Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial position and results of operations should be read together with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties – please refer to the section entitled, “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” contained in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Form 10-K. You should review the “Risk Factors” section of this Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements described in the following discussion and analysis.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

We are a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of branded prescription pharmaceutical products. We are dedicated to our mission of working together to provide unique products that improve the quality of patient care.

Our commercial portfolio includes seven branded products approved for marketing by the FDA. In addition to these commercial brands, we have Phase II clinical programs underway evaluating our ifetroban product candidate for patients with 1) Systemic Sclerosis or scleroderma, a debilitating autoimmune disorder characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and 2) Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, the most common form of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease. Additionally, we recently completed a Phase II study in patients with cardiomyopathy associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare, fatal, genetic neuromuscular disease that results in deterioration of the skeletal, heart and lung muscles. Next steps include meeting with the FDA to determine next steps associated with the product’s development and commercialization.

Our primary target markets are hospital acute care, gastroenterology and oncology. These medical specialties are characterized by relatively concentrated prescriber bases that we believe can be served effectively by small, targeted sales forces. We promote our approved products through our hospital, field and oncology sales divisions in the United States and are building a network of international partners to register and provide our medicines to patients in their countries.

We have established the capabilities needed to acquire, develop and commercialize branded pharmaceuticals in the U.S. We believe we can leverage this existing infrastructure to support new products and our expected growth.

Our management team consists of pharmaceutical industry veterans with significant experience in their areas of responsibility. Our business development team identifies, evaluates and negotiates product acquisition, licensing and co-promotion agreements. Our product development team creates proprietary formulations, manages our clinical studies, prepares our FDA submissions and staffs our medical call center. Our quality and manufacturing professionals oversee the manufacturing, release and shipment of our products. Our marketing and sales organization is responsible for our commercial activities, and we work closely with our distribution partners to ensure the availability of our brands.

2025 Highlights

Listed below are our Company’s 2025 highlights. For more information, please see Part I, Item 1, Business of this Form 10-K.

•Progressed our clinical development programs for ifetroban announcing breakthrough top-line study results from our Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) study and presented them at two national DMD conferences.

•Expanded our commercial portfolio adding Talicia®, an FDA-approved therapy for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, strengthening our gastroenterology franchise and further diversifying our base of marketed products.

•Announced the publication of a peer-reviewed manuscript evaluating Caldolor® (ibuprofen) injection in older adult patients, demonstrating that Caldolor provided effective pain control with a favorable safety profile and was associated with reduced opioid use in the post-operative setting. The findings further support Caldolor’s role as a non-opioid option for pain management.

•Achieved an important reimbursement milestone for Caldolor®, with a CMS issued J-code associated with an established reimbursement price, strengthening its billing pathway and supporting broader hospital adoption.

•Continued to advance and expand Vibativ® internationally, receiving regulatory approval in China and launching the product in Saudi Arabia, extending access to this important antibiotic in global markets.

•Received regulatory approval for our ibuprofen product in Mexico, further expanding the product’s international footprint and supporting access to treatment for patients in Latin America.

•Expanded U.S. market access for Vibativ® through new national group purchasing agreements, including contracts with Premier, Inc. and Vizient, improving availability across hospital systems and strengthening the product’s commercial positioning in acute care settings.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SIGNIFICANT JUDGMENTS AND ESTIMATES

Accounting Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. We base our estimates on past experience and on other factors we deem reasonable given the circumstances. Past results help form the basis of our judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that cannot be determined from other sources. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The Company’s most significant estimates include: (1) its allowances for chargebacks and accruals for rebates and product returns, (2) the allowances for obsolescent or unmarketable inventory, (3) valuation of contingent consideration liabilities associated with business combinations and (4) valuation of continuing utility of intangible assets.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) amended guidance in the form of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," (ASC 606).

Our revenue is derived primarily from the product sales of our FDA approved pharmaceutical brands. Revenue from sales of products is recognized at the point where the customer obtains control of the goods and we satisfy our performance obligation, which occurs upon either shipment of the product or arrival at its destination, depending upon the shipping terms of the transaction. Payment terms typically range from 30 to 60 days from date of shipment. Our net product revenue reflects the reduction from gross product revenue for estimated allowances for chargebacks, and discounts and reflects sales related accruals for rebates, coupons, product returns, and certain administrative and service fees. Significant judgments must be made in determining the transaction price for our sales of products related to these adjustments. Other revenue, which is a component of net revenues, includes non-refundable upfront payments and milestone payments under licensing agreements, contract services, grant funding programs and rental income. Other revenue was approximately 9.3% of net revenues in 2025 and 3.5% in 2024.

Our financial statements reflect accounts receivable allowances of $0.9 million and $1.1 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, for chargebacks and early pay discounts for products.

The following table reflects our sales-related accrual activity for the periods indicated below:

The allowances for chargebacks and discounts and sales related accruals for rebates, fee for service and product returns are determined on a product-by-product basis. We establish them using our best estimate at the time of sale based on:

•Each product’s historical experience adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances;

•The contractual terms with direct and indirect customers;

•Analyses of historical levels of chargebacks, discounts and returns of product;

•Communications with customers;

•Purchased information about the rate of prescriptions being written and the level of inventory remaining in the distribution channel, if known; and

•Expectations about the market for each product, including any anticipated introduction of competitive products.

Other organizations, such as managed care providers, pharmacy benefit management companies and government agencies, may receive rebates from us based on either negotiated contracts to carry our products or reimbursements for filled prescriptions. These entities are considered our indirect customers. When recognizing a sale to a wholesaler, sales revenues are reduced and accrued liabilities are increased by our estimate of the rebate that may be claimed.

The allowances for chargebacks and accruals for rebates and product returns are the most significant estimates used in the recognition of our revenue from product sales. Of the accounts receivable allowances and our sales related accruals, our accrual for product returns and rebates represents the majority of the balance. Sales related accrued liabilities for rebates, product returns, service fees, and administrative fees totaled $7.8 million each as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Of these amounts, our estimated liability for fee for services represented $1.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively, while our accrual for product returns totaled $3.0 million and $2.7 million, respectively. If the actual amount of cash discounts, chargebacks, rebates, and product returns differs from the amounts estimated by management, material differences may result from the amount of our revenue recognized from product sales. A change in our rebate estimate of one percentage point would have impacted net sales by approximately $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. A change in our product return estimate of one percentage point would have impacted net sales by $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Inventories

We record amounts for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory in an amount equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the net realizable value based upon assumptions about remaining shelf life, future demand and market conditions. The estimated inventory obsolescence amounts are calculated based upon specific review of the inventory expiration dates and the quantity on-hand at December 31, 2025, in comparison to our expected inventory usage. The amount of actual inventory obsolescence and unmarketable inventory could differ (either higher or lower) in the near term from the estimated amounts. Changes in our estimates would be recorded in our statement of operations in the period of the change.

Non-current inventories consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients which typically have an extended life and selected finished good products with an extended life longer than one year.

Income Taxes

We provide for deferred taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards and differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Our principal differences are related to the timing of deductibility of certain items such as depreciation, amortization and expense for options issued to non-employees. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using management’s estimate of tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which management believes those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in our results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

The Company’s accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties arising from income tax settlements is to recognize them as part of the provision for income taxes.

Share-Based Payments

We recognize compensation expense for all share-based payments based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant. In addition, incremental compensation expense is recognized upon the modification of equity awards.

We issue restricted stock and incentive stock option awards to employees, directors and consultants. Compensation expense for restricted equity awards granted to employees and directors is generally equal to the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. If a sufficient disincentive for nonperformance does not exist at the date of grant, the compensation cost is remeasured at each reporting date at the then-current fair market value of the underlying common stock until the award vests.

Research and Development

We accrue for and expense research and development costs based on estimates of work performed, patient enrollment or fixed-fee-for-services. As work is performed and/or invoices are received, we adjust our estimates and accruals. To date, our accruals have not differed materially from our estimates. Total research and development costs are a function of studies being conducted and will increase or decrease based on the level of activity in any particular year.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible assets include product rights, license agreements, other identifiable intangible assets and goodwill associated with the Vibativ acquisition. We assess the impairment of goodwill at least annually. We assess the impairment of identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In determining the recoverability of our intangible assets, we make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows do not exceed the carrying value of the intangible assets, we must determine the fair value of the intangible assets. If the fair value of the intangible assets is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss will be recognized in an amount equal to the difference. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including quoted market prices, third-party independent appraisals and discounted cash flow models, as considered necessary.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Year ended December 31, 2025 compared to year ended December 31, 2024

The following table presents the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Years ended December 31,

Costs and expenses:

Other income - gain on insurance proceeds — 237,089 (237,089)

The following table summarizes net revenues for the years presented:

Years ended December 31,

Products:

Net revenues. Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025, were approximately $44.5 million compared to $37.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As detailed in the table above, the increase in net revenues was due to the growth in sales during 2025 for four marketed products: Sancuso, Vibativ, Talicia and Acetadote.

Sancuso revenue was $11.9 million compared to $9.0 million in the prior year, an increase of $2.9 million or 32.2% for the year ended December 31, 2025. This increase in net revenue was primarily impacted by increased shipments, as well as improvement in product returns in 2025.

Vibativ revenue increased to $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $7.2 million in the same prior year period. The increase was the result of increased shipments of the product, including the product’s new 4-Pak presentation.

Talicia revenue was $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. Talicia is a new product added in the fourth quarter of 2025 resulting from our co-commercialization agreement associated with the product.

Kristalose revenue was $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $15.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily as a result of decreased shipments of the product associated with increased generic substitution. In fourth quarter of 2025, we introduced our crystalline lactulose Authorized Generic product with initial distribution.

Caldolor revenue was $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $5.0 million in the same period last year. This decrease in Caldolor revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, was impacted by a delay in fulfilling an international order.

There was no Vaprisol revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, as Cumberland is currently out of commercial inventory of the product. Net revenue was negatively impacted by various sales deduction adjustments.

Acetadote revenue included net sales of our branded product and our share of net sales from our Authorized Generic. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Acetadote net revenue was $0.5 million, as compared to $0.2 million from the prior year period. This increase resulted primarily higher sales for our Authorized Generic.

We discontinued the product Omeclamox-Pak in 2025. Net revenue was positively impacted by various sales deduction adjustments.

Other Revenue. Other revenue was $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, an increase of $2.8 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to milestone payments recorded of $3.1 million in payments from our international partners.

Cost of products sold. Cost of products sold for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, was $6.7 million and $6.6 million remaining consistent year over year. The gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, were 85.0% and 82.6%, respectively.

Selling and marketing. Selling and marketing expense for the year ended December 31, 2025, was $19.1 million compared to $17.0 million in the prior year, which was an increase of $2.1 million. This increase was primarily a result of an increase in royalty expenses and other costs associated with the increase in product sales.

Research and development. Research and development costs for the year ended December 31, 2025, were $5.6 million, compared to $4.8 million in the prior year, representing an increase of $0.8 million due primarily to increased FDA fees and manufacturing costs. A portion of our research and development costs is variable based on the number of trials, study sites, number of patients and the cost per patient in each of our clinical programs. We continue to fund our ongoing clinical initiatives associated with our pipeline products.

The following table shows the primary components of our research and development expenses for the years ended December 31:

External research and development expenses

Internal research and development expenses

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025, were $11.9 million compared to $11.1 million in the prior year. The increase was due to higher compensation expenses.

Amortization. Amortization expense represent the ratable use of our capitalized intangible assets including product and license rights, patents, trademarks and patent defense costs. Amortization for 2025 totaled approximately $4.0 million which is a decrease of $0.7 million compared to the same prior year period primarily attributable to an additional amortization expense in 2024 related to the reduction in the valuation of the Acetadote assets.

Income taxes. Income taxes expense was $40,256 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a $22,669 tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other income (loss). For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded a slight loss on the investment related to THI based on the operating results of that company and our 30% ownership position. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a gain of $0.2 million for a payout earned on a company owned insurance policy.

The components of the statements of operations discussed above reflect the following impacts from Vibativ:

Financial Impact of Vibativ Years ended December 31,

(1) 2025 net revenue includes a $2,975,000 milestone payment and $14,690 for other product related revenue.

(2) The Vibativ inventory included in the costs of product sold during the period was acquired and paid for by Cumberland as part of the acquisition of the brand during 2018.

The components of the statements of operations discussed above reflect the following impacts from Sancuso:

Financial Impact of Sancuso Years ended December 31,

(1) The Sancuso inventory included in the costs of product sold was acquired and paid for by Cumberland as part of the acquisition of the brand during 2022.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows provided by our operations, the amounts borrowed and available under our line of credit and the cash proceeds from our initial public offering of common stock that was completed in August 2009 and the cash proceeds from utilizing our ATM program in February 2025. We believe that our internally generated cash flows, existing working capital and our line of credit will be adequate to finance internal growth, finance business development initiatives, and fund capital expenditures for the foreseeable future.

At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all our investments had original maturities of less than ninety days and as a result were classified as cash equivalents.

The following table summarizes our liquidity and working capital as of the years ended December 31:

Working capital (current assets less current liabilities) $ 315,348 $ 4,830,429

Current ratio (multiple of current assets to current liabilities) 1.0 1.2

The following table summarizes our net changes in cash and cash equivalents for the years ended December 31:

Cash provided by (used in):

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents $ (6,519,491) $ (357,440)

The net $6.5 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents for the year ended December 31, 2025, was attributable to cash used in financing and investing activities offset by cash provided by operating activities.

Cash used in investing activities of $4.7 million is primarily due to the $2.0 million investment in Talicia and the $2.5 million payments related to the Kindos project.

Cash used in financing activities of $6.7 million was primarily due to $10.0 million payments on our line of credit, payments of $1.7 million of contingent consideration for Vibativ and Sancuso, $0.3 million in cash used to repurchase shares of our common stock, partially offset by $5.3 million proceeds from the ATM offering.

Cash provided by operating activities of $4.9 million was primarily driven by a $6.7 million increase in accounts payable and other current liabilities, a $0.5 million increase in other long‐term liabilities, and a $1.1 million non‐cash add‐back adjustment to net loss. These major sources of cash inflow were partially offset by a $5.2 million increase in accounts receivable and a $0.2 million increase in other current assets and other assets.

As noted above, we continue to repurchase shares of our common stock, as discussed in Part II, Item 5, "Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities", of this Form 10-K. With the ATM offering in February 2025, the repurchase of our common stock ceased in January 2025.

The net $0.4 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents for the year ended December 31, 2024, was attributable to cash used in operating activities offset by cash provided by financing and investing activities. Cash used in operating activities of $0.6 million is primarily due to an increase in accounts receivable of $1.9 million, a decrease in non-cash contingent consideration of $1.5 million, an increase in CSV of life insurance policies over premiums paid of $0.1 million, the gain on insurance proceeds of $0.2 million and a $1.0 million decrease in operating lease liabilities, partially offset by an increase in inventory of $2.4 million and an increase in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities. Cash provided by investing activities less than $0.1 million was the result of more life insurance proceeds received offset by additions of intangibles and property. Cash provided by financing activities of $0.2 million was primarily due to a $2.5 million net borrowing, partially offset by payments of $1.7 million of contingent consideration for Vibativ and Sancuso, and $0.6 million in cash used to repurchase shares of our common stock.

Shelf Registration

On December 14, 2023, the Company filed a Shelf Registration on Form S-3 with the SEC associated with the sale of up to $100 million in corporate securities which also was declared effective on December 26, 2023. The Company entered into a Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“H.C. Wainwright”) on March 20, 2024, in order to allow the Company to sell shares at market prices.

On February 5, 2025, the Company utilized the Sales Agreement with H. C. Wainwright and sold 1,000,000 shares of Cumberland’s common shares under the ATM program. These shares sold at a volume weighted average price of $5.4688 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $5,468,800.

On February 14, 2025, the Company increased the maximum aggregate offering amount of the shares of the Company’s common stock issuable in the ATM program under the Sales Agreement with H.C. Wainwright for to up to $10 million and filed a prospectus supplement under the Sales Agreement for that aggregate offering amount.

Debt Agreement

On September 5, 2023, the Company entered into a new Revolving Credit Loan Agreement with Pinnacle Bank. This facility provides for an aggregate principal funding amount of up to $25 million. The initial revolving line of credit was up to $20 million, with the ability for Cumberland to increase the amount to $25 million, under certain conditions. It had a three year term expiring on October 1, 2026. The interest rate is based on Benchmark (Term SOFR) plus a spread of 2.75%. Cumberland was initially subject to one financial covenant, the maintenance of a Funded Debt Ratio, determined on a quarterly basis. Borrowings under the line of credit are collateralized by substantially all of our assets.

On May 6, 2024, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Loan Agreement which provided an alternative to the financial covenant by delivering to the lender a borrowing base certificate and complying with certain borrowing base requirements which set forth a maximum revolver amount equal to the lessor of (a) up to $20 million or (b) the sum of the Company's cash balances and eligible accounts receivable.

On November 18, 2025, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Revolving Credit Note and Second Amendment to the Credit Loan Agreement. The Amendment provides for a principal available for borrowing of up to $15 million. The Company has the right to request an increase of up to an additional $10 million. The aggregate principal funding amount remains unchanged of up to $25 million. The Company is subject to a financial covenant, maintenance of a Minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio determined on a quarterly basis, along with Borrowing Base Requirements, as defined. The Amendment extends the maturity date to October 1, 2027.

Minimum Product Purchase Requirements

Our manufacturing and supply agreements do not require minimum annual purchase obligations.

Contractual cash obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations as of December 31, 2025:

Payments Due by Year

1.The sum of the individual amounts may not agree due to rounding.

2.The line of credit payments represent the estimated unused line of credit payments and the amount due at maturity. The estimated interest on debt represents the interest on the principal outstanding on the line of credit. These amounts are based on the $5.2 million line of credit assuming the current $5.2 million balance outstanding on December 31, 2025 is consistently outstanding through maturity of October 2027. Interest and unused line of credit payments are due and payable quarterly in arrears.

3.The contingent consideration liability represents the fair value of the royalty payments of up to 5% of future net sales as part of the Vibativ acquisition.

4.The contingent consideration liability represents the fair value of the royalty payments of up to 10% of future net sales as part of the Sancuso acquisition.

5.The other investment liability represents the remaining amount due to THI.

6.Talicia co-commercialization represents the obligation of up to $2 million for distributing, marketing and sales related costs.

7.The Broadwest contractual cash obligation began upon commencement in October 2022 and CET began May 2023.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

During 2025 and 2024 we did not engage in any off-balance sheet arrangements.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued final guidance in Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which is intended to improve transparency of segment disclosures, primarily through expanded disclosures for significant segment expenses. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning in 2024 and interim periods beginning in 2025. With the Company having only one segment, the adoption, effective January 1, 2024, did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("Update 2023-09"), which expands income tax disclosure requirements to include additional information related to the rate reconciliation of our effective tax rates to statutory rates as well as additional disaggregation of taxes paid. The amendments in Update 2023-09 also remove disclosures related to certain unrecognized tax benefits and deferred taxes. Update 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We adopted Update 2023-09 effective for this annual report for the year ended December 31, 2025 on a prospective basis.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates on our cash on deposit in highly-liquid money market accounts and revolving credit facility. We do not utilize derivative financial instruments or other market risk-sensitive instruments to manage exposure to interest rate changes. The main objective of our cash investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing interest income through low-risk investments. Our investment policy focuses on principal preservation and liquidity.

We believe that our interest rate risk related to our cash and cash equivalents is not material. The risk related to interest rates for these accounts would produce less income than expected if market interest rates fall. Based on current interest rates, we do not believe we are exposed to significant downside risk related to a change in interest on our money market accounts. The Company did not have any investments in marketable securities at December 31, 2025.

The interest rate risk related to borrowings under our line of credit is based on a benchmark (Term SOFR) plus a spread of 2.75%. As of December 31, 2025, we had $5.2 million in borrowings outstanding under our revolving line of credit.

Exchange Rate Risk

While we operate primarily in the U.S., we are exposed to foreign currency risk. A portion of our research and development is performed abroad.

Currently, we do not utilize financial instruments to hedge exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. We believe our exposure to foreign currency fluctuation is minimal as our purchases in foreign currency have a maximum exposure of 90 days based on invoice terms with a portion of the exposure being limited to 30 days based on the due date of the invoice. Foreign currency exchange losses were immaterial for 2025 and 2024. Neither a five percent increase nor decrease from current exchange rates would have had a material effect on our operating results or financial condition.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

See consolidated financial statements, including the reports of the independent registered public accounting firm, starting on page F-1, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with the participation of other members of management, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") as of December 31, 2025. Based on such evaluations, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective (at the reasonable assurance level) to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting is included on page F-1 of this annual report on Form 10-K, and incorporated herein by reference. During our fourth quarter of 2025, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f)) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

(a) Recent Developments

Form 8-K, Item 5.02(e). Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers

On March 4, 2026, the Company entered into new employment agreements with each of A.J. Kazimi, our Chief Executive Officer (the “Kazimi Employment Agreement”), Jim Herman, our Vice President Trade and Distribution (the “Herman Employment Agreement”), Todd Anthony, our Vice President Organizational Development (the “Anthony Employment Agreement”), Chris T. Bitterman, Vice President Sales and Marketing (the “Bitterman Employment Agreement”) and John M. Hamm, our Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (the “Hamm Employment Agreement”), and together with the Kazimi Employment Agreement, the Herman Employment Agreement, the Anthony Employment Agreement, the Bitterman Employment Agreement and the Hamm Employment Agreement, (the “Employment Agreements”). The Employment Agreements were effective as of January 1, 2025.

Employment Agreements

Each Employment Agreement provides for a salary for services performed, a potential annual bonus and a grant of restricted incentive stock options pursuant to a restricted stock agreement. Under the terms of each Employment Agreement, employment is at-will and may be terminated by the Company at any time, with or without notice and with or without cause. Similarly, each of Mr. Kazimi, Mr. Herman, Mr. Anthony, Mr. Bitterman, and Mr. Hamm may terminate his respective employment with us at any time, with or without notice. The Employment Agreements do not provide for any severance payments in the event employment is terminated for cause nor any severance benefits in the event employment is terminated as a result of death or permanent disability. The Employment Agreements include non-competition, non-solicitation and non-disclosure covenants on the part of employees. The Employment Agreements impose obligations regarding confidential information and state that any discoveries or improvements conceived, developed or otherwise made by the employees, or with others, are deemed our sole property. The Employment Agreements do not contain any termination or change in control provisions.

Kazimi Employment Agreement

Pursuant to the Kazimi Employment Agreement, Mr. Kazimi will serve as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and will receive a base salary of $765,000.

The foregoing description of the Kazimi Employment Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Kazimi Employment Agreement, which is included as Exhibit 10.11 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference into this Item. The foregoing description of the Kazimi Employment Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such exhibit.

Herman Employment Agreement

Pursuant to the Herman Employment Agreement, Mr. Herman will serve as the Company’s Vice President Trade and Distribution and will receive a base salary of $207,000.

The foregoing description of the Herman Employment Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Herman Employment Agreement, which is included as Exhibit 10.12 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference into this Item. The foregoing description of the Herman Employment Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such exhibit.

Anthony Employment Agreement

Pursuant to the Anthony Employment Agreement, Mr. Anthony will serve as the Company’s Vice President Organizational Development and will receive a base salary of $311,000.

The foregoing description of the Anthony Employment Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Anthony Employment Agreement, which is included as Exhibit 10.13 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference into this Item. The foregoing description of the Anthony Employment Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such exhibit.

Bitterman Employment Agreement

Pursuant to the Bitterman Employment Agreement, Mr. Bitterman will serve as the Company’s Vice President Sales and Marketing and will receive a base salary of $280,000.

The foregoing description of the Bitterman Employment Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Bitterman Employment Agreement, which is included as Exhibit 10.14 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference into this Item. The foregoing description of the Bitterman Employment Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such exhibit.

Hamm Employment Agreement

Pursuant to the Hamm Employment Agreement, Mr. Hamm will serve as the Company’s Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and will receive a base salary of $267,600.

The foregoing description of the Hamm Employment Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Hamm Employment Agreement, which is included as Exhibit 10.15 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated by reference into this Item. The foregoing description of the Hamm Employment Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such exhibit.

(b) Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies

During the three months ended December 31, 2025, no “director” or “officer” (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C:Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

PART III

The information called for by Part III of Form 10-K (Item 10 – Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance, Item 11 – Executive Compensation, Item 12 – Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters, Item 13 – Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence, Item 14 – Principal Accountant Fees and Services), is incorporated by reference from our proxy statement related to our 2026 annual meeting of shareholders, which is expected to be filed with the SEC on or around March 9, 2026.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

a.Documents filed as part of this report:

(1) Financial Statements

Page Number

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting F-1

Consolidated Balance Sheets F-4

Consolidated Statements of Operations F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-6

Consolidated Statements of Equity F-8

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-9

(2) Financial Statement Schedule

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts F-39

b. Exhibits

ExhibitNumber Description

23.1 Consent of Carr, Riggs & Ingram, LLC

101.SCH INLINE XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA DOCUMENT

101.CAL INLINE XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

101.DEF INLINE XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

101.LAB INLINE XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE DOCUMENT

101.PRE INLINE XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

# Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

** Furnished herewith.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

Registrants may voluntarily include a summary of information required by Form 10-K under this Item 16. The Company has elected not to include such summary information.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on March 6, 2026.

Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

/s/ A. J. Kazimi

By: A. J. Kazimi

Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature Title Date

/s/ A. J. Kazimi Chairman and CEO March 6, 2026

A. J. Kazimi (Principal Executive Officer and Director)

/s/ John M. Hamm Vice President, Chief Financial Officer March 6, 2026

John M. Hamm (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer

/s/ Gordon R. Bernard Director March 6, 2026

Gordon R. Bernard

/s/ James R. Jones Director March 6, 2026

James R. Jones

/s/ Caroline R. Young Director March 6, 2026

Caroline R. Young

/s/ Kenneth J. Krogulski Director March 6, 2026

Kenneth J. Krogulski

/s/ Joseph C. Galante Director March 6, 2026

Joseph C. Galante

/s/ Martin S. Brown, Jr. Director March 6, 2026

Martin S. Brown, Jr.

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The management of Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on its assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

/s/ A. J. Kazimi

A. J. Kazimi

Chief Executive Officer

/s/ John M. Hamm

John M. Hamm

Chief Financial Officer

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee of Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes and schedule (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Customer Allowances for Chargebacks, Discounts and Damaged Goods, and Accruals for Rebates, Coupons, Product Returns, and Certain Fees

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the allowances against accounts receivable and accrued liabilities for chargebacks, discounts, service fees and expired product returns are determined on a product-by-product basis and established by management as the Company’s best estimate at the time of sale based on each product’s historical experience adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. These allowances are established based on the contractual terms with direct and indirect customers and analyses of historical levels of chargebacks, discounts and returns of expired product.

F-2

As of December 31, 2025, allowances in accounts receivable for chargebacks, cash discounts, and damaged goods were $1.2 million and the estimated liability for rebates, coupons, product returns, and certain fees were $7.8 million. These provisions are recognized concurrently with the sales of products. Provisions for chargebacks involve estimates of usage by retailers and other indirect buyers with varying contract prices for multiple wholesalers. The provision for chargebacks varies in relation to changes in sales volume, product mix, pricing, and the level of inventory at the wholesalers. Provisions are calculated using historical chargeback experience, and/or expected chargeback levels for new products and anticipated pricing changes. Provisions for rebates are recognized based on contractual obligations in place at the time of sales with consideration given to relevant factors that may affect the payment, as well as historical experience for estimated market activity. Provisions for product returns are calculated based on the expiration dates of products sold, the window where customers are permitted to return products, and the history of returns for individual products in relation to the sales volume for each product.

We identified the customer allowances for chargebacks, discounts, and damaged goods and accruals for rebates, coupons, product returns, and certain fees as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration for our determination was the significant measurement uncertainty involved in developing the reserves. Management exercises judgment in computing the amount of sales subject to the allowances and tracks the amount of allowances taken over time. All of this in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions, which includes the assumption that historical activity is a good predictor of future allowance activity and modifications made to calculations based on more recent history.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•Tested management’s process for calculating certain allowances and developed an independent expectation of the reserve balance for the remaining allowances.

•Performed a look back analysis of prior year reserves compared to actual experience in the current year.

•Tested the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used to estimate the accrual by evaluating a service organization from which data was obtained, agreeing sales data used in the calculations to reports that were reconciled to the consolidated financial statements, reconciling various allowance percentages to signed customer contracts, and tracing allowance amounts used by various customers during the year to supporting documentation.

•Evaluated the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management in the computation of selected allowances, including comparison to historical results and considering recent changes in factors that could influence claims, such as changes in the shelf life of the products.

•Tested the clerical accuracy of individual customer allowances computed by management and agreeing the total of all estimated allowances to the respective accounts on the consolidated financial statements.

•Compared actual activity for chargebacks, discounts, and damaged goods and rebates, coupons, product returns, and certain fees reported after December 31, 2025, to estimated reserves and accruals on the December 31, 2025, consolidated balance sheet.

/s/ Carr, Riggs & Ingram, LLC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

Nashville, Tennessee

March 6, 2026

F-3

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, 2025 and 2024

ASSETS

Current assets:

Investment in co-commercialization 3,986,780 —

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Current liabilities:

Revolving line of credit - current — 5,100,000

Other investment liabilities 5,074,504 —

Equity:

Shareholders’ equity:

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenues:

Costs and expenses:

Other income - gain on insurance proceeds — 237,089

Equity in loss of investee (13,220) —

Net loss attributable to common shareholders $ (2,836,128) $ (6,479,770)

Loss per share attributable to common shareholders:

Weighted-average common shares outstanding:

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Cash flows from operating activities:

Loss on co-commercialization investment 13,220 —

Disposal of assets — 2,691

Increase (decrease) in non-cash contingent consideration 46,569 (1,460,804)

Life insurance proceeds — (237,089)

Net changes in assets and liabilities affecting operating activities:

Accounts payable and other current liabilities 6,709,196 (991,359)

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 4,932,522 (612,186)

Cash flows from investing activities:

Additions to property and equipment (97,903) (66,461)

Net investment in manufacturing (2,477,192) —

Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies (47,000) —

Life insurance policy proceeds received — 237,556

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (4,706,497) 57,842

Cash flows from financing activities:

Borrowings on line of credit — 38,488,920

Proceeds from ATM offering, net 5,266,334 —

Payments made in connection with repurchase of common shares (263,478) (579,049)

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (6,745,516) 196,904

F-6

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

Net cash paid during the year for:

Total cash paid included in measurement of lease liability 836,100 863,320

Noncash investing and financing activities:

Change in unpaid invoices for intangible asset additions 4,727 530

Change in unpaid invoices for offering costs 62 (69,701)

Lease liability obtained from right-of-use assets 438,311 128,039

Other investment liability 2,000,000 —

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

F-7

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Equity

Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc. Shareholders

Common stock Accumulated deficit Non-controlling interest Total equity

Shares Amount

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

F-8

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1) Organization

Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Cumberland,” the “Company,” or as used in the context of “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of branded prescription products. The Company’s primary target markets are hospital acute care, gastroenterology and oncology. These medical specialties are characterized by relatively concentrated prescriber bases that the Company believes can be penetrated effectively by small, targeted sales forces. Cumberland is dedicated to providing innovative products that improve quality of care for patients and address unmet or poorly met medical needs. The Company promotes its approved products through its hospital, field and oncology sales forces in the United States and is establishing a network of international partners to bring its medicines to patients in their countries.

Cumberland focuses its resources on maximizing the commercial potential of its products, as well as developing new product candidates, and has both internal development and commercial capabilities. The Company’s products are manufactured by third parties, which are overseen by Cumberland’s quality and manufacturing professionals. The Company works closely with its third-party distribution partners to make its products available in the United States.

In order to build a pipeline of early-stage product candidates, the Company formed a subsidiary, Cumberland Emerging Technologies, Inc. ("CET"), which teams with universities and other research organizations to help advance scientific discoveries from the laboratory to the marketplace.

In April, 2019, CET entered into an agreement with HongKong WinHealth Pharma Group Co. Limited ("WinHealth") whereby WinHealth made a $1.0 million investment through the purchase of shares of CET stock. As part of the agreement, WinHealth obtained a board position at CET and the first opportunity to license CET products for the Chinese market. In connection with WinHealth's investment in CET, Cumberland also made an additional $1.0 million investment in CET.

The Company’s ownership in CET is now 85% while the remaining interest is owned by WinHealth, Vanderbilt University and the Tennessee Technology Development Corporation. The operating results of CET allocated to noncontrolling interests in the consolidated statements of operations was loss of $28,583 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and a income of $36,055 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Effective January 1, 2007, the Company formed a wholly-owned subsidiary, Cumberland Pharma Sales Corp. ("CPSC"). CPSC is the subsidiary that employs the Company's hospital, field and oncology sales force personnel.

In December 2017, the Company formed the Cumberland Pharma Foundation (the "Foundation") to serve as a vehicle to facilitate the ongoing philanthropic endeavors of Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc.

The Foundation was formed as a nonprofit corporation designed to qualify as a tax-exempt organization pursuant to Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Foundation’s Board of Directors is comprised of Cumberland executives who are responsible for overseeing the Foundation’s ongoing activities including charitable contributions.

In 2018, Cumberland provided a grant of 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Foundation. The shares will address the ongoing financial needs of the Foundation. The organization also plans to hold a portion of the shares for long-term appreciation. The Foundation maintains separate financial statements and its ongoing operations do not impact the financial statements of Cumberland. Initial annual grants by the Foundation have been and are expected to remain consistent with the historic level of contributions made by Cumberland. Since 2019, Cumberland has made annual cash contributions to the Foundation except in the year 2024 where there was no contribution made. In 2025, the Company made a cash contribution of $40,000.

F-9

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(2) Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company are stated in U.S. dollars and are prepared using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions and conditions. The Company’s most significant estimates include: (1) its allowances for chargebacks and accruals for rebates and product returns, (2) the allowances for obsolescent or unmarketable inventory, (3) valuation of contingent consideration liability associated with business combinations and (4) evaluation of continuing utility of intangible assets.

Segment Reporting

The Company has one operating segment which is specialty pharmaceutical products. Management has chosen to organize the Company based on the type of products sold. Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is evaluated by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company, which uses consolidated financial information in determining how to allocate resources and assess performance, evaluated that our specialty pharmaceutical products compete in similar economic markets and similar circumstances. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are located in the United States. Total revenues are primarily attributable to U.S. customers. Net revenues from customers outside the United States were approximately $4.9 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

F-10

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value of financial assets and liabilities is the price the Company would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date. The Company’s fair value measurements follow the appropriate rules as well as the fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop the measurements. It applies whenever other guidance requires (or permits) assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value and gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).

A summary of the fair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels is described below:

Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable by correlation or other means.

Level 3 - Significant inputs to the valuation model are unobservable.

We maintain policies and procedures to value instruments using the best and most relevant data available. The following section describes the valuation methodologies we use to measure different financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis.

The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, contingent consideration liability and a revolving line of credit. The carrying values for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. The revolving line of credit has a variable interest rate, which approximates the current market rate.

The Company’s contingent consideration liability is a Level 3 fair value measurement that is updated on a recurring basis at each reporting period using a valuation model. Consistent with Level 3 fair value measurements, there are significant inputs to the valuation model that are unobservable.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds. The Company monitors concentration of credit risk with the financial institutions in which it conducts business. The Company has cash deposits which fluctuate in excess of federally insured limits throughout the year.

F-11

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. The Company records allowances for amounts that could become uncollectible in the future based on historical experience, as well as amounts related to chargebacks and cash discounts. The Company reviews each customer balance to assess collection status.

The majority of the Company’s products are distributed through independent pharmaceutical wholesalers. The allowances against accounts receivable for chargebacks and discounts are determined on a product-by-product basis, and established by management as the Company’s best estimate at the time of sale based on each product’s historical experience adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. These allowances are established based on the contractual terms with direct and indirect customers and analyses of historical levels of chargebacks and discounts. The allowances in accounts receivable for chargebacks and cash discounts were $0.9 million and $1.1 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Other organizations, such as managed care providers, pharmacy benefit management companies and government agencies, may receive rebates from the Company based on either negotiated contracts to carry the Company’s products or reimbursements for filled prescriptions. In conjunction with recognizing a sale to a wholesaler, revenues are reduced and accrued liabilities are increased by the Company’s estimate of the rebate that may be claimed. Cash discounts are reductions to invoiced amounts offered to customers for payment within a specified period of time from the date of the invoice.

Inventories

The Company works closely with third parties to manufacture and package finished goods for sale. Based on the customer relationship with the manufacturer or packager, the Company will either take title to finished goods at the time of shipment or at the time of arrival from the manufacturer. The Company then warehouses such goods until distribution and sale at third party facilities located in the U.S. and international locations. Periodic inventory counts are made by the warehouse teams and by the Company on a regular basis. In addition, the Company re-tests API inventory prior to use to confirm product expiration. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method.

The Company continually evaluates inventories for potential losses due to expired, short-dated or slow-moving inventory by comparing sales history and sales projections to the inventory on hand. When evidence indicates the carrying value of a product may not be recoverable, a charge is recorded to reduce the inventory to its current net realizable value.

Non-current inventories consist of APIs which typically have an extended life and selected finished good products with an extended life longer than one year.

F-12

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Prepaid and Other Current Assets

Prepaid and other current assets consist of deferred offering costs, prepaid insurance premiums, prepaid consulting services, deposits and annual fees paid to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). The Company expenses all prepaid and other current asset amounts as used or over the period of benefit primarily on a straight-line basis, as applicable.

In November 2017, the Company filed its Shelf Registration on Form S-3 with the SEC associated with the sale of up to $100 million in corporate securities. The Shelf Registration was declared effective in January 2018. It also included an At the Market ("ATM") feature that allows the Company to sell common shares at market prices. The Company filed an updated Form S-3 with the SEC in December 2020 (the “Prior Registration Statement”), which was declared effective in January 2021.

The Company filed an updated Form S-3 with the SEC on December 14, 2023, which was declared effective on December 26, 2023 (the “Current Registration Statement”). The Company entered into an agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“H.C. Wainwright”) to establish a new ATM program under the Current Registration Statement. On March 20, 2024, the Company filed a related prospectus supplement in connection with the sale and issuance of shares having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $5.8 million.

The Company has recorded deferred offering costs for payments directly related to the current Shelf Registration on Form S-3 that was completed during December 2021 and December 2023. These costs consist of legal and accounting fees that the Company has capitalized. Deferred costs associated with the Shelf Registration will be reclassified to additional paid in capital on a pro-rata basis as the Company completes sales of shares under the Shelf Registration.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the initial lease term plus renewal options, if reasonably assured, or the remaining useful life of the asset. Upon retirement or disposal of assets, any gain or loss is reflected as a component of operating loss in the consolidated statement of operations. Improvements that extend an asset’s useful life are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The Company’s intangible assets and goodwill consist of capitalized costs related to product and license rights, patents, trademarks and goodwill obtained in the Vibativ and Sancuso acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized for financial reporting purposes, but is subject to impairment analysis at least annually.

The cost of acquiring product and license rights are capitalized at fair value at the date of acquisition for products that are approved by the FDA for commercial use. These costs are amortized ratably over the estimated economic life of the product. The economic life is estimated based upon several factors. This includes the term of the license agreement, the patent life or market exclusivity of the product as well as management’s expectations of continued involvement with the product and the assessment of future sales, the future periods under which the product will be sold and the profitability of the product. This estimate is evaluated on a regular basis during the amortization period and adjusted if appropriate. If there are any changes made to the useful life of the product and license rights, the costs associated with such a change, if any, will be capitalized and amortized over the revised useful life.

F-13

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Capitalized patent costs consist of outside legal costs associated with obtaining and protecting patents on products that have been approved for marketing by the FDA. If it becomes probable that a patent will not be issued or a patent has been declared invalid, related costs associated with the patent application are expensed at the time such determination is made. All costs associated with obtaining patents for products that have not been approved for marketing by the FDA are expensed as incurred.

Amortization expense is recognized ratably over the following periods:

Product rights Estimated economic life

License rights Term of license agreement

Patents Life of patent

Trade and Note Receivables

Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) is applicable to all financial assets measured at amortized cost. All financial instruments are evaluated, which principally relates to trade receivables and two notes receivable. CECL requires the measurement of expected credit losses on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. This may include, either individually or in combination, some of the following characteristics of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 326-20-55-5:

•Internal or external credit score/rating

•Risk ratings or classification

•Financial asset type

•Size

•Effective interest rate

•Term

•Geographical location

•Historical or expected credit loss patterns

•Reasonable and supportable forecast periods

The standard requires entities to pool financial assets but allows them to choose which risk characteristics to use. Under the requirements of the guidance, the Company reassesses at the end of each reporting period whether the pool of assets continue to display similar risk characteristics.

With twenty years of experience, Cumberland has experienced virtually no write downs of receivables as most of our receivables are due from large successful pharmaceutical, healthcare or government customers, consistently making payments on account. Although the payment behaviors of all of our customers are consistently reliable, for the sake of transparency, we have separated our customer base into seven separate pools. The Company performs a monthly analysis of aged accounts receivable to determine how much, if any, of the accounts receivable balance should be reserved as potential bad debt. The Company reviews all balances over 90 days past due for a possible reserve and considers any specific factors or information for balances aged under 90 days if there are indicators that the balance should be reserved, such as other aged balances with the customer or bankruptcy as well as any economic issues with a customer, industry or region.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets and intangible assets subject to depreciation and amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If events or circumstances arise that require a long-lived asset to be tested for potential impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset to its carrying value. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including quoted market prices, third-party independent appraisals and discounted cash flow models.

F-14

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Goodwill and other indefinite lived intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are tested at least annually for impairment. The impairment analysis for goodwill requires a comparison of fair value to the carrying value of the reporting unit. The Company’s goodwill was acquired in November 2018 with the Vibativ acquisition and in January 2022 with the Sancuso acquisition. As a result, the Vibativ and Sancuso components of the Company are the reporting units evaluated for goodwill impairment. Cumberland determined the fair value of the reporting units through current and future estimated revenue and profitability of the product. In 2024, the Company recorded a non-cash write down of $0.4 million related to patent defense cost of our Acetadote product, which is included in amortization expense in the statement of operations.

Revolving Line of Credit

The Company’s policy is to classify a debt obligation as current that otherwise meets the conditions of noncurrent classification when both of the following conditions are met:

1.The Company either a) has the ability and intent to repay the obligation within one year after the balance sheet date, or b) repays the obligation after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued.

2.The repayment of the debt is made with assets that were classified as current as of the balance sheet date.

Joint Venture Agreement

In August 2020, Cumberland entered into an agreement with WinHealth Investment (Singapore) Ltd creating WHC Biopharmaceuticals, Pte. Ltd. The joint venture, as a limited liability company, focuses on acquiring, developing, registering, and commercializing development stage and commercial stage biopharmaceuticals for China, Hong Kong and other Asian markets. The agreement provided for initial investment from WinHealth in the form of a $0.2 million equity contribution and an initial investment from Cumberland in the form of $0.2 million convertible note. The joint venture will seek additional future capital from additional investors and has entered into exclusive option agreements to license intellectual property from both Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Cumberland Emerging Technologies.

Net Product Revenue

Revenues from product sales are recognized in the amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive for these goods. Depending upon the shipping terms of the transaction, the revenue is recognized at the point where the customer obtains control of the goods and we satisfy our performance obligation. This occurs upon either shipment of the product or arrival at its ship to destination. Payment terms typically range from 30 to 60 days from date of shipment. The Company’s net product revenue reflects the reduction from gross product revenue for estimated allowances for chargebacks, discounts and damaged goods, and reflects sales related accruals for rebates, coupons, product returns, and certain administrative and service fees. Significant judgments must be made in determining the transaction price for our sales of products related to these adjustments.

Sales Rebates and Discounts

The allowances against accounts receivable and accrued liabilities for chargebacks, discounts, service fees and expired product returns are determined on a product-by-product basis, and established by management as the Company’s best estimate at the time of sale based on each product’s historical experience adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. These allowances are established based on the contractual terms with direct and indirect customers and analyses of historical levels of chargebacks, discounts and returns of expired product.

Other organizations, such as managed care providers, pharmacy benefit management companies and government agencies, may receive rebates from the Company based on either negotiated contracts to carry the Company’s products or reimbursements for filled prescriptions. In conjunction with recognizing a sale to a wholesaler, sales revenues are reduced and accrued liabilities are increased by the Company’s estimate of the rebate that may be claimed.

F-15

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Sales Returns

Consistent with industry practice, the Company maintains a return policy that allows customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date. The Company’s estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience, expiration date by product as well as any other factor expected to impact future returns. Any changes in the assumptions used to estimate the provision for returns are recognized in the period those assumptions are changed.

Other Revenues

Other revenues primarily consist of income from non-refundable upfront payments and milestone payments under licensing agreements, contract services, grant funding programs and rental income. Revenue related to grants is recognized when all conditions related to such grants have been met. All other revenue is recognized when earned.

Cost of Products Sold

Cost of products sold consists principally of the cost to acquire each unit of product sold, including in-bound freight expense as well as any adjustment in the net realizable value of inventory acquired in acquisitions. Cost of products sold also includes expenses associated with the reduction in the net realizable value of slow-moving or expired product.

Selling and Marketing Expense

Selling and marketing expense consists primarily of expenses relating to the advertising, promotion, distribution and sale of products, including royalty expense, salaries and related costs.

Distribution Costs

Distribution costs are expensed as incurred and are included as a component of selling and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.Distribution costs were as follows for the years ended December 31:

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included as a component of selling and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.Advertising costs were as follows for the years ended December 31:

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development costs are comprised mainly of clinical trial and regulatory expenses, salaries, wages, fees paid to government regulators and other related costs such as materials and supplies. Research and development expense includes activities performed by third-party providers participating in the Company’s clinical studies. The Company accounts for these costs based on estimates of work performed, patients enrolled or fixed fees for services over the period of time the clinical trials are performed.

F-16

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Income Taxes

The Company provides for deferred taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, as well as differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The Company’s principal differences are related to the timing of deductibility of certain items, such as inventory, depreciation, amortization and share-based compensation. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted statutory tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in the years such temporary differences are anticipated to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period of enactment. The Company only recognizes income tax benefits associated with an income tax position in which it is “more likely than not” that the position would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of existing temporary differences, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

The Company’s accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties arising from income tax settlements is to recognize them as part of the provision for income taxes.

Loss per Share

Basic loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding. Except where the result would be antidilutive, diluted loss per share is calculated by assuming the vesting of unvested restricted stock and the exercise of stock options and warrants and unrecognized compensation costs.

Share-Based Payments

The Company recognizes compensation cost for all share-based payments issued, modified, repurchased or canceled. Depending on the nature of the vesting provisions, restricted stock awards are measured using either the fair value on the grant date or the fair value of common stock on the date the vesting provisions lapse. Prior to the lapse for those equity grants not valued on the grant date, the fair value is measured on the last day of the reporting period.

F-17

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Co-Commercialization, Stock Agreements and Collaborative Arrangement

On October 20, 2025, Cumberland announced strategic arrangements with RedHill Biopharma Ltd. (“RedHill”), a specialty biopharmaceutical company, to jointly commercialize Talicia®. Based on the terms of the Co-Commercialization Agreement (“Co-Agreement”), Cumberland will assume responsibility for the product’s distribution in the U. S. market and record the product sales. Cumberland will provide an annual investment of up to $2 million for certain distribution, marketing and sales costs.

At the same time, RedHill formed a new company- Talicia Holdings Inc. (“THI”). RedHill contributed all its Talicia assets to THI, including the product’s growing international licenses with associated revenues.

Also executed was a Stockholders Agreement (“Stock Agreement”) with Cumberland and RedHill, enabling Cumberland to acquire 30% equity interest in THI in return for $4 million investment capital - $2 million at execution and $2 million payable on the one year anniversary of the Stock Agreement. The investment will be accounted for based on the equity method of accounting, recording Cumberland’s share of THI’s profit and loss to other income (loss). At year-end, Cumberland’s statement of operations recognized a loss on the investment of $13,220.

Cumberland classifies cash distributions received from equity‐method investees using the cumulative earnings approach in accordance with ASC 230‐10‐45‐21D. Under this policy, distributions up to the Cumberland’s share of the investee’s cumulative earnings are presented as operating cash flows, and distributions in excess of that amount are presented as investing cash flows.

Based on the terms of ASC 808-10-50, the Co-Commercialization and Stock Agreements with THI constitute a Collaborative Arrangement. As noted above, Cumberland is responsible for product distribution and records product sales. THI is responsible for product manufacturing, maintaining the product’s NDA, medical affairs and other regulatory responsibilities.

Following is summarized financial information related to the collaboration with THI for the year ended:

Net sales of Talicia recorded by Cumberland $ 3,311,235

General and administrative 1,139,583

Following is summarized financial information of amounts due to and due from Cumberland for the year ended:

Other accrued liabilities $ 8,928 $ — $ 8,928

Amounts due to THI for inventory and royalties $ 7,232,170

F-18

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Collaborative Agreements

The Company is a party to several collaborative arrangements with research institutions to identify and pursue promising pharmaceutical product candidates. The funding for these programs is primarily provided through Federal Small Business Administration (SBIR/STTR) and other grant awards. The Company has determined that these collaborative agreements, with the exception of the collaborative payment discussed in Note 3, related to the Vibativ and Sancuso contingent consideration payments, do not meet the criteria for accounting under ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Agreements. The agreements do not specifically designate each party’s rights and obligations to each other under the collaborative arrangements. Except for patent defense costs, expenses incurred by one party are not required to be reimbursed by the other party. Expenses incurred under these collaborative agreements are included in research and development expenses and funding received from grants are recorded as net revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.

F-19

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Related Party Transactions

In July 2023, Cumberland named Martin S. Brown Jr. to our Board of Directors. Mr. Brown is an attorney with over 30 years of corporate law experience who brings significant legal, public company, health care and civic experience to our board. The Company relies on several law firms for legal advice, including the firm with which Mr. Brown is affiliated. In 2025 and 2024, the Company paid Mr. Brown’s law firm $0.09 million and $0.05 million, respectively.

Recent Accounting Guidance

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("Update 2024-03"), which requires companies to disclose additional information for certain relevant expense categories in the Statements of Operations and within the notes to the financial statements. Update 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted and can be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date, or retrospectively to prior periods which are presented in the financial statements. We are currently assessing the impact of the requirements on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets ("Update 2025-05"), which allows public business entities to elect a practical expedient for current accounts receivables and contract assets to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. Update 2025-05 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and is required to be applied on a prospective basis. We plan to elect the practical expedient in the period required but do not expect it to have a material impact on the recognition or measurement of our credit losses within our consolidated financial statements.

F-20

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(3) Vibativ® and Sancuso® Products

Vibativ

During November 2018, the Company executed an agreement with Theravance Biopharma ("Theravance") to acquire the assets and global rights to Vibativ including responsibility for the marketing, distribution, manufacturing and regulatory activities associated with the brand. Vibativ is a patented, FDA approved injectable anti-infective for the treatment of certain serious bacterial infections including hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia and complicated skin and skin structure infections. It addresses a range of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including those that are considered difficult-to-treat and multidrug-resistant.

Cumberland accounted for the transaction as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805 and the product sales are included in the results of operations subsequent to the acquisition date. The Company made an upfront payment of $20 million at the closing of the transaction and a $5 million milestone payment in early April 2019. In addition, Cumberland has agreed to pay royalties of up to 20% of on-going net sales of the product in the U.S. after a $2.5 million threshold is met. The future royalty payments were recognized at their acquisition-date fair value as a contingent consideration liability, as part of the contingent consideration transferred in the business combination. Cumberland prepared the valuations of the contingent consideration liability utilizing significant unobservable inputs. As a result, the valuation is classified as Level 3 fair value measurement.

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability that is remeasured on a recurring basis. The contingent consideration earned and accrued in operating expenses is paid to Theravance annually.

Contingent Consideration Liability

Cash payment of royalty during the period (817,387)

Contingent consideration earned and accrued 695,989

Cash payment of royalty during the period (1,023,203)

Contingent consideration earned and accrued 1,304,585

The current portion of the contingent consideration liability is $1.9 million and the non-current portion is $1.7 million, as of December 31, 2025.

F-21

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

Sancuso

On January 3, 2022, Cumberland acquired the U.S. rights to the FDA-approved oncology-supportive care medicine Sancuso from Kyowa Kirin, Inc. ("Kyowa Kirin"), the U.S. affiliate of Japan-based Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.

Sancuso is the first and only FDA-approved prescription patch for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving certain types of chemotherapy treatment. The active drug in Sancuso, granisetron, slowly dissolves in the thin layer of adhesive that sticks to the patient’s skin and is released into their bloodstream over several days, working continuously to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (“CINV”). It is applied 24 to 48 hours before receiving chemotherapy and can prevent CINV for up to five consecutive days. Alternative oral treatments must be taken several times (day and night) to deliver the same therapeutic doses.

Cumberland acquired U.S. rights to Sancuso and assumed full commercial responsibility for the product in the U.S. – including its marketing, promotion, distribution, manufacturing and medical support activities. The product’s FDA registration was subsequently transferred from Kyowa Kirin to Cumberland in August 2023.

Cumberland has accounted for the transaction as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805 and the product sales are included in the results of operations subsequent to the acquisition date. The Company made an upfront payment of $13.5 million at the closing of the transaction. The Agreement calls for milestone payments of up to $3.5 million based on the attainment of various approvals and sales performance. In January 2023, Cumberland made a $1.0 million milestone payment to Kyowa Kirin based on the FDA approval of a manufacturing site for the product. In October 2023, Cumberland made a $0.5 million milestone payment based on the successful transfer of the product’s FDA registration from Kyowa Kirin to Cumberland.

The remaining $2 million in milestone payments are tied to achievement of certain annual sales levels for the product.

In addition, Cumberland has agreed to pay a royalty of up to 10% of on-going net sales of the product. The future royalty payments were required to be recognized at their acquisition-date fair value as a contingent consideration liability, as part of the contingent consideration transferred in the business combination. Cumberland has prepared a valuation of the contingent consideration liability utilizing significant unobservable inputs. As a result, the valuation is classified as Level 3 fair value measurement.

The acquisition was funded by cash and the Company's revolving credit facility. The fair value for the assets and liabilities assumed using Level 3 fair value inputs were as follows: prepaid expenses of $1.8 million, inventory $2.6 million, goodwill $0.03 million, intangible assets $14.1 million, milestone payable $1.7 million and contingent liability $3.4 million.

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability that is remeasured on a recurring basis.

Contingent Consideration Liability

Cash payment of royalty during the period (898,686)

Contingent consideration earned and accrued 900,514

Cash payment of royalty during the period (689,732)

Contingent consideration earned and accrued 599,518

The current portion of the contingent consideration liability is $0.8 million and the non-current portion is $0.5 million, as of December 31, 2025.

F-22

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(4) Revenues

Product Revenue

The Company’s net product revenues consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:

Products:

Other Revenues

The Company has agreements with international partners for commercialization of the Company’s products with associated payments included in other revenues. Those agreements provide that each of the partners is responsible for seeking regulatory approvals for the product, and following approval, each partner will be responsible for the ongoing distribution and sales in the respective international territories. The Company provides a dossier for product registration and maintains responsibility for the relevant intellectual property. Cumberland is typically entitled to receive a non-refundable, up-front payment at the time each agreement is executed as consideration for the product dossier and for the rights to the distinct intellectual property rights in the respective international territory. These agreements also typically provide for additional payments upon a partner’s achievement of a defined regulatory approval and sales milestones. The Company may also be entitled to receive royalties on future sales of the products and a transfer price on supplies. The contractual payments associated with the partner’s achievement of regulatory approvals, sales milestones and royalties on future sales are recognized as revenue upon occurrence, or at such time that the Company has a high degree of confidence that the revenue would not be reversed in a subsequent period.

In the first and third quarters of 2025, the Company received $3.1 million relating to milestone payments received from our international partners which is included in other revenues.

Other revenues includes funding from federal grant programs including those secured from the FDA and from those secured by CET through the Small Business Administration. Grant revenue from these federal grant programs totaled approximately $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024. There was no grant revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Other revenues also includes lease income generated by CET’s Life Sciences Center. It is a research facility that provides scientists with access to flexible lab space and other resources to develop biomedical products. This lease income, as noted in Footnote 15 - Leases, was approximately $0.7 million and $0.6 million and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

F-23

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(5) Inventories, Net

The Company's net inventories consisted of the following as of December 31:

The Company's non-current inventories consisted of the following as of December 31:

Kristalose finished goods 85,204 —

The Company purchases the active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”) for Kristalose and maintains the inventory of that raw material. API for the Company's Vaprisol and Vibativ brands were included in the assets associated with the acquisition of those brands and are also included in the raw materials inventory. As part of the Vibativ acquisition, the Company acquired API and work in process inventories of $15.6 million that were all initially classified as non-current inventories at the date of acquisition. Consigned inventory represents Authorized Generic inventory stored with Padagis until shipment.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no cumulative obsolescence or discontinuance losses necessary to recognize.

F-24

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(6) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following at December 31:

Leasehold improvements 3 – 15 years, or remaining lease term 841,663 825,074

Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (2,502,387) (2,391,843)

Depreciation expense, including amortization expense related to leasehold improvements, is included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation expense was as follows for the years ended December 31:

(7) Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible assets and Goodwill consisted of the following at December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Product and license rights include assets associated with the Company’s acquired products, including those discussed in Note 3, Vibativ and Sancuso.

F-25

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

During 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded an additional $0.1 million for each year in intangible assets for patents, trademarks and capitalized patent costs, including amounts incurred in the protection of the Company's intellectual property.

Amortization expense related to product and license rights, trademarks and patents were as follows for the years ended December 31:

The expected amortization expense for the Company's current balance of intangible assets are as follows:

Year ending December 31:

(8) Other Current and Other Long-term Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following at December 31:

Current portion of Vibativ accrued contingent consideration 1,400,000 830,000

Current portion of Sancuso accrued contingent consideration 605,000 540,556

Sancuso related liabilities — 289,928

Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following at December 31:

Noncurrent portion of accrued contingent consideration $ 2,195,278 $ 2,877,312

F-26

CUMBERLAND PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

(9) Debt

On September 5, 2023, the Company entered into a new Revolving Credit Loan Agreement with Pinnacle Bank. This facility provides for an aggregate principal funding amount of up to $25 million. The initial revolving line of credit was up to $15 million, with the ability for Cumberland to increase the amount to $25 million, under certain conditions. It had a three year term expiring on October 1, 2026. The interest rate is based on a benchmark (Term SOFR) plus a spread of 2.75%. Cumberland was initially subject to one financial covenant, the maintenance of a Funded Debt Ratio, determined on a quarterly basis. Borrowings under the line of credit are collateralized by substantially all of our assets.

On May 6, 2024, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Loan Agreement which provides an alternative to the financial covenant by delivering to the lender a borrowing base certificate and complying with certain borrowing base requirements which set forth a maximum revolver amount equal to the lessor of (a) up to $15 million or (b) the sum of the Company's cash balances and eligible accounts receivable.

As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $5.2 million and $15.3 million, respectively, in borrowings outstanding under its revolving credit facility. The applicable interest rate under the Pinnacle Agreement was 6.625% and 7.25% at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

(10) Shareholders’ Equity

(a) Initial Public Offering and Shares Issued

On August 10, 2009, the Company completed its initial public offering of 5,000,000 shares of common stock at a price of $17.00 per share, raising gross proceeds of $85.0 million. After deducting underwriting discounts of approximately $6.0 million and offering costs incurred of approximately $4.2 million, the net proceeds to the Company were approximately $74.8 million.

On February 05, 2025, the Company issued 1,000,000 shares of common stock under an At The Market program for an aggregate amount of $5.5 million.

CPIX US Equity

CPIX · 10-K · period ended 2025-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C:Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

CPIX US Equity☆

CPIX · 10-K · period ended 2025-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C:Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

CPIX US Equity