, and Chief Scientific Officer.
•In January 2023, the Delaware District Court issued a ruling in the MSN I trial, rejecting MSN’s challenge to U.S. Patent No. 7,759,473, which expires August 14, 2026. The Delaware District Court also ruled that MSN’s proposed ANDA product does not infringe U.S. Patent No. 8,877,776, which expires October 8, 2030, and entered judgment that the effective date of any final FDA approval of MSN’s ANDA shall not be a date earlier than August 14, 2026, the expiration date of U.S. Patent No. 7,759,473. This ruling in MSN I does not address the parties’ claims in the MSN II lawsuit. For a more detailed discussion of the MSN I litigation matter, see “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
•In February 2023, we received a notice letter regarding an ANDA submitted to the FDA by Cipla, including a Paragraph IV certification with respect to our U.S. Patents No. 8,877,776 (salt and polymorphic forms), 9,724,342 (formulations), 10,039,757 (methods of treatment), 11,098,015 (methods of treatment), 11,091,439 (crystalline salt forms), 11,091,440 (pharmaceutical composition) and 11,298,349 (pharmaceutical composition).Cipla’s ANDA requests approval to market a generic version of CABOMETYX tablets prior to the expiration of the aforementioned patents. We have not yet responded to this Paragraph IV certification notice letter but are evaluating it and will vigorously defend our cabozantinib intellectual property estate.
•In February 2023, cabozantinib in patients with forms of RCC will be the subject of multiple data presentations at the 2023 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium.
Financial Highlights
•Net product revenues for 2022 were $1,401.2 million, as compared to $1,077.3 million for 2021.
•Total revenues for 2022 were $1,611.1 million, as compared to $1,435.0 million for 2021.
•Research and development expenses for 2022 were $891.8 million, as compared to $693.7 million for 2021.
•Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2022 were $459.9 million, as compared to $401.7 million for 2021.
•Provision for income taxes for 2022 was $52.1 million, as compared to $63.1 million for 2021.
•Net income for 2022 was $182.3 million, or $0.57 per share, basic, and $0.56 per share, diluted, as compared to $231.1 million, or $0.73 per share, basic, and $0.72 per share, diluted, for 2021.
See “Results of Operations” below for a discussion of the detailed components and analysis of the amounts above.
Outlook, Challenges and Risks
We will continue to face numerous challenges and risks that may impact our ability to execute on our business objectives. In particular, for the foreseeable future, we expect our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to fund our
65
Table of Contents
business operations and growth will depend upon the continued commercial success of CABOMETYX, both alone and in combination with other therapies, as a treatment for the highly competitive indications for which it is approved, and possibly for other indications for which cabozantinib is currently being evaluated in potentially label-enabling clinical trials, if warranted by the data generated from these trials. However, we cannot be certain that the clinical trials we and our collaboration partners are conducting will demonstrate adequate safety and efficacy in these additional indications to receive regulatory approval in the major commercial markets where CABOMETYX is approved. Even if the required regulatory approvals to market CABOMETYX for additional indications are achieved, we and our collaboration partners may not be able to commercialize CABOMETYX effectively and successfully in these additional indications. In addition, CABOMETYX will only continue to be commercially successful if private third-party and government payers continue to provide coverage and reimbursement. As is the case for all innovative pharmaceutical therapies, obtaining and maintaining coverage and reimbursement for CABOMETYX is becoming increasingly difficult, both within the U.S. and in foreign markets. In addition, healthcare policymakers in the U.S. are increasingly expressing concern over healthcare costs, and corresponding legislative and policy initiatives and activities have been launched aimed at increasing the healthcare cost burdens borne by pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as expanding access to, and restricting the prices and growth in prices of, pharmaceuticals.
Achievement of our business objectives will also depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position in the shifting landscape of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer, which we may not be able to do. On an ongoing basis, we assess the constantly evolving landscape of other approved and investigational cancer therapies that could be competitive, or complementary in combination, with our products, and then we adapt our development strategies for the cabozantinib franchise and our pipeline product candidates accordingly, such as by modifying our clinical trials to include evaluation of our therapies with ICIs and other targeted agents. Even if our current and future clinical trials, including those evaluating cabozantinib in combination with an ICI in mCRPC or evaluating zanzalintinib in combination with an ICI in CRC and RCC, produce positive results sufficient to obtain marketing approval by the FDA and other global regulatory authorities, it is uncertain whether physicians will choose to prescribe regimens containing our products instead of competing products and product combinations in approved indications.
In the longer term, we may eventually face competition from potential manufacturers of generic versions of our marketed products, including the proposed generic versions of CABOMETYX tablets that are the subject of ANDAs submitted to the FDA by MSN, Teva and Cipla. The approval of any of these ANDAs and subsequent launch of any generic version of CABOMETYX could significantly decrease our revenues derived from the U.S. sales of CABOMETYX and thereby materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Separately, our research and development objectives may be impeded by the challenges of scaling our organization to meet the demands of expanded drug development, unanticipated delays in clinical testing and the inherent risks and uncertainties associated with drug discovery operations, especially on the global level. In connection with efforts to expand our product pipeline, we may be unsuccessful in discovering new drug candidates or identifying appropriate candidates for in-licensing or acquisition.
Some of these challenges and risks are specific to our business, others are common to companies in the biopharmaceutical industry with development and commercial operations, and an additional category are macroeconomic, affecting all companies. For a more detailed discussion of challenges and risks we face, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Results of Operations
We have adopted a 52- or 53-week fiscal year policy that ends on the Friday closest to December 31st. Fiscal year 2022, which was a 52-week fiscal year, ended December 30, 2022, fiscal year 2021, which was a 52-week fiscal year, ended December 31, 2021 and fiscal year 2020, which was a 52-week fiscal year, ended January 1, 2021. For convenience, references in this report as of and for the fiscal years ended December 30, 2022, and January 1, 2021 are indicated as being as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, respectively.