Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following management discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) provides information that we believe is useful in understanding our operating results, cash flows and financial condition. We provide quantitative information about the material sales drivers including the impact of changes in volume and pricing and the effect of acquisitions and changes in foreign currency at the corporate and reportable segment level. We also provide quantitative information regarding special (gains) and charges, discrete tax items and other significant factors we believe are useful for understanding our results. Such quantitative drivers are supported by comments meant to be qualitative in nature. Qualitative factors are generally ordered based on estimated significance.
The discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Form 10-K. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This discussion contains various Non-GAAP Financial Measures and also contains various forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We refer readers to the statements and information set forth in the sections entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” at the end of this MD&A, and “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” within Items 1 and 1A of this Form 10-K. We also refer readers to the tables within the section entitled “Results of Operations” of this MD&A for reconciliation information of Non-GAAP measures to U.S. GAAP.
Comparability of Results
Purolite acquisition
In December 2021, we acquired Purolite for total consideration of $3.7 billion in cash, net of cash acquired. Purolite is a leading and fast-growing global provider of high-end ion exchange resins for the separation and purification of solutions for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Headquartered in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, Purolite operates in more than 30 countries. Purolite is reported within our Life Sciences operating segment. Acquisition and integration charges are recorded within special (gains) and charges. The 2021 impacts of the Purolite acquisition including operating results, acquisition-related amortization and interest expense related to the transaction were also excluded from 2021 adjusted results.
Impact of Acquisitions and Divestitures
Our non-GAAP financial measures for organic sales, organic operating income and organic operating income margin are at fixed currency and exclude the impact of special (gains) and charges, the results of our acquired businesses from the first twelve months post acquisition and the results of divested businesses from the twelve months prior to divestiture. As part of the separation of ChampionX in 2020, we entered into a Master Cross Supply and Product Transfer agreement with ChampionX to provide, receive or transfer certain products for a period of 36 months and for a small set of products with limited suppliers over the next few years. Sales of product to ChampionX under this agreement are recorded in product and equipment sales in the Corporate segment along with the related cost of sales. These transactions are removed from the consolidated results as part of the calculation of the impact of acquisitions and divestitures.
Comparability of Reportable Segments
Effective January 1, 2023, our former Downstream operating segment is now part of the Water operating segment. This change did not have any impact on the Global Industrial reportable segment.
Fixed Currency Foreign Exchange Rates
Management evaluates the sales and operating income performance of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency international operations based on fixed currency exchange rates, which eliminate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on our international operations. Fixed currency amounts are updated annually at the beginning of each year based on translation into U.S. dollars at foreign currency exchange rates established by management, with all periods presented using such rates. Public currency rate data provided within the “Segment Performance” section of this MD&A reflect amounts translated at actual public average rates of exchange prevailing during the corresponding period and is provided for informational purposes only.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2023, we delivered high single digit sales growth as we continued strong pricing. Our strong pricing offset continued delivered product cost increases. Our team generated double-digit sales growth in Institutional & Specialty, high single digit sales growth in Industrial, and Other segments while Healthcare and Life Sciences generated good sales growth. Operating income grew by strong double digits, as strong pricing and cost savings initiatives overcame investments in the business and higher supply chain costs.
Sales
Reported sales increased 8% to $15.3 billion in 2023 from $14.2 billion in 2022. When measured in fixed rates of foreign currency exchange, fixed currency sales increased 8% compared to the prior year. Organic sales increased 9% compared to the prior year.
Gross Margin
Our reported gross margin was 40.2% of sales for 2023, compared to our 2022 reported gross margin of 37.8%. Excluding the impact of special (gains) and charges included in cost of sales, our adjusted gross margin was 40.4% in 2023 and 38.2% in 2022. Our gross profit increased as our strong pricing exceeded delivered product cost inflation.
Operating Income
Reported operating income increased 28% to $2.0 billion in 2023, compared to $1.6 billion in 2022. Adjusted operating income, excluding the impact of special (gains) and charges increased 20% in 2023 as strong pricing overcame investments in the business including incentive compensation, unfavorable mix and higher supply chain costs. Organic operating income increased 20% in 2023.
Earnings from Continuing Operations Attributable to Ecolab Per Common Share (“EPS”)
Reported diluted EPS increased 26% to $4.79 in 2023 compared to $3.81 in 2022. Special (gains) and charges had an impact on both years. Special (gains) and charges in 2023 were driven primarily by restructuring expense and 2022 was driven primarily by restructuring and pension settlement expense. Adjusted diluted EPS, which excludes the impact of special (gains) and charges and discrete tax items increased 16% to $5.21 in 2023 compared to $4.49 in 2022 as our strong operating income performance was partially offset by foreign currency translation and increases in interest expense.
Balance Sheet
We remain committed to maintaining “A” range ratings metrics over the long-term, supported by our current credit ratings of A-/A3/A- by Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s Investor Services and Fitch, respectively. Our strong balance sheet has allowed us continued access to capital at attractive rates.
Cash Flow
Cash flow from operating activities was $2.4 billion in 2023 compared to $1.8 billion in 2022. We continued to generate strong cash flow from operations, allowing us to fund our ongoing operations, investments in our business, acquisitions, debt repayments, pension obligations and return cash to our shareholders through share repurchases and dividend payments.
Dividends
Dividends declared per common share in 2023 was $2.16 per share. In December 2023 we increased our quarterly cash dividend by 8% to $0.57 per share, representing our 32nd consecutive annual dividend rate increase. We have paid cash dividends on our common shares for 87 consecutive years. Our outstanding dividend history reflects our long-term growth and development, strong cash flows, solid financial position and confidence in our business prospects for the years ahead.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We have adopted various accounting policies to prepare the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Notes”).
Preparation of our consolidated financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are considered to be critical if they meet both of the following criteria: (1) the estimate requires assumptions to be made about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate is made, and (2) different estimates that we reasonably could have used for the accounting estimate in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, have a material impact on the presentation of our financial condition or results of operations.
Besides estimates that meet the “critical” estimate criteria, we make many other accounting estimates in preparing our financial statements and related disclosures. All estimates, whether or not deemed critical, affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues or expenses as well as disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are based on experience and other information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements. Materially different results can occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known, even from estimates not deemed critical. Our critical accounting estimates include the following:
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring goods or providing service. Revenue from product and sold equipment is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with the customer are satisfied, which generally occurs with the transfer of the product or delivery of the equipment. Revenue from service and leased equipment is recognized when the services are provided, or the customer receives the benefit from the leased equipment, which is over time. Service revenue is recognized over time utilizing an input method and aligns with when the services are provided. Typically, revenue is recognized over time using costs incurred to date because the effort provided by the field selling and service organization represents services provided, which corresponds with the transfer of control. Revenue for leased equipment is accounted for under Topic 842 Leases and recognized on a straight-line basis over the length of the lease contract.
Our revenue policies do not provide for general rights of return. We record estimated reductions to revenue for customer programs and incentive offerings including pricing arrangements, promotions and other volume-based incentives based primarily on historical experience and anticipated performance over the contract period. Depending on market conditions, we may increase customer incentive offerings, which could reduce gross profit margins over the term of the incentive. We also record estimated reserves for product returns and credits based on specific circumstances and credit conditions. We record an allowance for uncollectible accounts based on our estimates of expected future credit losses.
The revenue standard can be applied to a portfolio of contracts with similar characteristics if it is reasonable that the effects of applying the standard at the portfolio would not be significantly different than applying the standard at the individual contract level. We apply the portfolio approach primarily within each operating segment by geographical region. Application of the portfolio approach was focused on those characteristics that have the most significant accounting consequences in terms of their effect on the timing of revenue recognition or the amount of revenue recognized. We determined the key criteria to assess with respect to the portfolio approach, including the related deliverables, the characteristics of the customers and the timing and transfer of goods and services, which most closely aligned within the operating segments. In addition, the accountability for the business operations, as well as the operational decisions on how to go to market and the product offerings, are performed at the operating segment level. For additional information on revenue recognition, refer to Note 17.
Litigation and Environmental Liabilities
Our business and operations are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations governing, among other things, air emissions, wastewater discharges, the use and handling of hazardous substances, waste disposal and the investigation and remediation of soil and groundwater contamination. Some risk of environmental liability is inherent in our operations.
We record liabilities related to pending litigation, environmental claims and other contingencies when a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Estimates used to record such liabilities are based on our best estimate of probable future costs. We record the amounts that represent the points in the range of estimates that we believe are most probable or the minimum amount when no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount. Potential insurance reimbursements generally are not anticipated in our accruals for environmental liabilities or other insured losses. Expected insurance proceeds are recorded as receivables when recovery is deemed certain. While the final resolution of litigation and environmental contingencies could result in amounts different than current accruals, and therefore have an impact on our consolidated financial results in a future reporting period, we believe the ultimate outcome will not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position. For additional information on our commitments and contingencies, refer to Note 15.
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Actuarially Determined Liabilities
Pension and Postretirement Healthcare Benefit Plans
The measurement of our pension and postretirement benefit obligations are dependent on a variety of assumptions determined by management and used by our actuaries in their valuations and calculations. These assumptions affect the amount and timing of future pension contributions, benefit payments and expense or income recognized.
The significant assumptions used in developing the required estimates are the discount rates, expected returns on assets, projected salary and health care cost increases and mortality tables.
The effects of actual results differing from our assumptions, as well as changes in assumptions, are reflected in the unrecognized gains or losses and amortized into earnings in the future. Significant differences in actual experience or significant changes in assumptions may materially affect future pension and other postretirement obligations and income or expense. The unrecognized net losses on our U.S. qualified and non-qualified pension plans increased to $495 million as of December 31, 2023 from $412 million as of December 31, 2022 (both before tax), primarily due to lower actual return on assets partially offset by current year net actuarial gains.
The effect of a decrease in the discount rate or decrease in the expected return on assets assumption as of December 31, 2023, on the December 31, 2023 defined benefit obligation and 2024 expense is shown below, assuming no changes in benefit levels. Expense amounts reflect the accounting for gains or losses as a component of other comprehensive income or expense and recognition of the impacts into earnings over time:
Effect on U.S. Pension Plans
Increase in Higher
Assumption Recorded 2024
(millions) Change Obligation Expense
Discount rate -.25 pts $37.7 $2.9
Expected return on assets -.25 pts N/A (4.7)
Effect on U.S. Postretirement
Health Care Benefits Plans
Increase in Higher
Assumption Recorded 2024
(millions) Change Obligation Expense
Discount rate -.25 pts $2.3 $-
Expected return on assets -.25 pts N/A -
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Our international pension obligations and underlying plan assets represent approximately one third of our global pension plans, with the majority of the amounts held in the U.K. and Eurozone countries. We use assumptions similar to our U.S. plan assumptions to measure our international pension obligations, however, the assumptions used vary by country based on specific local country requirements and information.
Refer to Note 16 for further discussion concerning our accounting policies, estimates, funded status, contributions and overall financial positions of our pension and postretirement plan obligations.
Self-Insurance
Globally we have insurance policies with varying deductible levels for property and casualty losses. We are insured for losses in excess of these deductibles, subject to policy terms and conditions and have recorded both a liability and an offsetting receivable for amounts in excess of these deductibles. We are self-insured for health care claims for eligible participating employees, subject to certain deductibles and limitations. We determine our liabilities for claims on an actuarial basis.
Income Taxes
Judgment is required to determine the annual effective income tax rate, deferred tax assets and liabilities, valuation allowances recorded against net deferred tax assets and unrecognized tax benefits.
Effective Income Tax Rate
Our effective income tax rate is based on annual income, statutory tax rates and tax planning available in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Our annual effective income tax rate includes the impact of unrecognized tax benefits. We recognize the amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority. We adjust these liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits in light of changing facts and circumstances.
Tax regulations require items to be included in our tax returns at different times than the items are reflected in our financial statements. As a result, the effective income tax rate reflected in our financial statements differs from that reported in our tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible on our tax return, and some are temporary differences, such as depreciation expense.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities and Valuation Allowances
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, applying enacted tax rates expected to be in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Based on the evaluation of available evidence, both positive and negative, we recognize tax assets, such as net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards, to the extent that realizing these benefits is considered to be more likely than not. Relevant factors in determining the realizability of deferred tax assets include historical results, sources of future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversal of temporary differences, tax planning strategies and the expiration dates of the various tax attributes.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A number of years may elapse before a particular tax matter, for which we have established a liability for unrecognized tax benefits, is audited and finally resolved. The number of tax years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has completed examinations of our U.S. federal income tax returns through 2016 and the years 2017 through 2020 are currently under audit. In addition to the U.S. federal examinations, we have ongoing audit activity in several U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions.
The tax positions we take are based on our interpretations of tax laws and regulations in the applicable federal, state and international jurisdictions. We believe our tax returns properly reflect the tax consequences of our operations, and our liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits are appropriate and sufficient for the positions taken. Because of the uncertainty of the final outcome of these examinations, we have established a liability for potential reductions of tax benefits (including related interest and penalties) for amounts that do not meet the more-likely-than-not thresholds for recognition and measurement as required by authoritative guidance. The liability for unrecognized tax benefits is reviewed throughout the year, taking into account new legislation, regulations, case law and audit results. Settlement of any particular issue could result in offsets to other balance sheet accounts, cash payments or receipts and/or adjustments to tax expense. Liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within other non-current liabilities. Our gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits was $24.2 million and $24.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For additional information on income taxes refer to Note 12.
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Long-Lived Assets, Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Long-Lived and Amortizable Intangible Assets
Purchased long-lived and amortizable intangible assets not acquired as part of a business combination are recorded as of their acquisition date at cost, whereas long-lived and amortizable assets acquired as part of a business combination are recorded as of their acquisition date at their fair values based on the fair value requirements defined in U.S. GAAP. This requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions relating to the present value of its future cash flows, such as growth rates, royalty rates or discount rates.
We review our long-lived and amortizable intangible assets, the net value of which was $6.3 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, for impairment when significant events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Such circumstances may include a significant decrease in the market price of an asset or asset group, a significant adverse change in the manner in which asset or asset groups are being used or history of operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of the asset or asset group. Impairment losses could occur when the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds the anticipated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset or asset group and its eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss to be recorded, if any, is calculated as the excess of the asset’s or assets group’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value.
We use the straight-line method to recognize amortization expense related to our amortizable intangible assets, including our customer relationships. We consider various factors when determining the appropriate method of amortization for our customer relationships, including projected sales data, customer attrition rates and length of key customer relationships.
Globally, we have a broad customer base. Our retention rate of significant customers has aligned with our acquisition assumptions, including the customer bases acquired from our Nalco, Laboratoires Anios (“Anios”), Copal Invest NV, including its primary operating entity CID Lines (collectively, “CID Lines”) and Purolite transactions, which make up the majority of our unamortized customer relationships. Our historical retention rates, coupled with our consistent track record of keeping long-term relationships with our customers, supports our expectation of consistent sales generation for the foreseeable future from the acquired customer bases. If our customer retention rates or other post-acquisition operational activities change materially, we would evaluate the financial impacts and significance of the events given rise to the change which could result in impairment of our customer relationship intangible assets, or absent an impairment, an acceleration of amortization expense.
In addition, we periodically reassess the estimated remaining useful lives of our long-lived and amortizable intangible assets. Changes to estimated useful lives would impact the amount of depreciation and amortization expense recorded in earnings. We have experienced no significant changes in the carrying amount or estimated remaining useful lives of our long-lived or amortizable intangible assets.
Goodwill and Indefinite Life Intangible Assets
Goodwill arises from our acquisitions and represents the excess of the fair value of the purchase consideration exchanged over the fair value of net assets acquired. We had total goodwill of $8.1 billion and $8.0 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We test our goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. Our reporting units are our ten operating segments. We assess goodwill for impairment on an annual basis during the second quarter. If circumstances change or events occur that demonstrate it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we complete an interim goodwill impairment assessment of that reporting unit prior to the next annual assessment. If the results of an annual or interim goodwill impairment assessment demonstrate the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, we will recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, but not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill assigned to that reporting unit.
For our annual 2023 goodwill impairment assessment, we completed our impairment assessment for our ten reporting units using discounted cash flow analyses that incorporated assumptions regarding future growth rates, terminal values and discount rates. Our goodwill impairment assessments for 2023 indicated the estimated fair values of each of these ten reporting units exceeded the carrying amounts of the respective reporting units by a significant margin. We evaluate the need to complete interim goodwill impairment assessments when significant events or changes in business circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of a reporting unit may be higher than its fair value. No events were noted during the second half of 2023 that required completion of an interim goodwill impairment assessment in the second half of 2023 for any of our ten reporting units. There has been no impairment of goodwill in any of the periods presented.
The Nalco trade name is our only indefinite life intangible asset, which is tested for impairment on an annual basis during the second quarter. For our annual 2023 indefinite life intangible asset impairment assessment, we completed our impairment assessment of the Nalco trade name using the relief from royalty discounted cash flow method, which incorporates assumptions regarding future sales projections, royalty rates and discount rates. Our Nalco tradename impairment assessment for 2023 indicated the estimated fair value of the Nalco trade name exceeded its $1.2 billion carrying amount by a significant margin. No events were noted during the second half of 2023 that required completion of an interim impairment assessment of our Nalco trade name in the second half of 2023. There has been no impairment of the Nalco trade name intangible since it was acquired.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Sales
Percent Change
Service and lease sales 3,003.4 2,741.6 2,579.8
2021 impact of Purolite on net sales - - 12.0
Non-GAAP organic sales $15,162.0 $13,969.7 * 9 % *
* Not meaningful
The percentage components of the year-over-year sales change are shown below:
Volume - % 2 %
Price changes 8 10
Organic sales change 9 13
Acquisitions and divestitures - 3
Fixed currency sales change 8 16
Foreign currency translation - (4)
Reported GAAP net sales change 8 % 11 %
Amounts do not necessarily sum due to rounding.
Cost of Sales (“COS”) and Gross Profit Margin (“Gross Margin”)
Gross Gross Gross
(millions/percent) COS Margin COS Margin COS Margin
Special (gains) and charges 22.5 69.9 93.9
2021 impact of Purolite on COS - - 7.6
Our COS values and corresponding gross margin are shown above. Our gross margin is defined as sales less cost of sales divided by sales.
Our reported gross margin was 40.2%, 37.8%, and 40.2% for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our 2023, 2022 and 2021 reported gross margins were negatively impacted by special (gains) and charges of $22.5 million, $69.9 million, and $93.9 million, respectively. Special (gains) and charges items impacting COS are shown within the “Special (Gains) and Charges” table below.
Excluding the impact of special (gains) and charges, our 2023 adjusted gross margin was 40.4% compared against a 2022 adjusted gross margin of 38.2%. The increase primarily reflected accelerating pricing that overcame higher supply chain costs.
Excluding the impact of special (gains) and charges and the 2021 impacts of the Purolite transaction, our adjusted gross margin was 38.2% and 40.9% for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease primarily reflected accelerating pricing that was more than offset by higher delivered product cost and unfavorable mix.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (“SG&A”)
The increased SG&A ratio (SG&A expenses as a percentage of reported net sales) comparing 2023 against 2022 was driven by higher incentive compensation compared to last year which was partiallyoffset by strong productivity including cost savings initiatives. The decreased SG&A ratio (SG&A expenses as a percentage of reported net sales) comparing 2022 against 2021 was driven primarily by strong productivity including cost savings initiatives, partially offset by higher cost of compensation compared to last year.
Special (Gains) and Charges
Special (gains) and charges reported on the Consolidated Statements of Income included the following items:
Cost of sales
Restructuring activities $22.5 $21.4 $24.7
Acquisition and integration activities - 25.0 4.2
Russia/Ukraine - 7.2 -
Other - 16.3 65.0
Cost of sales subtotal 22.5 69.9 93.9
Special (gains) and charges
Restructuring activities 63.2 85.8 11.9
Acquisition and integration activities 16.1 14.5 29.9
Russia/Ukraine 1.4 5.9 -
Special (gains) and charges subtotal 111.4 140.5 102.6
Operating income subtotal 133.9 210.4 196.5
Other (income) expense - 50.6 37.2
Interest expense, net - - 33.1
Total special (gains) and charges $133.9 $261.0 $266.8
For segment reporting purposes, special (gains) and charges are not allocated to reportable segments, which is consistent with our internal management reporting.
Restructuring Activities
Restructuring activities are primarily related to the Combined Program which is described below. These activities have been included as a component of cost of sales, special (gains) and charges, and other (income) expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Restructuring liabilities have been classified as a component of other current and other noncurrent liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Further details related to our restructuring charges are included in Note 3.
Combined Program
In November 2022, we approved a Europe cost savings program. In connection with these actions, we expected to incur pre-tax charges of $130 million ($110 million after tax) or $0.38 per diluted share. In February 2023, we expanded our previously announced Europe cost savings program to focus on its Institutional and Healthcare businesses in other regions. In connection with the expanded program (“Combined Program”), we expect to incur total pre-tax charges of $195 million ($150 million after tax) or $0.52 per diluted share. We expect that these restructuring charges will be completed by the end of 2024. Program actions include headcount reductions from terminations, not filling certain open positions, and facility closures. The Combined Program charges are expected to be primarily cash expenditures related to severance and asset disposals.
In anticipation of this Combined Program, a limited number of actions were taken in the fourth quarter of 2022. As a result, we reclassified $19.3 million ($14.5 million after tax) or $0.05 per diluted share from other restructuring to the Combined Program in the first quarter of 2023.
In 2023 and 2022 we recorded total Combined Program restructuring charges of $77.7 million ($66.4 million after tax) or $0.23 per diluted share and $67.2 million ($56.0 million after tax) or $0.20 per diluted share, respectively. We have recorded $164.2 million ($136.9 million after tax), or $0.48 per diluted share of cumulative charges under the Combined Plan. The net liability related to the Combined Program was $43.1 million and $62.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The remaining liability is expected to be paid over a period of a few months to several quarters and will continue to be funded from operating activities.
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The Combined Program has delivered $131 million of cumulative cost savings with estimated annualized cost savings of $175 million in continuing operations by 2024.
Institutional Advancement Program
We approved a restructuring plan in 2020 focused on the Institutional business (“the Institutional Plan”) which is intended to enhance our Institutional sales and service structure and allow the sales team to capture share and penetration while maximizing service effectiveness by leveraging our ongoing investments in digital technology.
In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded total restructuring charges of $8.0 million ($6.0 million after tax) or $0.03 per diluted share, $6.3 million ($4.8 million after tax) or $0.02 per diluted share and $12.6 million ($10.2 million after tax) or $0.04 per diluted share, respectively, primarily related to severance, disposals of equipment and office closures. The Restructuring activities were completed at the end of 2023, with total costs of $62.1 million ($47.4 million after tax), or $0.17 per diluted share. Net cash payments were $2.6 million and non-cash net charges were $6.8 million in 2023. There was no remaining liability related to the Institutional Plan as of December 31, 2023. There was $1.9 million of liability related to the Institutional Plan of December 31, 2022.
The Institutional Plan has delivered $55 million of annual cost savings.
Accelerate 2020
During 2018, we formally commenced a restructuring plan Accelerate 2020 (“the A2020 Plan”), to leverage technology and system investments and organizational changes. The goals of the A2020 Plan were to further simplify and automate processes and tasks, reduce complexity and management layers, consolidate facilities and focus on key long-term growth areas by further leveraging technology and structural improvements. We recorded restructuring charges of $9.9 million ($8.4 million after tax) or $0.03 per diluted share and $5.3 million ($6.2 million after tax) or $0.02 per diluted share in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The restructuring activities were completed at the end of 2022, with total costs of $254.4 million ($198.4 million after tax), or $0.69 per diluted share.
Net cash payments were $13.2 million during 2023. The liability related to the A2020 Plan was $4.9 million and $18.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The remaining liability is expected to be paid over a period of a few months to several quarters which continue to be funded from operating activities.
The A2020 Plan has delivered $315 million of annual cost savings.
Other Restructuring Activities
During 2022 and 2021, we incurred restructuring charges of $23.8 million ($17.9 million after tax), or $0.06 per diluted share and $18.7 million ($17.0 million after tax), or $0.06 per diluted share, respectively, related to other immaterial restructuring activity. The charges primarily related to severance and asset write-offs.
The restructuring liability balance for all other restructuring plans excluding the Combined Program, A2020 Plan and the Institutional Plan were $3.3 million and $23.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in liability was driven primarily by the reclass of $19.3 million from other restructuring to the Combined Program in the first quarter of 2023. The remaining liability is expected to be paid over a period of a few months to several quarters and will continue to be funded from operating activities. Cash payments during 2023 related to all other restructuring plans excluding the Combined Program, A2020 and Institutional Plan were $0.6 million.
Acquisition and integration related costs
Acquisition and integration related costs reported in special (gains) and charges on the Consolidated Statements of Income in 2023 include $16.1 million ($12.0 million after tax) or $0.04 per diluted share. Charges are integration related costs primarily related to the Purolite Corporation (“Purolite”) acquisition.
Acquisition and integration related costs reported in special (gains) and charges on the Consolidated Statements of Income in 2022 include $14.5 million ($11.4 million after tax) or $0.04 per diluted share. Charges are related primarily to the Purolite acquisition and consist of integration related costs, advisory and legal fees. Acquisition and integration related costs reported in product and equipment cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Income in 2022 include $25.0 million ($19.6 million after tax) or $0.07 per diluted share. Charges are related primarily to the recognition of fair value step-up in the Purolite inventory and other integration costs.
Acquisition and integration related costs reported in special (gains) and charges on the Consolidated Statements of Income in 2021 include $29.9 million ($23.5 million after tax) or $0.08 per diluted share. Charges are primarily related to the Purolite acquisition and consisted of deal costs, integration costs and advisory and legal fees. Acquisition and integration related costs reported in product and equipment cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Income in 2021 include $4.2 million ($3.3 million after tax) or $0.01 per diluted share and are related to the recognition of fair value step-up in the Purolite inventory. In conjunction with its acquisitions, we incurred $0.8 million ($0.6 million after tax), or less than $0.01 per diluted share, of special (gains) and charges reported in interest expense in 2021.
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Russia/Ukraine
In light of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the sanctions against Russia by the United States and other countries, we have made the determination that we will limit our Russian business to operations that are essential to life, providing minimal support for our healthcare, life sciences, food and beverage and certain water businesses. We incurred charges of $1.4 million ($1.1 million after tax) or less than $0.01 per diluted share and $13.1 million ($12.6 million after tax) or $0.04 per diluted share during 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily related to recoverability risk of certain assets in both Russia and Ukraine.
Other operating activities
Other operating activities recorded in cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Income of $16.3 million ($12.7 million after tax), or $0.04 per diluted share in 2022, and $65.0 million ($49.2 million after tax), or $0.17 per diluted share in 2021 relate primarily to COVID-19 activities.
Other operating activities recorded in special (gains) and charges on the Consolidated Statements of Income of $30.7 million ($23.3 million after tax), or $0.08 per diluted share in 2023 relate primarily to certain legal charges. Other operating activities recorded in special (gains) and charges on the Consolidated Statements of Income of $34.3 million ($25.7 million after tax), or $0.09 per diluted share in 2022 and $60.8 million ($46.4 million after tax), or $0.16 per diluted share in 2021 relate primarily to COVID-19 activities and certain legal charges.
Other (income) expense
During 2022 and 2021, we incurred settlement expense recorded in other (income) expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income of $50.6 million ($38.2 million after tax) or $0.13 per diluted share and $37.2 million ($28.7 million after tax) or $0.10 per diluted share, respectively, related to U.S. pension plan lump-sum payments to retirees.
Interest expense, net
During 2021 we recorded special charges of $32.3 million ($28.4 million after tax) or $0.10 per diluted share in interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income related to debt issuance and refinancing charges.
Operating Income and Operating Income Margin
Percent Change
Special (gains) and charges 133.9 210.4 196.5
* Not meaningful
* Not meaningful
Our operating income and corresponding operating income margin are shown in the previous tables. Operating income margin is defined as operating income divided by sales.
Our reported operating income was $1,992.3 million, $1,562.5 million and $1,598.6 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our 2023, 2022 and 2021 operating incomes were negatively impacted by special (gains) and charges and the 2021 impact of Purolite on operating income of $133.9 million, $210.4 million, and $200.3 million, respectively.
Excluding the impacts of special (gains) and charges 2023 adjusted operating income increased 20% as strong pricing overcame investments in the business including incentive compensation, higher supply chain costs and unfavorable mix. Excluding the impacts of special (gains) and the 2021 impact of Purolite on operating income 2022 adjusted operating income decreased 1% driven by accelerating pricing covering substantially higher delivered product costs, which was offset by investments in the business.
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Other (Income) Expense
Reported GAAP other (income) expense ($59.9) ($24.5) ($33.9)
Special (gains) and charges - 50.6 37.2
Non-GAAP adjusted other (income) expense ($59.9) ($75.1) ($71.1)
Our reported other income was $59.9 million, $24.5 million and $33.9 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other (income) expense increased when comparing 2023 against 2022 as higher pension costs were more than offset by the comparison to last year’s $50.6 million settlement expense related to U.S. pension plan lump-sum payments to retirees. Other (income) expense decreased when comparing 2022 against 2021 primarily due to increased pension settlement charges in 2022 as a result of a higher volume of pension settlement activity and higher interest costs associated with rising interest rates throughout 2022. Excluding the impact of settlements and curtailments recorded in special (gains) and charges during 2023, 2022 and 2021, our adjusted other income was $59.9 million, $75.1 million and $71.1 million, respectively.
Interest Expense, Net
Reported GAAP interest expense, net $296.7 $243.6 $218.3
Special (gains) and charges - - 33.1
2021 impact of Purolite on interest expense - - 3.5
Non-GAAP adjusted interest expense, net $296.7 $243.6 $181.7
Our reported net interest expense totaled $296.7 million, $243.6 million and $218.3 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
We incurred $33.1 million ($29.0 million after tax) or $0.10 per diluted share of interest expense special charges in conjunction with our debt issuances and refinancing activities during 2021.
Adjusted for special (gains) and charges, the increase in interest expense when comparing 2023 against 2022 was driven primarily by the higher average interest rates on outstanding debt. Adjusted for special (gains) and charges, the increase in interest expense when comparing 2022 against 2021 was driven primarily by the interest on debt issued to fund the Purolite acquisition and the impact from higher average interest rates on floating rate debt.
Provision for Income Taxes
The following table provides a summary of our tax rate:
Reported GAAP tax rate 20.6 % 17.5 % 19.1 %
Tax rate impact of:
Special (gains) and charges (0.1) 0.5 0.1
Discrete tax items (0.6) 0.7 (0.3)
Non-GAAP adjusted tax rate 19.9 % 18.7 % 18.9 %
Our reported tax rate was 20.6%, 17.5%, and 19.1%, for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The change in our tax rate includes the tax impact of special (gains) and charges and discrete tax items, which have impacted the comparability of our historical reported tax rates, as amounts included in our special (gains) and charges are derived from tax jurisdictions with rates that vary from our tax rate, and discrete tax items are not necessarily consistent across periods. The tax impact of special (gains) and charges and discrete tax items will likely continue to impact comparability of our reported tax rate in the future.
We recognized a net tax expense related to discrete tax items of $11.2 million during 2023. The net discrete tax expense was primarily related to the filing of federal, state and foreign tax returns and other income tax adjustments including the impact of changes in tax laws, audit settlements, share-based compensation excess tax benefits and other changes in estimates.
We recognized a net tax benefit related to discrete tax items of $11.8 million during 2022. This included a deferred tax benefit of $14.6 million associated with utilization of tax attributes as a result of legal entity rationalization and share-based compensation excess tax benefits of $6.0 million. The remaining discrete tax expense of $8.8 million was primarily related to the filing of federal, state and foreign tax returns and other income tax adjustments including the impact of changes in tax laws, audit settlements and other changes in estimates.
We recognized net tax expense of $5.8 million related to discrete tax items during 2021. This included a non-cash deferred tax expense of $25.1 million associated with transferring certain intangible property between affiliates. Share-based compensation excess tax benefit was $29.1 million. The remaining discrete tax expense of $9.8 million was primarily related to the filing of federal, state, and foreign tax returns and other income tax adjustments including the impact of changes in tax law, audit settlements and other changes in estimates.
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The change in our adjusted tax rates from 2022 to 2023 was primarily driven by geographic income mix. Future comparability of our adjusted tax rate may be impacted by various factors, including but not limited to other changes in global tax rules, further tax planning projects and geographic income mix.
Net Income Attributable to Ecolab
Percent Change
Adjustments:
Special (gains) and charges, after tax 109.2 207.3 213.5
Discrete tax net (benefit) expense 11.2 (11.8) 5.8
2021 impact of Purolite on net income - - 5.6
Diluted EPS
Percent Change
Reported GAAP diluted EPS $4.79 $3.81 $3.91 26 % (3) %
Adjustments:
Special (gains) and charges, after tax 0.38 0.72 0.74
Discrete tax net (benefit) expense 0.04 (0.04) 0.02
2021 impact of Purolite on diluted EPS - - 0.02
Non-GAAP adjusted diluted EPS $5.21 $4.49 $4.69 16 % (4) %
Per share amounts do not necessarily sum due to rounding.
Currency translation had an unfavorable $(0.05) impact on reported and adjusted diluted EPS when comparing 2023 to 2022 and unfavorable $(0.26) impact when comparing 2022 to 2021.
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SEGMENT PERFORMANCE
The non-U.S. dollar functional currency international amounts included within our reportable segments are based on translation into U.S. dollars at the fixed currency exchange rates established by management for 2023. The difference between the fixed currency exchange rates and the actual currency exchange rates is reported as “effect of foreign currency translation” in the following tables. All other accounting policies of the reportable segments are consistent with U.S. GAAP and the accounting policies described in Note 2. Additional information about our reportable segments is included in Note 18.
Fixed currency net sales and operating income for 2023, 2022 and 2021 for our reportable segments are shown in the following tables.
Net Sales Percent Change
Effect of foreign currency translation 44.8 94.4 566.9
Operating Income Percent Change
Effect of foreign currency translation 5.3 16.2 110.5
The following tables reconcile the impact of acquisitions and divestitures within our reportable segments.
Year ended
December 31
Effect of foreign currency translation 44.8 94.4
Consolidated reported GAAP net sales $15,320.2 $14,187.8
Special (gains) and charges 133.4 213.5
Subtotal at fixed currency 1,987.0 1,546.3
Effect of foreign currency translation 5.3 16.2
Consolidated reported GAAP operating income $1,992.3 $1,562.5
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Global Industrial
Sales at fixed currency (millions) $7,193.1 $6,736.3 $5,908.5
Sales at public currency (millions) 7,221.8 6,805.0 6,237.9
Volume (2) % 1 %
Price changes 9 % 13 %
Organic sales change 7 % 14 %
Acquisitions and divestitures - % - %
Fixed currency sales change 7 % 14 %
Foreign currency translation (1) % (5) %
Public currency sales change 6 % 9 %
Fixed currency operating income change 15 % (1) %
Fixed currency operating income margin 15.0 % 13.9 % 16.0 %
Organic operating income change 16 % *
Organic operating income margin 15.0 % 13.9 % *
Public currency operating income change 14 % (7) %
* Not meaningful
Percentages in the above table do not necessarily sum due to rounding.
Net Sales
Organic sales for Global Industrial increased in 2023 driven by strong pricing and new business wins partially offset by weaker markets. The 2022 sales increase was impacted by as strong double-digit growth across all divisions was driven by accelerating pricing and new business wins.
At an operating segment level, Water organic sales increased 8% in 2023 driven by strong pricing and new business wins. Water organic sales increased 13% in 2022 driven by strong pricing and new business wins. Light industry reported good sales growth driven by strong performance across data centers, microelectronics and institutional. Heavy industry in 2023 reported good sales growth driven by strong pricing, gains in primary metals and growth in chemicals and strong sales in 2022 led by double-digit growth in power and chemicals. Downstream reportedstrong sales growth in 2023 driven by innovative water treatment programs. Food & Beverage organic sales increased 9% in 2023 reflecting continued pricing, strong performance in dairy, and solid growth in beverage & brewing and animal health. Organic increased 14% in 2022 primarily reflecting accelerating pricing. Paper organic sales decreased 1% in 2023 as pricing and new business wins were offset by easing customer production rates. Organic sales increased 16% in 2022 driven by accelerating pricing, new business wins and continued growth in ecommerce markets.
Operating Income
Organic operating income and organic operating income margins for Global Industrial increased in 2023 and decreased 2022 when compared to prior periods.
Organic operating income margins increased 1.1 percentage points during 2023 compared to 2022, as the 6.8 percentage point positive impacts of strong pricing overcame the 5.5 percentage point negative impacts of investments in the business including incentive compensation, lower volume, and higher supply chain costs. Organic operating income margins decreased in 2022 compared to 2021, as the positive impact from accelerating pricing was more than offset by the negative impacts of higher delivered product costs, unfavorable mix and investment in the business.
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Global Institutional & Specialty
Sales at fixed currency (millions) $4,994.0 $4,414.3 $3,856.7
Sales at public currency (millions) 4,999.2 4,432.1 3,966.8
Volume 3 % 6 %
Price changes 10 % 8 %
Organic sales change 12 % 15 %
Acquisitions and divestitures 1 % - %
Fixed currency sales change 13 % 14 %
Foreign currency translation - % (3) %
Public currency sales change 13 % 12 %
Fixed currency operating income change 32 % 16 %
Fixed currency operating income margin 16.5 % 14.1 % 13.9 %
Organic operating income change 32 % *
Organic operating income margin 16.6 % 14.1 % *
Public currency operating income change 32 % 13 %
* Not meaningful
Percentages in the above table do not necessarily sum due to rounding.
Net Sales
Organic sales for Global Institutional & Specialty increased in 2023 driven by strong pricing and new business wins. The 2022 sales increased driven by accelerating pricing and new business wins.
At an operating segment level, Institutional organic sales increased 12% in 2023, driven by strong pricing and new business wins. Organic sales increased 18% in 2022, driven by accelerating pricing and new business wins. Specialty organic sales increased 13% in 2023 driven by growth in quick service and food retail. Organic sales increased 7% in 2022 driven by strong quick service sales and modest growth in food retail sales.
Operating Income
Organic operating income for our Global Institutional & Specialty segment increased in both 2023 and 2022 when compared to prior periods. Organic operating income margins increased in 2023 but decreased 2022 when compared to prior periods.
Organic operating income margins increased 2.5 percentage points during 2023, as the 7.9 percentage point positive impacts from strong pricing and cost savings initiatives overcame the 4.9 percentage point negative impacts of investments in the business including incentive compensation and higher supply chain costs. Organic operating income margins increased during 2022, as the positive impact from accelerating pricing and volume growth overcame the negative impacts of higher delivered product costs and investments in the business.
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Global Healthcare & Life Sciences
Sales at fixed currency (millions) $1,576.9 $1,505.8 $1,101.1
Sales at public currency (millions) 1,586.0 1,510.5 1,181.6
Volume (1) % (7) %
Price changes 6 % 7 %
Organic sales change 5 % - %
Acquisitions and divestitures - % 37 %
Fixed currency sales change 5 % 37 %
Foreign currency translation - % (8) %
Public currency sales change 5 % (28) %
Fixed currency operating income change (17) % 37 %
Fixed currency operating income margin 10.1 % 12.8 % 12.8 %
Organic operating income change (17) % *
Organic operating income margin 10.1 % 12.8 % *
Public currency operating income change (17) % 22 %
* Not meaningful
Percentages in the above table do not necessarily sum due to rounding.
Net Sales
Organic sales for Global Healthcare & Life Sciences increased in 2023 as compared to 2022 driven by strong pricing and new business wins.
At an operating segment level, Healthcare organic sales increased 7% in 2023 driven by pricing and strong growth in North America. Organic sales decreased 1% in 2022 reflecting lower procedural and hand hygiene volumes, partially offset by increased pricing. Life Sciences organic sales increased 1% 2023 as pricing was more than offset soft near-term industry demand. Organic sales increased 9% in 2022 as accelerating pricing and growth in consumable pharmaceutical and personal care products, partially offset by normalizing demand for Bioquell’s biocontamination systems.
Operating Income
Organic operating income for our Global Healthcare & Life Sciences segment decreased in both 2023 and 2022 when compared to prior periods. Organic operating income margins decreased in both 2023 and 2022 when compared to prior periods.
Organic operating income margins decreased 2.7 percentage points in 2023, as the 4.5 percentage point positive impact from strong pricing was more than offset by the 7.5 percentage point negative impacts from targeted investments in the business, unfavorable mix and higher supply chain costs. Organic operating income margins decreased in 2022, as positive impact from accelerating pricing was more than offset by the negative impacts from higher delivered product costs, unfavorable mix, lower Healthcare volumes and targeted investments in the business.
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Other
Sales at fixed currency (millions) $1,442.3 $1,313.3 $1,162.5
Sales at public currency (millions) 1,444.2 1,316.4 1,207.7
Volume 3 % 6 %
Price changes 7 % 7 %
Organic sales change 10 % 13 %
Acquisitions and divestitures - % - %
Fixed currency sales change 10 % 13 %
Foreign currency translation - % (4) %
Public currency sales change 10 % 9 %
Fixed currency operating income change 21 % 16 %
Fixed currency operating income margin 17.7 % 16.0 % 15.6 %
Organic operating income change 21 % 16 %
Organic operating income margin 17.7 % 16.0 % *
Public currency operating income change 21 % 11 %
* Not meaningful
Percentages in the above table do not necessarily sum due to rounding.
Net Sales
Organic sales for Other increased in 2023 led by double-digit growth in Pest Elimination. Organic sales increased in 2022 led by strong growth in Pest Elimination, Textile Care and Colloidal Technologies.
At an operating segment level, Pest Elimination organic sales increased 11% in 2023 reflecting strong growth in restaurants, food & beverage, and food retail. Organic sales increased 11% in 2022 reflecting strong growth across food retail, food & beverage, hospitality and restaurants from accelerating pricing and new business wins. Textile Care organic sales increased 7% and 19% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Colloidal Technologies Group organic sales increased 4% and 14% in 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Operating Income
Organic operating income in Other increased in both 2023 and 2022 when compared to prior periods. Organic operating income margins increased in both 2022 and 2022 when compared to prior periods.
Organic operating income margins in Other increased 1.7 percentage points in 2023, as the 5.6 percentage point positive impacts from strong pricing overcame the 4.3 percentage point negative impacts of investments in business. Organic operating income margins increased in 2022, as the positive impacts from accelerating pricing overcame the negative impacts of higher delivered product costs and investments in business.