CBSH US Equity☆

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

This report may contain “forward-looking statements” that are subject to risks and uncertainties and include information about possible or assumed future results of operations. Many possible events or factors could affect the future financial results and performance of Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company"). This could cause results or performance to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements. Words such as “expects”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, variations of such words and other similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions which are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in, or implied by, such forward-looking statements. Readers should not rely solely on the forward-looking statements and should consider all uncertainties and risks discussed throughout this report. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. The Company does not undertake to update forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date the forward-looking statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Such possible events or factors include the risk factors identified in Item 1a Risk Factors and the following: changes in economic conditions in the Company’s market area; changes in policies by regulatory agencies, governmental legislation and regulation; fluctuations in interest rates; changes in liquidity requirements; demand for loans in the Company’s market area; changes in accounting and tax principles; estimates made on income taxes; failure of litigation settlement agreements to become final in accordance with their terms; and competition with other entities that offer financial services.

Overview

The Company operates as a super-community bank and offers a broad range of financial products to consumer and commercial customers, delivered with a focus on high-quality, personalized service. The Company is headquartered in Missouri, with its principal offices in Kansas City and St. Louis, Missouri. Customers are served from 275 locations in Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, Oklahoma and Colorado and commercial offices throughout the nation's midsection. A variety of delivery platforms are utilized, including an extensive network of branches and ATM machines, full-featured online banking, a mobile application, and a centralized contact center.

The core of the Company’s competitive advantage is its focus on the local markets in which it operates, its offering of competitive, sophisticated financial products, and its concentration on relationship banking and high-touch service. In order to enhance shareholder value, the Company targets core revenue growth. To achieve this growth, the Company focuses on strategies that will expand new and existing customer relationships, offer opportunities for controlled expansion in additional markets, utilize improved technology, and enhance customer satisfaction.

Various indicators are used by management in evaluating the Company’s financial condition and operating performance. Among these indicators are the following:

• Net income and earnings per share — Net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc. was $488.4 million, a decrease of 8.0% compared to the previous year. The return on average assets was 1.45% in 2022, and the return on average common equity was 17.31%. Diluted earnings per share decreased 6.3% in 2022 compared to 2021.

• Total revenue — Total revenue is comprised of net interest income and non-interest income. Total revenue in 2022 increased $92.9 million, or 6.7%, from 2021, as net interest income grew $106.8 million, and non-interest income decreased $13.9 million. Growth in net interest income resulted principally from increases in interest income from investment securities and loans, partly offset by an increase in interest expense on deposits and borrowings. The decrease in non-interest income in 2022 was mainly due to lower loan fees and sales income.

• Non-interest expense — Total non-interest expense increased 5.3% this year compared to 2021, mainly due to higher salaries and employee benefits expense and data processing and software expense.

• Asset quality — Net loan charge-offs totaled $19.1 million in 2022, an increase of $496 thousand from those recorded in 2021, and averaged .12% of loans in both 2022 and 2021. Total non-performing assets, which include non-accrual loans and foreclosed real estate, amounted to $8.4 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $9.3 million at December 31, 2021, and represented .05% of loans outstanding at December 31, 2022.

• Shareholder return — During 2022, the Company paid cash dividends of $1.01 per share on its common stock, representing an increase of 6.1% over the previous year. In 2022, the Company issued its 29th consecutive annual 5% common stock dividend, and in February 2023, the Company's Board of Directors authorized an increase of 7.1% in the common cash dividend. The Company purchased 2,684,667 shares in 2022. Total shareholder return, including

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the change in stock price and dividend reinvestment, was 11.0%, 14.2%, and 10.4% over the past 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes. The historical trends reflected in the financial information presented below are not necessarily reflective of anticipated future results.

Key Ratios

(Based on average balances)

(Based on end of period data)

(1) Includes loans held for sale.

(2) Revenue includes net interest income and non-interest income.

(3) The efficiency ratio is calculated as non-interest expense (excluding intangibles amortization) as a percent of total revenue.

(4) The tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio is a measurement which management believes is a useful indicator of capital adequacy and utilization. It provides a meaningful basis for period to period and company to company comparisons, and also assist regulators, investors and analysts in analyzing the financial position of the Company. Tangible common equity and tangible assets are non-GAAP measures and should not be viewed as substitutes for, or superior to, data prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The following table is a reconciliation of the GAAP financial measures of total equity and total assets to the non-GAAP measures of total tangible common equity and total tangible assets.

* Intangible assets other than mortgage servicing rights.

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Results of Operations

$ Change % Change

N.M. - Not meaningful.

Net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc. (net income) for 2022 was $488.4 million, a decrease of $42.4 million, or 8.0%, compared to $530.8 million in 2021. Diluted income per common share was $3.85 in 2022, compared to $4.11 in 2021. The decrease in net income resulted from an increase of $94.4 million in the provision for credit losses, as well as an increase of $42.9 million in non-interest expense and a decrease of $13.9 million in non-interest income. These decreases to net income were partly offset by increases in net interest income of $106.8 million and a decrease in income tax expense of $13.4 million. The return on average assets was 1.45% in 2022 compared to 1.55% in 2021, and the return on average common equity was 17.31% in 2022 compared to 15.37% in 2021. At December 31, 2022, the ratio of tangible common equity to assets decreased to 7.32%, compared to 9.01% at year end 2021.

During 2022, net interest income grew mainly due to increases of $77.6 million in interest income earned on investment securities, due to higher average rates earned and higher average balances, and $75.5 million in interest income earned on loans, mainly due to higher average rates earned, partly offset by an increase in interest expense on deposits and borrowings of $43.9 million, due to higher average rates paid. Total rates earned on average interest earning assets increased 41 basis points this year, while funding costs for deposits and borrowings increased 23 basis points. The provision for credit losses increased in 2022 compared to 2021 due to a significant reduction in the allowance for credit losses on loans during 2021, which did not reoccur in 2022. In addition, there was an increase in the liability for unfunded lending commitments during 2022, compared to a decrease in 2021. Net loan charge-offs increased $496 thousand, mainly due to business loan net charge-offs in 2022, compared to net loan recoveries recorded in 2021, partly offset by lower credit card loan net charge-offs in 2022.

Non-interest income fell 2.5% in 2022, mainly due to a decrease in loan fees and sales income. Net investment securities gains of $20.5 million were recorded in 2022 and were comprised mainly of net fair value gains on the Company's private equity investment portfolio, partly offset by losses on sales of available for sale securities. Non-interest expense increased $42.9 million in 2022 compared to 2021, mainly due to higher salaries and benefits expense and data processing and software expense.

Net income attributable to Commerce Bancshares, Inc. (net income) for 2021 was $530.8 million, an increase of $176.7 million, or 49.9%, compared to $354.1 million in 2020. Diluted income per common share was $4.11 in 2021, compared to $2.64 in 2020. The increase in net income resulted from a decrease of $203.5 million in the provision for credit losses, as well as an increase of $54.5 million in non-interest income. These increases to net income were partly offset by increases in non-interest expense and income tax expense of $37.5 million and $58.4 million, respectively. The return on average assets was 1.55% in 2021 compared to 1.20% in 2020, and the return on average common equity was 15.37% in 2021 compared to 10.64% in 2020. At December 31, 2021, the ratio of tangible common equity to assets decreased to 9.01%, compared to 9.92% at year end 2020.

During 2021, net interest income grew mainly due to a decrease of $29.9 million in interest expense on deposits and borrowings, due to lower average rates paid, coupled with an increase of $19.5 million in interest income earned on investment securities, mainly due to higher average balances. These increases to net interest income were partly offset by a decline of $41.5 million in interest earned on loans, mainly due to lower rates earned. Total rates earned on average interest earning assets fell 53 basis points in 2021, while funding costs for deposits and borrowings decreased 19 basis points. The provision for credit losses decreased due to an improved credit outlook and the release of loan loss reserves provided for anticipated credit losses in

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2020, which did not occur. Net loan charge-offs decreased $16.3 million in 2021 compared to 2020, mainly due to lower credit card loan net charge-offs and net recoveries on business loans.

Non-interest income grew 10.8% in 2021, mainly due to growth in trust and net bank card fee income. Net gains on investment securities in 2021 were comprised mainly of net fair value gains on the Company's private equity investment portfolio, partly offset by net losses on bond sales. Non-interest expense increased $37.5 million in 2021 compared to 2020, largely due to higher salaries and benefits expense and data processing and software expense, as well as lower deferred loan origination costs and non-recurring litigation settlement costs recorded in the third quarter of 2021.

The Company distributed a 5% stock dividend for the 29th consecutive year on December 19, 2022. All per share and average share data in this report has been restated for the 2022 stock dividend.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Related Policies

The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared based on the application of certain accounting policies, the most significant of which are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. Certain of these policies require numerous estimates and strategic or economic assumptions that may prove inaccurate or be subject to variations which may significantly affect the Company's reported results and financial position for the current period or future periods. The use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary when financial assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at, or adjusted to reflect, fair value. Current economic conditions may require the use of additional estimates, and some estimates may be subject to a greater degree of uncertainty due to the current instability of the economy. The Company has identified several policies as being critical because they require management to make particularly difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because of the likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. These estimates and related policies are the Company's allowance for credit losses and fair value measurement policies.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company's Allowance for Credit Losses policies govern the processes and procedures used to estimate the collectability of its loan portfolio and unfunded lending commitments, and the potential for credit losses in its available for sale investment portfolio.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans and Unfunded Lending Commitments

The Company performs periodic and systematic detailed reviews of its loan portfolio and unfunded lending commitments to assess overall collectability. The level of the allowance for credit losses on loans and unfunded lending commitments reflects the Company's estimate of the losses expected in the loan portfolio and unfunded lending commitments over the assets’ contractual term.

The allowance for credit loss is an estimate that is subject to uncertainty due to the various assumptions and judgments used in the estimation process.

The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis. Loans are aggregated into pools based on similar risk characteristics including borrower type, collateral type and expected credit loss patterns. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, primarily large loans on non-accrual status, are evaluated on an individual basis.

The allowance for credit losses is measured using an average historical loss model which incorporates relevant information about past events (including historical credit loss experience on loans with similar risk characteristics), current conditions, and an economic forecast that may affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the loans. The calculated loss rate is increased or decreased to reflect expectations of future losses given a single path economic forecast. These adjustments to the loss rate are based on results from various regression models projecting the impact of the macroeconomic variables. The forecast is used for a reasonable and supportable period before reverting to historical averages using a straight-line method.

Additionally, the allowance for credit losses considers other qualitative factors not included in historical loss rates or macroeconomic forecast such as changes in portfolio composition, underwriting practices, or significant unique events or conditions.

Adjustments to the allowance for credit losses are made by increases to or reductions in the provision for credit losses, which are reflected in the consolidated statements of income.

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Assumptions, Judgments, and Uncertainties: The uncertainty in the estimation of the allowance for credit losses is created because key assumptions and judgements are applied throughout the process. Key assumptions include segmentation of the portfolio into pools, calculations of life of a loan using a combination of contractual terms and expected prepayment speeds and forecast of macroeconomic conditions. The Company utilizes a third-party macro-economic forecast that continuously changes due to economic conditions and events. The single path economic forecast includes key macroeconomic variables including GDP, disposable income, unemployment rate, various interest rates, consumer price index (CPI) inflation rate, housing price index (HPI), commercial real estate price index (CREPI) and market volatility. Each reporting period, the base macroeconomic forecast scenario is evaluated to ensure it is not inconsistent with management’s expectations. Changes in the forecast cause fluctuations in the estimates of the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments. Potential changes in any one economic variable may or may not affect the overall allowance because a variety of economic variables and inputs are considered in estimating the allowance, and changes in those variables and inputs may not occur at the same rate, may not be consistent across product types and may have offsetting impacts to other changing variables and inputs.

Data points such as loan mix, level of loan balances outstanding, portfolio performance, line utilization trends and risk ratings change throughout the life of a portfolio which could cause changes to the expected credit losses.

Qualitative factors not included in historical information or macroeconomic forecast require significant judgment to identify and determine how to apply to the estimate for credit losses. The qualitative factors continuously evolve in reaction to other changing assumptions, data inputs and industry trends.

The Company uses its best judgment to assess the macroeconomic forecast, key assumptions and internal and external data in estimating the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments. These estimates are subject to continuous refinement based on changes in the underlying external and internal data.

Impact if actual results differ from assumptions: The allowance for credit losses represents management’s best estimate of expected current credit losses in the loan portfolio and within the Company’s unfunded lending commitments, but changes in the inputs and assumptions described above could significantly impact the calculated estimated credit losses. Therefore, actual credit losses may differ significantly from estimated results. Significant deterioration in circumstances relating to loan quality and economic conditions could result in a requirement for additional allowance. Likewise, an upturn in loan quality and improved economic conditions may allow a reduction in the required allowance. In either instance, changes could have a significant impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available for Sale Debt Securities

The level of the allowance for credit losses on available for sale securities reflects the Company’s estimate of the losses expected in the available for sale debt security portfolio. In order to estimate the allowance for credit losses on available for sale debt securities, the Company performs quarterly reviews of its investment portfolio to identify securities in an unrealized loss position. If the unrealized loss is not expected to be recovered, the Company performs further analyses to determine whether any portion of the unrealized loss indicates that a credit loss exists.

Changes to the allowance for credit losses are made by changes to or reductions in the provision for credit losses, which are reflected in the consolidated statements of income.

Assumptions, Judgments, and Uncertainties: The Company’s model for establishing its allowance for credit losses uses cash flows projected to be received over the estimated life of the securities, discounted to present value, and compared to the current amortized cost bases of the securities. Securities for which fair value is less than amortized cost are reviewed for impairment. Special emphasis is placed on securities whose credit rating has fallen below Baa3 (Moody's) or BBB- (Standard & Poor's), whose fair values have fallen more than 20% below purchase price, or who have been identified based on management’s judgment. These securities are placed on a watch list and cash flow analyses are prepared on an individual security basis. Certain securities are analyzed using a projected cash flow model, discounted to present value, and compared to the current amortized cost bases of the securities. The model uses input factors such as cash flow projections, contractual payments required, expected delinquency rates, credit support from other tranches, prepayment speeds, collateral loss severity rates (including loan to values), and various other information related to the underlying collateral. Securities not analyzed using the cash flow model are analyzed by reviewing risk ratings, credit support agreements, and industry knowledge to project future cash flows and any possible credit impairment.

Impact if actual results differ from assumptions: The allowance for credit losses represents management’s best estimate of expected credit losses in the available for sale debt portfolio, but significant deterioration in interest rates and economic

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conditions could result in a requirement for additional allowance. Likewise, an increase in interest rates and improved economic conditions may allow a reduction in the required allowance. In either instance, anticipated changes could have a significant impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Fair Value Measurement

Investment securities, including available for sale debt, trading, equity and other securities, residential mortgage loans held for sale, derivatives and deferred compensation plan assets and associated liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, other assets and liabilities may be recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loan values that have been reduced based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, other real estate (primarily foreclosed property), non-marketable equity securities and certain other assets and liabilities. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve write-downs of individual assets or application of lower of cost or fair value accounting.

Assumptions, Judgments, and Uncertainties: Fair value is an estimate of the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction (i.e., not a forced transaction, such as a liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date and is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability. Fair value measurement and disclosure guidance establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value.

Fair value is measured based on a variety of inputs. Fair value may be based on quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets (Level 1 valuations). If market prices are not available, quoted market prices for similar instruments traded in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market are used (Level 2 valuations). Where observable market data is not available, the valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market (Level 3 valuations). Unobservable assumptions reflect the Company’s estimates for assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques typically include discounted cash flow models and similar techniques, but may also include the use of market prices of assets or liabilities that are not directly comparable to the subject asset or liability.

The selection and weighting of the various fair value techniques may result in a fair value higher or lower than carrying value. Considerable judgment may be involved in determining the amount that is most representative of fair value.

For assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, the Company looks to active and observable market data when developing fair value measurements for those items where there is an active market. Certain assets and liabilities are not actively traded in observable markets, and the Company must use alternative valuation techniques to derive an estimated fair value measurement. In doing so, the Company may be required to make judgments about assumptions market participants would use in estimating the fair value of the financial instrument. The assumptions used to determine fair value adjustments are regularly evaluated by management for relevance under current facts and circumstances.

Changes in market conditions may reduce the availability of quoted prices or observable data. For example, reduced liquidity in the capital markets or changes in secondary market activities could result in observable market inputs becoming unavailable. When market data is not available, the Company uses valuation techniques requiring more management judgment to estimate the appropriate fair value.

Impairment analysis also relates to long-lived assets and core deposit and other intangible assets. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of the asset is not likely to be recoverable and exceeds its fair value. In determining the fair value, management uses models and applies the techniques and assumptions previously discussed.

At December 31, 2022, assets and liabilities measured using observable inputs that are classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 represented 98.5% and 99.8% of total assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, respectively. Valuations generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market are considered Level 3, and the Company's Level 3 assets totaled $180.0 million, or 1.4% of total assets recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value hierarchy, the extent to which fair value is used to measure assets and liabilities, and the valuation methodologies and key inputs used are discussed in Note 17 on Fair Value Measurements.

Impact if actual results differ from assumptions: Changes in fair value are recorded either in earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income. Adjustments in the inputs and assumptions described above could significantly impact the fair values of the Company’s assets and liabilities and have a significant impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Net Interest Income

Net interest income, the largest source of revenue, results from the Company’s lending, investing, borrowing, and deposit gathering activities. It is affected by both changes in the level of interest rates and changes in the amounts and mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities. The following table summarizes the changes in net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis, by major category of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, identifying changes related to volumes and rates. Changes not solely due to volume or rate changes are allocated to rate.

Change due to Change due to

Interest income, fully taxable-equivalent basis

Loans:

Investment securities:

Interest expense

Interest bearing deposits:

Net interest income totaled $942.2 million in 2022, increasing $106.8 million, or 12.8%, compared to $835.4 million in 2021. On a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis, net interest income totaled $951.8 million, and increased $104.7 million over 2021. This growth was mainly due to an increase of $75.7 million in interest earned on loans, due to higher average rates paid and an increase of $76.9 million in interest earned on investment securities, due to higher rates and average balances, partly offset by an increase of $45.3 million in interest expense on deposits and borrowings, due to higher average rates paid. The net yield on earning assets (FTE) was 2.85% in 2022 compared with 2.58% in 2021.

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During 2022, loan interest income (FTE) grew $75.7 million over 2021 mainly due to an increase in rates earned for all loan categories. The average fully taxable-equivalent rate earned on the loan portfolio increased 51 basis points to 4.18% in 2022 compared to 3.67% in 2021. The higher rates earned on the loan portfolio were mostly related to actions taken by the Federal Reserve to raise short-term interest rates, which caused most of the Company's variable rate loan portfolio to re-price higher. Additionally, fixed rate loans were generally originated in 2022 at higher interest rates than the weighted-average of the portfolio of fixed rate loans. The increase in interest rates earned was partly offset a decline in average loan balances of $102.4 million, or .7%, this year. Increased interest earned on business real estate and construction and land loans was the main driver of overall higher interest income. Business real estate loan interest grew $29.6 million in 2022 compared to 2021 as a result of an increase of 71 basis points in the average rate earned and higher average balances of $199.1 million, or 6.6%. Interest earned on construction and land loans increased $21.2 million due to an increase of 147 basis points in the average rate earned and growth of $85.2 million, or 7.4%, in average balances. Business loan interest income increased $11.3 million mainly due to a 49 basis point increase in the average rate earned, partly offset by a decrease of $462.1 million in average balances. Average balances of business loans included average balances of $41.9 million in Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans at December 31, 2022, which was a decline of $812.2 million from balances of $854.1 billion at December 31, 2021. Interest on personal real estate loans increased $2.6 million as the average balance grew $44.0 million and the average rate earned increased four basis points. Interest on consumer loans grew $7.7 million over the prior year as the average rate earned increased 25 basis points and average balances were higher by $66.2 million. Revolving home equity loan interest increased $2.8 million due to an increase of 108 basis points in the average rate earned, slightly offset by lower average balances of $5.8 million. Interest on consumer credit card loans was higher by $558 thousand due to an increase of 72 basis points in the average rate earned, mostly offset by a decline of $30.3 million, or 5.3%, in average balances.

Fully taxable-equivalent interest income on total investment securities increased $76.9 million during 2022, as average balances grew $1.5 billion and the average rate earned increased 34 basis points. The average rate on the total investment securities portfolio was 2.15% in 2022 compared to 1.81% in 2021, while the average balance of the total investment securities portfolio (excluding unrealized fair value adjustments on available for sale debt securities) was $14.9 billion in 2022 compared to an average balance of $13.5 billion in 2021. The increase in interest income was mainly due to higher interest income earned on mortgage-backed, asset-backed and U.S. government securities. Interest earned on mortgage-backed securities increased $40.7 million due to a 59 basis point increase in the average rate earned. The increase of $26.0 million in interest earned on asset-backed securities was due to an increase of 35 basis points in the average rate earned coupled with growth of $1.1 billion in average balances. Interest earned on U.S. government securities grew $8.2 million and was mainly impacted by growth of $7.3 million in inflation income on treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS). Average balances of U.S. government securities increased $301.9 million, while the average rate earned declined 39 basis points.

Interest on securities purchased under resell agreements decreased $14.7 million compared to 2021 due to a decrease of 142 basis points in the average rate, partly offset by growth in average balances of $220.1 million. Interest earned on deposits with banks increased $11.9 million over 2021, mainly due to a 98 basis point increase in the average rate earned, partly offset by a decline in average balances of $1.1 billion.

During 2022, interest expense on deposits increased $19.2 million over 2021 and resulted mainly from an 11 basis point increase in the overall average rate paid on deposits. Interest expense on interest checking and money market accounts increased $18.0 million mainly due to higher rates paid, which grew 12 basis points, coupled with higher average balances of $1.1 billion. Interest expense on certificates of deposit over $100,000 grew $1.3 million, mainly due to a 37 basis point increase in the average rate paid. The overall rate paid on total deposits increased from .07% in 2021 to .18% in the current year. Interest expense on borrowings increased $26.0 million mainly due to a 95 basis point increase in the rate paid on securities sold under repurchase agreements. The overall average rate incurred on all interest bearing liabilities was .30% in 2022, compared to .07% in 2021.

Net interest income totaled $835.4 million in 2021, increasing $5.6 million, or .7%, compared to $829.8 million in 2020. On a FTE basis, net interest income totaled $847.1 million, and increased $4.3 million over 2020. This increase was mainly due to a decline of $29.9 million in interest expense on deposits and borrowings, due to lower average rates paid, coupled with an increase of $19.0 million in interest earned on investment securities, mainly due to higher average balances. These increases to net interest income (FTE) were partly offset by lower interest earned on loans, which declined $42.3 million, mainly due to lower rates earned. The net yield on earning assets (FTE) was 2.58% in 2021 compared with 2.99% in 2020.

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During 2021, loan interest income (FTE) fell $42.3 million from 2020 mainly due to a decline in rates earned for most loan categories and lower average business and consumer credit card loan balances. The average fully taxable-equivalent rate earned on the loan portfolio decreased 21 basis points to 3.67% in 2021 compared to 3.88% in 2020. Average loan balances decreased $232.5 million, or 1.5%, in 2021. The decrease in consumer credit card loan interest income was the main driver of overall lower interest income. Consumer credit card loan interest declined $14.4 million due to lower average balances of $91.4 million and a decrease of 64 basis points in the average rate earned. Business loan interest income declined $9.3 million mainly due to a decrease of $548.7 million in average balances, partly offset by a 13 basis point increase in the average rate earned. Average balances of business loans included average balances of $854.1 million in PPP loans at December 31, 2021, which was a decline of $204.9 million from balances of $1.1 billion at December 31, 2020. The average rate earned on PPP loans increased 193 basis points to 4.81% in 2021 compared to 2.88% in 2020, partly offsetting the decline in average balances. During 2021, the Company recognized $41.0 million in interest income on PPP loans. As of December 31, 2021, 93% of the PPP loans originated by the Company had been forgiven. Business real estate loan interest was lower by $5.8 million in 2021 compared to 2020 as a result of a decrease of 25 basis points in the average rate, partly offset by higher average balances of $46.9 million. Interest on personal real estate loans decreased $2.6 million as the average rate earned declined 32 basis points, while average balances increased $178.4 million. Interest on consumer loans declined $9.7 million from 2020 as the average rate earned decreased 58 basis points, but was partly offset by growth in average balances of $42.4 million. These decreases to loan interest income (FTE) were partly offset by an increase of $2.1 million in interest earned on construction and land loans. This increase resulted from higher average balances of $187.7 million, partly offset by a 48 basis point decrease in the average rate earned.

Fully taxable-equivalent interest income on total investment securities increased $19.0 million during 2021, as average balances grew $3.2 billion, while the average rate earned decreased 38 basis points. The average rate on the total investment securities portfolio was 1.81% in 2021 compared to 2.19% in 2020, while the average balance of the total investment securities portfolio (excluding unrealized fair value adjustments on available for sale debt securities) was $13.5 billion in 2021 compared to an average balance of $10.3 billion in 2020. The increase in interest income was mainly due to higher interest income earned on U.S. government securities, state and municipal obligations, asset-backed securities and other securities. Interest earned on U.S. government securities grew $15.5 million and was mainly impacted by growth of the same amount in inflation income on TIPS. Average balances of U.S. government securities increased $15.1 million and the average rated earned grew 191 basis points. The increase in interest earned on state and municipal obligations resulted mainly from growth of $453.2 million in average balances, partly offset by a 33 basis point decrease in the average rate earned. Interest on asset-backed securities increased $2.9 million mainly due to growth of $1.4 billion in the average balance, partly offset by an 87 basis point decrease in the average rate earned. Other securities interest increased $11.9 million mainly due to higher interest earned on equity securities, largely as a result of one-time dividend payments of $5.5 million received on private equity portfolio investments in 2021. Partly offsetting these increases in interest income was a decline of $14.7 million in interest income on mortgage-backed securities, due to a decrease of 56 basis points in the average rate earned, partly offset by higher average balances of $1.3 billion.

Interest on securities purchased under resell agreements decreased $3.3 million compared to 2020 due to a decrease of 185 basis points in the average rate, partly offset by growth in balances of $425.8 million. Interest earned on deposits with banks increased $929 thousand over 2020, mainly due to growth in average balances of $1.3 billion, partly offset by a seven basis point decrease in the average rate earned.

During 2021, interest expense on deposits decreased $24.5 million from 2020 and resulted mainly from a 17 basis point decrease in the overall average rate paid on deposits. Interest expense on interest checking and money market accounts decreased $10.4 million mainly due to lower rates paid, which fell 10 basis points, but was partly offset by higher average balances of $1.8 billion. Interest expense on certificates of deposit over $100,000 declined $10.4 million, mainly due to a 74 basis point decline in the average rate paid. The overall rate paid on total deposits decreased from .24% in 2020 to .07% in 2021. Interest expense on borrowings decreased $5.5 million mainly due to lower rates paid on securities sold under repurchase agreements, partly offset by higher average balances. The overall average rate incurred on all interest bearing liabilities was .07% in 2021, compared to .26% in 2020.

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Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses is comprised of provisions for credit losses on loans and for unfunded lending commitments and is recorded to adjust the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments to a level deemed adequate by management based on the factors mentioned in the “Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Liability for Unfunded Lending Commitments” section of this discussion. The provision for credit losses was $28.1 million in 2022, an increase of $94.4 million over the 2021 provision, which was a recovery of $66.3 million.

The provision for credit losses on loans in 2022 was $19.2 million, compared to a recovery in the provision for credit losses on loans of $52.2 million in 2021. The allowance for credit losses on loans totaled $150.1 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $92 thousand compared to the prior year, and represented .92% of loans at year end 2022, compared to .99% at December 31, 2021.

The provision for unfunded lending commitments was $8.9 million during 2022, compared to a recovery of $14.1 million in 2021, and the liability for unfunded lending commitments was $33.1 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $24.2 million at December 31, 2021.

Non-Interest Income

% Change

Non-interest income as a % of total revenue* 36.7 % 40.1 % 37.9 %

Total revenue per full-time equivalent employee $ 324.1 $ 305.6 $ 280.3

* Total revenue is calculated as net interest income plus non-interest income.

Below is a summary of net bank card transaction fees for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

% Change

Non-interest income totaled $546.5 million, a decrease of $13.9 million, or 2.5%, compared to $560.4 million in 2021. Trust fee income decreased $3.5 million, or 1.9%, as a result of lower institutional (down 7.0%), mutual fund (down 10.9%) and private client trust fees (down .3%). Private client trust fees comprised 79.7% of trust fee income in 2022. The market value of total customer trust assets totaled $60.3 billion at year end 2022, which was a decrease of 13.0% from year end 2021 balances. Bank card fees increased $8.3 million, or 4.9%, over the prior year, mainly due to an increase in net corporate card fees of $8.3 million. The growth in net corporate card fees over the prior year was mainly due to higher interchange income, partly offset by higher rewards expense. Deposit account fees decreased $2.8 million, or 2.9%, mainly due to lower overdraft and return item fees of $4.2 million and personal account deposit fees of $1.2 million, partly offset by growth in corporate cash management fees of $2.5 million. In 2022, corporate cash management fees comprised 55.6% of total deposit fees, while overdraft fees comprised 21.1% of total deposit fees. In September 2022, the Company implemented enhancements to consumer checking accounts that eliminated return items fees and lowered overdraft fees. Capital market fees decreased $1.7 million, or 10.7%, compared to the prior year, while revenue from consumer brokerage services increased $755 thousand, or 4.1%, mainly due to growth in annuity fees. Loan fees and sales decreased $16.6 million, or 55.8%, mainly due to lower mortgage banking revenue. Other non-interest income increased $1.8 million, or 4.1%, over the prior year mainly due to higher

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cash sweep commissions of $8.2 million and lease income of $1.3 million, income of $2.2 million from a life insurance death benefit recorded in the second quarter of 2022, a $2.6 million loss on an equity method investment recorded in 2021 and a lease impairment of $1.1 million recorded in 2021. These increases were partly offset by gains of $5.6 million recorded mainly on the sales of branch properties last year. In addition, a decrease of $6.6 million in fair value adjustments was recorded on the Company's deferred compensation plan assets, which are held in a trust, recorded as both an asset and a liability and affect both other income and other expense.

During 2021, non-interest income totaled $560.4 million, an increase of $54.5 million, or 10.8%, compared to $505.9 million in 2020. Bank card fees increased $16.1 million, or 10.6%, over 2020, due to increases in net corporate card fees of $9.3 million, net debit card fees of $3.4 million, net credit card fees of $1.8 million and net merchant fees of $1.7 million. The growth in net corporate and credit card fees over the prior year was due to higher interchange income, partly offset by higher rewards expense. Net debit card fees increased due to higher interchange income, partly offset by an increase in network expense. Net merchant fees were up due to an increase in merchant discount fees, partly offset by higher rewards expense. Trust fee income increased $27.6 million, or 17.2%, as a result of growth in private client trust fees (up 19.1%) and higher institutional trust fees (up 11.0%). Private client trust fees comprised 78.4% of trust fee income in 2021. The market value of total customer trust assets totaled $69.3 billion at year end 2021, which was an increase of 13.2% over year end 2020 balances. Deposit account fees increased $4.0 million, or 4.3%, mainly due to growth in corporate cash management fees and overdraft and return item fees of $3.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively, partly offset by lower personal deposit account service charge fees of $1.2 million. In 2021, corporate cash management fees comprised 51.5% of total deposit fees, while overdraft fees comprised 24.8% of total deposit fees. Capital market fees grew $1.4 million, or 9.3%, compared to 2020, while revenue from consumer brokerage services increased $3.3 million, or 21.6%, due to growth in advisory and annuity fees. Loan fees and sales increased $3.0 million, or 11.4%, mainly due to growth in mortgage banking revenue and loan commitment fees. Other non-interest income decreased $812 thousand, or 1.9%, from 2020 mainly due to lower cash sweep commissions of $7.9 million and a $2.6 million loss recorded on an equity method investment in 2021. These decreases were partly offset by gains of $5.6 million recorded mainly on sales of branch properties during 2021 and increases in interest rate swap fees and check sales and wire fees of $2.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

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Investment Securities Gains (Losses), Net

Net gains on sales of equity securities 17 — 2

Fair value adjustments on equity securities, net (943) 187 37

Net gains (losses) on sales of private equity investments (2,128) 1,452 —

Net gains and losses on investment securities during 2022, 2021 and 2020 are shown in the table above. Included in these amounts are gains and losses arising from sales of securities from the Company’s available for sale debt portfolio and gains and losses relating to private equity investments, which are primarily held by the Parent’s majority-owned private equity subsidiary. The gains and losses on private equity investments include fair value adjustments, in addition to gains and losses realized upon disposition. The portions of private equity investment gains and losses that are attributable to minority interests are reported as non-controlling interest in the consolidated statements of income, and resulted in expense of $8.5 million in 2022 and $6.5 million in 2021, compared to income of $1.4 million in 2020.

Net securities gains of $20.5 million were recorded in 2022, which included net gains of $43.8 million in fair value adjustments on private equity investments. This increase was partly offset by losses of $20.3 million realized on sales resulting from the Company's sale of approximately $105 million (book value) in bonds, mainly mortgage-backed and corporate bond securities, net losses of $2.1 million on sales of private equity investments, and net losses of $943 thousand in fair value adjustments on equity securities.

Net securities gains of $30.1 million were recorded in 2021, which included $1.5 million in net gains realized on sales of private equity investments, net gains totaling $31.7 million of fair value adjustments on private equity investments, and $187 thousand of fair value adjustments on equity investments. These net gains were offset by losses of $3.3 million realized on bond sales resulting from the Company's sale of approximately $73 million (book value) of bonds, mainly mortgage-backed securities.

Net securities gains of $11.0 million were recorded in 2020, which included $21.1 million in net gains realized on bond sales resulting from the Company's sale of approximately $602 million (book value) of bonds, mainly mortgage-backed securities and municipal securities. These gains were offset by net losses totaling $10.1 million of fair value adjustments on private equity investments.

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Non-Interest Expense

% Change

Salaries and benefits as a % of total non-interest expense 65.3 % 65.2 % 66.8 %

Non-interest expense was $848.8 million in 2022, an increase of $42.9 million, or 5.3%, over the previous year. Salaries and benefits expense increased $28.8 million, or 5.5%, mainly due to higher costs for full-time salaries, incentive compensation, stock compensation, payroll taxes and 401(k) expense. Salaries expense included expense of $5.4 million for special bonuses paid to non-incentivized full-time and part-time employees in 2022. Full-time equivalent employees totaled 4,594 at December 31, 2022, compared to 4,567 at December 31, 2021. Data processing and software expense increased $8.9 million, or 8.7%, primarily due to higher bank card processing fees, software amortization and expense, and increased costs for service providers. Net occupancy expense increased $932 thousand, or 1.9%, mainly due to higher depreciation, utilities and outside services expense, partly offset by lower real estate taxes expense. Equipment expense increased $1.3 million, or 7.0%, mainly due to higher depreciation and equipment service contract expense, while marketing expense increased $2.0 million, or 9.0%. Supplies and communication expense increased $983 thousand, or 5.7%, mainly due to higher postage and courier expense and bank card reissuance fees, partly offset by lower data network expense. Other non-interest expense increased slightly over 2021. Higher costs for travel and entertainment expense (up $5.1 million), insurance expense (up $1.9 million), depreciation expense on leased assets (up $958 thousand) and airplane expense (up $864 thousand) were offset by $8.2 million in non-recurring litigation settlement costs recorded in 2021. In addition, the previously mentioned fair value adjustments on the Company's deferred compensation plan assets decreased $6.6 million from the prior year.

In 2021, non-interest expense was $805.9 million, an increase of $37.5 million, or 4.9%, over 2020. Salaries and benefits expense increased $12.3 million, or 2.4%, mainly due to higher incentive compensation and healthcare expense, partly offset by lower salaries expense. Incentive compensation increased due to higher incentives in wealth and commercial, while full-time and part-time salaries expense declined mainly due to lower retail banking salaries expense. Full-time equivalent employees totaled 4,567 at December 31, 2021, reflecting a 4.2% decrease from 2020. Net occupancy expense increased $1.5 million, or 3.3%, mainly due to lower external rent income. Equipment expense decreased $750 thousand, or 4.0%, mainly due to lower depreciation and equipment service expense, while supplies and communication expense decreased $301 thousand, or 1.7%. Data processing and software expense increased $6.5 million, or 6.8%, primarily due to higher costs for service providers, bank card processing fees and software expense, while marketing expense increased $2.1 million, or 10.8%. Other non-interest expense increased $16.2 million, or 28.2%, over 2020 mainly due to $8.2 million in non-recurring litigation settlement costs mentioned above. In addition, deferred loan origination costs declined $3.5 million and deposit insurance expense increased $1.3 million. These increases were partly offset by a reduction in impairment expense of $3.6 million on the Company's mortgage servicing rights.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $132.4 million in 2022, compared to $145.7 million in 2021 and $87.3 million in 2020. The effective tax rate, including the effect of non-controlling interest, was 21.3% in 2022 compared to 21.5% in 2021 and 19.8% in 2020. Additional information about income tax expense is provided in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Financial Condition

Loan Portfolio Analysis

Classifications of consolidated loans by major category at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown in the table below. This portfolio consists of loans which were acquired or originated with the intent of holding to their maturity. Loans held for sale are separately discussed in a following section. A schedule of average balances invested in each loan category below is disclosed within the Average Balance Sheets section of Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations below.

Balance at December 31

Commercial:

Personal banking:

The table below presents contractual maturities of the loan portfolio, based on payment due dates, as well as a breakdown of fixed rate and floating rate loans at December 31, 2022.

Principal Payments Due

Commercial:

Personal banking:

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The following table shows loan balances at December 31, 2022, segregated between those with fixed interest rates and those with variable rates that fluctuate with an index.

(In thousands) Fixed Rate Loans Variable Rate Loans Total % Variable Rate Loans

Total loans at December 31, 2022 were $16.3 billion, an increase of $1.1 billion, or 7.4%, over balances at December 31, 2021. The increase in loans during 2022 occurred in all categories over the previous year. Business loans increased $358.2 million, or 6.8%, mainly due to a $374 million increase in commercial and industrial loans. Excluding declines in PPP loan balances, which decreased $121.1 million during 2022, business loans increased $479.3 million, or 9.0%. As of December 31, 2022, nearly 100% of PPP loan balances have been forgiven. Lease lending and commercial card lending, included within business loans, also increased during 2022, but the increase was partly offset by a decline in tax-advantaged lending. Construction loans increased $242.8 million, or 21.7% mainly due to growth in commercial construction lending. Business real estate loans increased $348.1 million, or 11.4%, due mainly to increases in industrial and office building lending, while owner-occupied, multi-family, and senior living lending declined. Personal real estate loans increased $112.7 million, or 4.0%. The Company sells certain long-term fixed rate mortgage loans to the secondary market, and loan sales in 2022 totaled $111.3 million, compared to $547.1 million in 2021. Consumer loans increased $26.9 million, or 1.3%, mainly due to growth in private banking lending. Health services financing and fixed rate home equity loans also increased, offset by declines in auto lending, other vehicle and equipment lending (mostly comprised of motorcycle loans), and continued run off of marine and recreational vehicle loan balances. Consumer credit card loans increased $8.6 million, or 1.5%, and revolving home equity loan balances increased $21.3 million, or 7.7%, compared to balances at year end 2021.

The Company currently holds approximately 31% of its loan portfolio in the Kansas City market, 25% in the St. Louis market, and 45% in other regional markets. The portfolio is diversified from a business and retail standpoint, with 64% in loans to businesses and 36% in loans to consumers. The Company believes a diversified approach to loan portfolio management, strong underwriting criteria and an aversion toward credit concentrations from an industry, geographic and product perspective, have contributed to low levels of problem loans and credit losses on loans experienced over the last several years.

The Company participates in credits of large, publicly traded companies which are defined by regulation as shared national credits, or SNCs. Regulations define SNCs as loans exceeding $100 million that are shared by three or more financial institutions. The Company typically participates in these loans when business operations are maintained in the local communities or regional markets and opportunities to provide other banking services are present. At December 31, 2022, the balance of SNC loans totaled approximately $1.4 billion, with an additional $2.0 billion in unfunded commitments, compared to a balance of $1.2 billion, with an additional $1.9 billion in unfunded commitments, at year end 2021.

Commercial Loans

Business

Total business loans amounted to $5.7 billion at December 31, 2022 and includes loans used mainly to fund customer accounts receivable, inventories, and capital expenditures. The business loan portfolio includes tax-advantaged loans and leases which carry tax-free interest rates. These loans totaled $618.1 million at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $111.8 million, or 15.3%, from December 31, 2021 balances. In addition to tax-advantaged leases, the business loan portfolio also includes other direct financing and sales type leases totaling $614.7 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $75.4 million, or 14.0%, from December 31, 2021. These loans are used by commercial customers to finance capital purchases ranging from computer equipment to office and transportation equipment. Additionally, the Company has outstanding oil and gas energy-related loans totaling $296.4 million at December 31, 2022, which are further discussed within the Oil and Gas Energy Lending section of the Risk Elements of Loan Portfolio section located within Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and

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Results of Operations. Also included in the business portfolio are corporate card loans, which totaled $367.3 million at December 31, 2022 and are made in conjunction with the Company’s corporate card business for corporate trade purchases. Corporate card loans are made to corporate, non-profit and government customers nationwide, but have very short-term maturities, which limits credit risk.

Business loans, excluding corporate card loans, are made primarily to customers in the regional trade area of the Company, generally the central Midwest, encompassing the states of Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, and nearby Midwestern markets, including Iowa, Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas, Tennessee, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. This portfolio is diversified from an industry standpoint and includes businesses engaged in manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, agribusiness, insurance, financial services, public utilities, health care, and other service businesses. Emphasis is upon middle-market and community businesses with known local management and financial stability. Consistent with management’s strategy and emphasis upon relationship banking, most borrowing customers also maintain deposit accounts and utilize other banking services. Net loan charge-offs in this category totaled $1.1 million in 2022 compared to net loan recoveries of $4.8 million in 2021. Non-accrual business loans were $6.8 million (.1% of business loans) at December 31, 2022 compared to $7.3 million at December 31, 2021.

Real Estate-Construction and Land

The portfolio of loans in this category amounted to $1.4 billion at December 31, 2022, an increase of $242.8 million, or 21.7%, from the prior year and comprised 8.3% of the Company’s total loan portfolio. Commercial construction and land development loans totaled $1.2 billion, or 86.2% of total construction loans at December 31, 2022. These loans increased $201.6 million from 2021 year end balances, driving the growth in the total construction portfolio. Commercial construction loans are made during the construction phase for small and medium-sized office and medical buildings, manufacturing and warehouse facilities, apartment complexes, shopping centers, hotels and motels, and other commercial properties. Commercial land development loans relate to land owned or developed for use in conjunction with business properties. Residential construction and land development loans at December 31, 2022 totaled $188.3 million, or 13.8% of total construction loans. A stable construction market has contributed to low loss rates on these loans, with net loan charge-offs of nearly zero in both 2022 and 2021.

Real Estate-Business

Total business real estate loans were $3.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and comprised 20.9% of the Company’s total loan portfolio. This category includes mortgage loans for small and medium-sized office and medical buildings, manufacturing and warehouse facilities, distribution facilities, multi-family housing, farms, shopping centers, hotels and motels, churches, and other commercial properties. The business real estate borrowers and/or properties are generally located in local and regional markets where Commerce does business, and emphasis is placed on owner-occupied lending (33.3% of this portfolio), which presents lower risk levels. Additional information about business real estate loans by borrower is disclosed within the Real Estate - Business Loans section of the Risk Elements of Loan Portfolio section located within Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. At December 31, 2022, balances of non-accrual loans amounted to $189 thousand, less than .1% of business real estate loans, down from $214 thousand at year end 2021. The Company experienced net loan recoveries of $20 thousand in 2022, compared to net loan recoveries of $64 thousand in 2021.

Personal Banking Loans

Real Estate-Personal

At December 31, 2022, there were $2.9 billion in outstanding personal real estate loans, which comprised 17.9% of the Company’s total loan portfolio. The mortgage loans in this category are mainly for owner-occupied residential properties. The Company originates both adjustable and fixed rate mortgage loans, and at December 31, 2022, 33% of the portfolio was comprised of adjustable rate loans, while 67% was comprised of fixed rate loans. The Company does not purchase any loans from outside parties or brokers.

The Company originates certain mortgage loans with the intent to sell to the secondary market, generally FNMA or FHLMC conforming fixed rate loans. The remaining loans are originated with the intent to hold to maturity. Of the $699 million of mortgage loans originated in 2022, $111.3 million were sold to the secondary market. This compares to $1.3 billion of mortgage loans originated and $547.1 million of loans sold to the secondary market in 2021. The decrease in loan sales during 2022 compared to 2021 was partly due to lower demand for mortgage loans, as well as the Company's temporary pause on loan sales in late 2022.

The Company has experienced lower credit losses on loans in this category than many others in the industry and believes this is partly because of its conservative underwriting culture and the fact that it does not purchase loans from brokers. Net loan

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recoveries in 2022 totaled $74 thousand, and net loan recoveries were $98 thousand in 2021. Balances of non-accrual loans in this category were $1.4 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $1.6 million at year end 2021.

Consumer

Consumer loans consist of private banking, automobile, motorcycle, marine, tractor/trailer, recreational vehicle (RV), fixed rate home equity, patient health care financing and other types of consumer loans. These loans totaled $2.1 billion at December 31, 2022. Approximately 39% of the consumer portfolio consists of automobile loans, 32% in private banking loans, 11% in fixed rate home equity loans, and 10% in healthcare financing loans. Total consumer loans increased $26.9 million at year end 2022 compared to year end 2021. Growth of $77.6 million in private banking loans was supplemented by increases in patient healthcare financing and fixed rate home equity loans. These increases in consumer loan balances were partially offset by declines of $56.8 million in automobile loans and $19.2 million in motorcycle loans. Net charge-offs on total consumer loans were $3.8 million in 2022, compared to $2.6 million in 2021, averaging .18% and .13% of consumer loans in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Revolving Home Equity

Revolving home equity loans, of which more than 99% are adjustable rate loans, totaled $297.2 million at year end 2022. An additional $846.4 million was available in unused lines of credit, which can be drawn at the discretion of the borrower. Home equity loans are secured mainly by second mortgages (and less frequently, first mortgages) on residential property of the borrower. The underwriting terms for the home equity line product permit borrowing availability, in the aggregate, generally up to 80% or 90% of the appraised value of the collateral property at the time of origination. Net loan recoveries were $60 thousand in 2022, compared to net loan charge-offs of nearly zero in 2021.

Consumer Credit Card

Total consumer credit card loans amounted to $584.0 million at December 31, 2022 and comprised 3.6% of the Company’s total loan portfolio. The credit card portfolio is concentrated within regional markets served by the Company. The Company offers a variety of credit card products, including affinity cards, rewards cards, and standard and premium credit cards, and emphasizes its credit card relationship product, Special Connections. Approximately 38% of the households that own a Commerce credit card product also maintain a deposit relationship with the subsidiary bank. Approximately 95% of the outstanding credit card loan balances had a floating interest rate at year end 2022, unchanged from year end 2021. Net charge-offs amounted to $12.7 million in 2022, a decrease of $7.4 million from $20.0 million in 2021.

Loans Held for Sale

At December 31, 2022, loans held for sale were comprised of certain loans extended to students while attending colleges and universities. The student loans, carried at the lower of cost or fair value, totaled $4.9 million at December 31, 2022. This portfolio is further discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Liability for Unfunded Lending Commitments

To determine the amount of the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments, the Company has established a process which assesses the risks and losses expected in its portfolios. This process provides an allowance based on estimates of allowances for pools of loans and unfunded lending commitments, as well as a second, smaller component based on certain individually evaluated loans and unfunded lending commitments. The Company's policies and processes for determining the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments are discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements and in the "Allowance for Credit Losses" discussion within Critical Accounting Policies above.

Loans subject to individual evaluation generally consist of business, construction, business real estate and personal real estate loans on non-accrual status. These non-accrual loans are evaluated individually for impairment based on factors such as payment history, borrower financial condition and collateral. For collateral dependent loans, appraisals of collateral (including exit costs) are normally obtained annually but discounted based on the date last received and market conditions. From these evaluations of expected cash flows and collateral values, specific allowances are determined.

Loans which are not individually evaluated are segregated by loan type and sub-type and are collectively evaluated. These loans consist of commercial loans (business, construction and business real estate) which have been graded pass, special mention, or substandard, and also include all personal banking loans except personal real estate loans on non-accrual status. Collectively-evaluated loans include certain troubled debt restructurings with similar risk characteristics.

The allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments are estimates that require significant judgment including projections of the macro-economic environment. The Company utilizes a third-party macro-economic forecast that continuously changes due to economic conditions and events. These changes in the forecast cause fluctuations in the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments. The Company uses judgment to assess the macro-economic forecast and internal loss data in estimating the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments. These estimates are subject to periodic refinement based on changes in the underlying external and internal data.

The Company has internal credit administration and loan review staff that continuously review loan quality and report the results of their reviews and examinations to the Company’s senior management and Board of Directors. Such reviews also assist management in establishing the level of the allowance. The Company’s subsidiary bank continues to be subject to examination by several regulatory agencies, and examinations are conducted throughout the year, targeting various segments of the loan portfolio for review. Refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for additional discussion on the allowance and charge-off policies.

At December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses on loans was $150.1 million, compared to $150.0 million at December 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses related to commercial loans increased $5.5 million during 2022, due to increases in the allowance for construction and business loans of $5.6 million and $2.4 million, respectively, partly offset by a decrease in the allowance for business real estate loans of $2.5 million. The increase in the allowance for credit losses on the commercial portfolio is due to an increase in outstanding loan balances, partially offset by a reduction in certain pandemic-related reserves, as those uncertainties and concerns began to resolve. Compared to December 31, 2021, the allowance for credit losses on consumer credit card loans decreased $10.6 million, due to the changing forecast, as concerns related to COVID-19 lessened. This decrease was partly offset by a $4.7 million increase in the allowance for personal real estate loans, as prepayment speeds slowed, extending the estimated average life of the loans and increasing the related allowance. The provision for credit losses, which includes the provision for loans and unfunded lending commitments, was $28.1 million for the year, compared to a benefit of $66.3 million in 2021. During 2021, the allowance for credit losses built in 2020 to estimate the impact of the pandemic were released as the economic forecast and loss projections improved. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the various model assumptions utilized in the Company's CECL estimate at December 31, 2022.

The percentage of allowance to loans decreased to .92% at December 31, 2022, compared to .99% at December 30, 2021. The percentage of allowance to commercial portfolio loans decreased to .99% at December 31, 2022, compared to 1.03% at December 30, 2021, and the percentage of allowance to personal banking loans decreased to .80% at December 31, 2022 from .92% at December 31, 2021. The allowance fell as a percentage of loans at December 31, 2022 as the forecast used in the Company's CECL model moved away from the forecast estimating losses related to the trailing impact of the unprecedented pandemic at year end 2021 to a forecast showing a near term mild recession.

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Total loans delinquent 90 days or more and still accruing were $15.8 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $4.1 million compared to year end 2021. The increase was mainly driven by growth of $3.7 million in personal real estate loans. Non-accrual loans at December 31, 2022 were $8.3 million, a decrease of $851 thousand from the prior year, mainly due to declines in business and personal real estate non-accrual loans of $561 thousand and $264 thousand, respectively. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of non-accrual loans was 1,807.6% at December 31, 2022, compared to 1,638.6% at December 31, 2021. The increase in the ratio of the allowance to non-accrual loans was driven by the decrease in non-accrual loans outstanding. The 2022 year-end balance of non-accrual loans was comprised of $6.8 million of business loans, $1.4 million of personal real estate loans, and $189 thousand of business real estate loans.

Net loan charge-offs totaled $19.1 million in 2022, representing a $496 thousand increase compared to net charge-offs of $18.6 million in 2021. The increase was largely due to net charge-offs of $1.1 million on business loans during 2022, compared to net recoveries of $4.8 million in the prior year, and higher net charge-offs on consumer loans of $1.2 million in 2022. These increases to net charge-offs were partly offset by lower consumer credit card loan net charge-offs of $7.4 million. Consumer credit card loan net charge-offs were 2.31% of average consumer credit card loans in 2022, compared to 3.47% in 2021. Consumer credit card loan net charge-offs as a percentage of total net charge-offs decreased to 66.4% in 2022, compared to 107.8% in 2021. Consumer loan net charge-offs were .18% of average consumer loans in 2022, compared to .13% in 2021, and represented 19.9% of total net loan charge-offs in 2022. The ratio of net loan charge-offs to total average loans outstanding was .12% in both 2022 and 2021 and .22% in 2020.

At December 31, 2022, the liability for unfunded lending commitments was $33.1 million, an increase of $8.9 million compared to December 31, 2021. The increase in the liability for unfunded lending commitments during 2022 was driven primarily by increases in the balance and the average term of unfunded lending commitments. The Company's unfunded lending commitments primarily relate to construction loans, and the Company's estimate for credit losses in its unfunded lending commitments utilizes the same model and forecast as its estimate for credit losses on loans. See Note 2 for further discussion of the model inputs utilized in the Company's estimate of credit losses.

The Company considers the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments adequate to cover losses expected in the loan portfolio, including unfunded commitments, at December 31, 2022.

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The schedules which follow summarize the relationship between loan balances and activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans:

Years Ended December 31

Allowance for credit losses:

Loans charged off:

Real estate — construction and land — 3 —

Real estate — business 6 155 —

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:

Real estate — construction and land — 2 3

Ratio of allowance to loans at end of year .92 % .99 % 1.35 %

Ratio of provision to average loans outstanding .12 % (.33) % .73 %

Ratio of non-accrual loans to total loans outstanding .05 % .06 % .16 %

(A) Net of unearned income, before deducting allowance for credit losses on loans, excluding loans held for sale.

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Years Ended December 31

Real estate — construction and land — — —

Real estate — business — — —

Real estate — personal — — (.01)

Revolving home equity (.02) — (.05)

Average loans outstanding by loan class are listed on the Company's average balance sheet on page 60.

The following schedule provides a breakdown of the allowance for credit losses on loans (ACL) by loan category and the percentage of each loan category to total loans outstanding at year end.

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Risk Elements of the Loan Portfolio

Management reviews the loan portfolio continuously for evidence of problem loans. During the ordinary course of business, management becomes aware of borrowers that may not be able to meet the contractual requirements of loan agreements. Such loans are placed under close supervision with consideration given to placing the loan on non-accrual status, the need for an additional allowance for credit loss, and (if appropriate) partial or full loan charge-off. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when management does not expect to collect payments consistent with acceptable and agreed upon terms of repayment. After a loan is placed on non-accrual status, any interest previously accrued but not yet collected is reversed against current income. Interest is included in income only as received and only after all previous loan charge-offs have been recovered, so long as management is satisfied there is no impairment of collateral values. The loan is returned to accrual status only when the borrower has brought all past due principal and interest payments current, and, in the opinion of management, the borrower has demonstrated the ability to make future payments of principal and interest as scheduled. Loans that are 90 days past due as to principal and/or interest payments are generally placed on non-accrual, unless they are both well-secured and in the process of collection, or they are comprised of those personal banking loans that are exempt under regulatory rules from being classified as non-accrual. Consumer installment loans and related accrued interest are normally charged down to the fair value of related collateral (or are charged off in full if no collateral) once the loans are more than 120 days delinquent. Credit card loans and the related accrued interest are charged off when the receivable is more than 180 days past due.

The following schedule shows non-performing assets and loans past due 90 days and still accruing interest.

December 31

Non-accrual loans totaled $8.3 million at year end 2022, a decrease of $851 thousand from the balance at year end 2021. The decrease from December 31, 2021 occurred mainly in business loans, which decreased $561 thousand, and personal real estate loans, which decreased $265 thousand. At December 31, 2022, non-accrual loans were comprised of business (81.3%), personal real estate (16.4%), and business real estate (2.3%) loans. Foreclosed real estate totaled $96 thousand at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $19 thousand when compared to December 31, 2021. Total non-performing assets remain low compared to the overall banking industry in 2022, with the non-performing assets to total loans ratio at .05% at December 31, 2022. Total loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest were $15.8 million as of December 31, 2022, an increase of $4.1 million when compared to December 31, 2021. Balances by class for non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days and still accruing interest are shown in the "Delinquent and non-accrual loans" section of Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

In addition to the non-performing and past due loans mentioned above, the Company also has identified loans for which management has concerns about the ability of the borrowers to meet existing repayment terms. They are classified as substandard under the Company’s internal rating system. The loans are generally secured by either real estate or other borrower assets, reducing the potential for loss should they become non-performing. Although these loans are generally identified as potential problem loans, they may never become non-performing. Such loans totaled $259.7 million at December 31, 2022, compared with $278.7 million at December 31, 2021, resulting in a decrease of $19.0 million or 6.8%. The decrease in potential problem loans was largely driven by an $18.2 million decrease in business real estate loans, partly offset by a $7.2 million increase in construction loans.

December 31

Potential problem loans:

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Loans with Special Risk Characteristics

Management relies primarily on an internal risk rating system, in addition to delinquency status, to assess risk in the loan portfolio, and these statistics are presented in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. However, certain types of loans are considered at a higher risk of loss due to their terms, location, or special conditions. Construction and land loans and business real estate loans are subject to higher risk because of the impact that volatile interest rates and a changing economy can have on real estate value, and because of the potential volatility of the real estate industry. Certain home equity loans have contractual features that could increase credit exposure in a market of declining real estate prices, when interest rates are steadily increasing, or when a geographic area experiences an economic downturn. For these home equity loans, higher risks could exist when 1) loan terms require a minimum monthly payment that covers only interest, or 2) loan-to-collateral value (LTV) ratios at origination are above 80%, with no private mortgage insurance. Information presented below for home equity loans is based on LTV ratios which were calculated with valuations at loan origination date. The Company does not obtain updated appraisals or valuations unless the loans become significantly delinquent or are in the process of being foreclosed upon. For credit monitoring purposes, the Company analyzes delinquency information, current FICO scores, and line utilization. This has remained an effective means of evaluating credit trends and identifying problem loans, partly because the Company offers standard, conservative lending products.

Real Estate - Construction and Land Loans

The Company’s portfolio of construction and land loans, as shown in the table below, amounted to 8.3% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2022. The largest component of construction and land loans was commercial construction, which increased $199.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, multi-family residential construction loans totaled approximately $303.5 million, or 27.0%, of the commercial construction loan portfolio.

Real Estate – Business Loans

Total business real estate loans were $3.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and comprised 20.9% of the Company’s total loan portfolio. These loans include properties such as manufacturing and warehouse buildings, distribution facilities, small office and medical buildings, churches, hotels and motels, shopping centers, and other commercial properties. Approximately 33.3% of these loans were for owner-occupied real estate properties, which present lower risk profiles.

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Revolving Home Equity Loans

The Company has revolving home equity loans that are generally collateralized by residential real estate. Most of these loans (91.4%) are written with terms requiring interest-only monthly payments. These loans are offered in three main product lines: LTV up to 80%, 80% to 90%, and 90% to 100%. As shown in the following tables, the percentage of loans with LTV ratios greater than 80% has remained a small segment of this portfolio, and delinquencies have been low and stable. The weighted average FICO score for the total portfolio balance at December 31, 2022 was 789. At maturity, the accounts are re-underwritten and if they qualify under the Company's credit, collateral and capacity policies, the borrower is given the option to renew the line of credit or to convert the outstanding balance to an amortizing loan. If criteria are not met, amortization is required, or the borrower may pay off the loan. Over the next three years, approximately 19.3% of the Company's current outstanding balances are expected to mature. Of these balances, 88.1% have a FICO score above 700. The Company does not expect a significant increase in losses as these loans mature, due to their high FICO scores, low LTVs, and low historical loss levels.

Loans with LTV:

* Percentage of total principal outstanding of $297.2 million at December 31, 2022.

Loans with LTV:

* Percentage of total principal outstanding of $275.9 million at December 31, 2021.

Consumer Loans

The Company's consumer loans totaled $2.1 billion and comprised 13% of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2022. Within the consumer loan portfolio are several direct and indirect product lines comprised mainly of loans secured by automobiles, motorcycles, marine, and RVs. Auto loans comprised 39% of the consumer loan portfolio at December 31, 2022, and outstanding balances in the auto loan portfolio were $798.6 million and $855.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The balances over 30 days past due amounted to $9.9 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $9.0 million at the end of 2021, and comprised 1.2% of the outstanding balances of these loans at December 31, 2022 compared to 1.1% at December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, $329.3 million of new auto loans were originated, compared to $400.8 million during 2021. At December 31, 2022, the automobile loan portfolio had a weighted average FICO score of 755, and net charge-offs on auto loans were .26% of average auto loans.

The Company's consumer loan portfolio also includes fixed rate home equity loans, typically for home repair or remodeling, and these loans comprised 11% of the consumer loan portfolio at December 31, 2022. Losses on these loans have historically been low, and the Company saw net recoveries of $46 thousand in 2022. Private banking loans comprised 32% of the consumer loan portfolio at December 31, 2022. The Company's private banking loans are generally well-collateralized and at December 31, 2022 were secured primarily by assets held by the Company's trust department. The remaining portion of the Company's consumer loan portfolio is comprised of health services financing, motorcycles, marine and RV loans. Net charge-offs on private banking, health services financing, motorcycle and marine and RV loans totaled $1.7 million in 2022 and were .16% of the average balances of these loans at December 31, 2022.

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Consumer Credit Card Loans

The Company offers low introductory rates on selected consumer credit card products. Out of a portfolio at December 31, 2022 of $584.0 million in consumer credit card loans outstanding, approximately $101.4 million, or 17.4%, carried a low promotional rate. Within the next six months, $37.3 million of these loans are scheduled to convert to the ongoing higher contractual rate. To mitigate some of the risk involved with this credit card promotional feature, the Company performs credit checks and detailed analysis of the customer borrowing profile before approving the loan application. Management believes that the risks in the consumer loan portfolio are reasonable and the anticipated loss ratios are within acceptable parameters.

Oil and Gas Energy Lending

The Company's energy lending portfolio was comprised of lending to the petroleum and natural gas sectors and totaled $296.4 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $35.8 million from year end 2021, as shown in the table below.

Information about the credit quality of the Company's energy lending portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 is provided in the table below.

Substandard — — — —

Energy lending balances classified as non-accrual represented .6% of total energy lending loan balances at December 31, 2022. There were no balances classified as substandard at December 31, 2022. The Company recorded $5 thousand of recoveries on energy loans for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $10 thousand of recoveries on energy loans for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Investment Securities Analysis

Investment securities are comprised of securities that are classified as available for sale, equity, trading or other. The largest component, available for sale debt securities, decreased 4.7% during 2022 to $13.7 billion (excluding unrealized gains/losses in fair value) at year end 2022. During 2022, debt securities of $2.1 billion were purchased, which included $1.1 billion in asset-backed securities, $406.3 million in agency mortgage-backed securities, $207.9 million in non-agency mortgage-based securities, $150.1 million in state and municipal securities, and $152.9 million in U.S. government and federal agency obligations. Total sales, maturities and pay downs of available for sale debt securities were $2.8 billion during 2022. During 2023, maturities and pay downs of approximately $2.4 billion are expected to occur. The Company's tax-exempt investment portfolio is primarily comprised of tax-exempt municipal bonds and certain equity securities in its private equity investment portfolio. There were no significant changes to the Company's tax-exempt investment portfolio during 2022. The average tax equivalent yield earned on total investment securities was 2.15% in 2022 and 1.81% in 2021.

At December 31, 2022, the fair value of available for sale securities was $12.2 billion, which included a net unrealized loss in fair value of $1.5 billion, compared to a net unrealized gain of $30.9 million at December 31, 2021. The overall unrealized loss in fair value at December 31, 2022 included net losses of $43.4 million is U.S. government and federal agency obligations, net losses of $197.9 million in state and municipal securities, and net losses of $1.2 billion in mortgage and asset-backed securities. As described in Note 1, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, on January 1, 2020, and the current expected credit loss model (CECL) implemented by the Company requires that lifetime expected credit losses on securities be recorded in current earnings. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not recognize a credit loss expense on any available for sale debt securities.

Available for sale investment securities at year end for the past two years are shown below:

December 31

Amortized Cost

Government-sponsored enterprise obligations 55,729 50,773

Fair Value

Government-sponsored enterprise obligations 43,108 51,755

At December 31, 2022, the available for sale portfolio included $4.3 billion of agency mortgage-backed securities, which are collateralized bonds issued by agencies including FNMA, GNMA, FHLMC, FHLB, Federal Farm Credit Banks and FDIC. Non-agency mortgage-backed securities totaled $1.2 billion and included $328.4 million collateralized by commercial mortgages and $883.2 million collateralized by residential mortgages at December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2022, U.S. government obligations included TIPS of $373.8 million, at fair value. Other debt securities include corporate bonds, notes and commercial paper.

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The types of securities held in the available for sale security portfolio at year end 2022 are presented in the table below. Additional detail by maturity category is provided in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

Available for sale debt securities:

U.S. government and federal agency obligations 8.5 % 1.23 % 2.2 years

Government-sponsored enterprise obligations 0.4 2.38 13.3

State and municipal obligations 14.3 2.00 6.3

Agency mortgage-backed securities 35.2 2.07 7.0

Non-agency mortgage-backed securities 9.9 2.30 5.5

*Based on call provisions and estimated prepayment speeds.

Equity securities include common and preferred stock with readily determinable fair values that totaled $6.2 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $7.2 million at December 31, 2021.

Other securities totaled $225.0 million at December 31, 2022 and $194.0 million at December 31, 2021. These include Federal Reserve Bank stock and Federal Home Loan Bank (Des Moines) stock held by the bank subsidiary in accordance with debt and regulatory requirements. These are restricted securities and are carried at cost. The Company's equity method investments are carried at cost, adjusted to reflect the Company's portion of income, loss, or dividends of the investee. Also included in other securities are private equity investments which are held by a subsidiary qualified as a Small Business Investment Company. These investments are carried at estimated fair value, but are not readily marketable. While the nature of these investments carries a higher degree of risk than the normal lending portfolio, this risk is mitigated by the overall size of the investments and oversight provided by management, and management believes the potential for long-term gains in these investments outweighs the potential risks.

Other securities at year end for the past two years are shown below:

December 31

Private equity investments in debt securities 66,899 63,416

Private equity investments in equity securities 111,228 83,990

In addition to its holdings in the investment securities portfolio, the Company invests in securities purchased under agreements to resell, which totaled $825.0 million at December 31, 2022 and $1.6 billion at December 31, 2021. These investments mature in 2023 through 2025 and have fixed rates or variable rates that fluctuate with published indices. The counterparties to these agreements are other financial institutions from whom the Company has accepted collateral of $869.6 million in marketable investment securities at December 31, 2022. The average rate earned on these agreements during 2022 was 1.5%, compared to 2.9% in 2021.

The Company also holds offsetting repurchase and resale agreements totaling $200.0 million at December 31, 2022 and $400.0 million at December 31, 2021, which are further discussed in Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements. These agreements involve the exchange of collateral under simultaneous repurchase and resale agreements with the same financial institution counterparty. These repurchase and resale agreements have been offset against each other in the balance sheet, as permitted under current accounting guidance. The agreements mature in 2023 and earned an average of 29 basis points during 2022, compared to 30 basis points in 2021.

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Deposits and Borrowings

Deposits, including both individual and corporate customers, are the primary funding source for the Bank and are acquired from a broad base of local markets. Total period-end deposits were $26.2 billion at December 31, 2022, compared to $29.8 billion last year, reflecting an decrease of $3.6 billion, or 12.2%.

Average deposits increased $316.6 million, or 1.1%, in 2022 compared to 2021, resulting from increases in interest checking and money market account balances, and savings account balances of $1.1 billion and $133.5 million, respectively. Partially offsetting these increases in deposit balances were declines in certificates of deposit balances, which decreased $646.1 million in 2022. Additionally, average demand deposits decreased $275.7 million, primarily driven by lower balances in business demand deposits.

The following table shows year end deposit balances by type, as a percentage of total deposits.

December 31

Non-interest bearing 38.4 % 39.4 %

Savings, interest checking and money market 57.8 55.7

Certificates of deposit of less than $100,000 1.5 1.5

Certificates of deposit of $100,000 and over 2.3 3.4

Core deposits, which include non-interest bearing, interest checking, savings, and money market deposits, supported 81% and 79% of average earning assets in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Average balances by major deposit category for the last six years are disclosed in the Average Balance Sheets section of Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations below. A maturity schedule of all certificates of deposits outstanding at December 31, 2022 is included in Note 7 on Deposits in the consolidated financial statements.

Total uninsured deposits were calculated using the same methodology that the Company uses to determine uninsured deposits for regulatory reporting and amounted to $11.3 billion and $14.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The following table shows a detailed breakdown of the maturities of uninsured certificates of deposit at December 31, 2022. The Company estimated the uninsured deposits in the following table by aggregating all deposit balances by customer and assuming federal deposit insurance would first apply to demand deposits, followed by savings deposits, and lastly to time deposits (beginning with the earliest maturity deposits).

(In thousands) Uninsured Certificates of Deposit at December 31, 2022

Due in over 3 through 6 months 68,357

The Company’s primary sources of overnight borrowings are federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements). Balances in these accounts can fluctuate significantly on a day-to-day basis and generally have one day maturities. Total balances of federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements outstanding at December 31, 2022 were $2.8 billion, comprised of federal funds purchased of $159.9 million and repurchase agreements of $2.7 billion. These balances increased $116.5 million from the federal funds purchased and decreased $297.7 million from the repurchase agreements outstanding at December 31, 2021. On an average basis, these borrowings increased $104.4 million, or 4.5%, during 2022, due to an increase of $44.8 million in repurchase agreements and $59.6 million in federal funds purchased. The average rate was 2.21% paid on federal funds purchased and 1.02% paid on repurchase agreements during 2022, compared to the average rate paid on both federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements of .07% during 2021.

In addition to the funding sources above, the Company may borrow from the FHLB on a short-term basis (borrowings with an original maturity of less than one year) and long-term basis. During 2022, the Company had average short-term borrowings of $45.1 million. All of the short-term borrowings were repaid by the Company before December 31, 2022, and the average

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rate paid on the FHLB borrowings during 2022 was 4.02%. The Company did not have any short-term FHLB borrowings during 2021. The Company did not borrow any long-term funds from the FHLB during 2022 or 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity Management

Liquidity is managed within the Company in order to satisfy cash flow requirements of deposit and borrowing customers while at the same time meeting its own cash flow needs. The Company has taken numerous steps to address liquidity risk and has developed a variety of liquidity sources which it believes will provide the necessary funds for future growth. The Company manages its liquidity position through a variety of sources including:

• A portfolio of liquid assets including marketable investment securities and overnight investments,

• A large customer deposit base and limited exposure to large, volatile certificates of deposit,

• Lower long-term borrowings that might place demands on Company cash flow,

• Relatively low loan to deposit ratio promoting strong liquidity,

• Excellent debt ratings from both Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s national rating services, and

• Available borrowing capacity from outside sources.

The Company’s most liquid assets include available for sale debt securities, federal funds sold, balances at the Federal Reserve Bank, and securities purchased under agreements to resell. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, such assets were as follows:

There were $49.5 million federal funds sold at December 31, 2022, which are funds lent to the Company’s correspondent bank customers with overnight maturities. Resale agreements, maturing through 2025, totaled $825.0 million at December 31, 2022. Under these agreements, the Company lends funds to upstream financial institutions and holds marketable securities, safe-kept by a third-party custodian, as collateral. This collateral totaled $869.6 million in fair value at December 31, 2022. Interest earning balances at the Federal Reserve Bank, which have overnight maturities and are used for general liquidity purposes, totaled $389.1 million at December 31, 2022. The fair value of the available for sale debt portfolio was $12.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and included an unrealized net loss of $1.5 billion. The total net unrealized loss included net loss of $1.2 billion on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, $197.9 million on state and municipal obligations, and $43.4 million on U.S. government and federal agency obligations.

Approximately $2.4 billion of the available for sale debt portfolio is expected to mature or pay down during 2023, and these funds offer substantial resources to meet either new loan demand or help offset potential reductions in the Company’s deposit funding base. The Company pledges portions of its investment securities portfolio to secure public fund deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, trust funds, letters of credit issued by the FHLB, and borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, total investment securities pledged for these purposes were as follows:

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Investment securities pledged for the purpose of securing:

FHLB borrowings and letters of credit 1,817 3,218

* Includes securities pledged for collateral swaps, as discussed in Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements

The average loans to deposits ratio is a measure of a bank's liquidity, and the Company’s average loans to deposits ratio was 55.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Core customer deposits, defined as non-interest bearing, interest checking, savings, and money market deposit accounts, totaled $25.2 billion and represented 96.2% of the Company’s total deposits at December 31, 2022. These core deposits are normally less volatile, often with customer relationships tied to other products offered by the Company promoting long lasting relationships and stable funding sources. Core deposits decreased $3.2 billion at year end 2022 compared to year end 2021, primarily due to decreases in commercial and wealth management deposits of $2.0 billion and $820 million, respectively. While the Company considers core consumer and wealth management deposits less volatile, corporate deposits could decline if interest rates increase significantly, encouraging corporate customers to increase investing activities, or if the economy declines and companies experience lower cash inflows, reducing deposit balances. If these corporate deposits decline, the Company's funding needs can be met by liquidity supplied by investment security maturities and pay downs expected to total $2.4 billion over the next year, as noted above. In addition, as shown in the table of collateral available for future advances below, the Company has borrowing capacity of $2.1 billion through advances from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve.

Core deposit base:

Certificates of deposit of $100,000 or greater totaled $607 million at December 31, 2022. These deposits are normally considered more volatile and higher costing, and comprised 2.3% of total deposits at December 31, 2022.

Other important components of liquidity are the level of borrowings from third party sources and the availability of future credit. The Company’s outside borrowings are mainly comprised of federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements, as follows:

Borrowings:

Federal funds purchased, which totaled $159.9 million at December 31, 2022, are unsecured overnight borrowings obtained mainly from upstream correspondent banks with which the Company maintains approved lines of credit. Retail repurchase agreements are offered to customers wishing to earn interest in highly liquid balances and are used by the Company as a funding source considered to be stable, but short-term in nature. Repurchase agreements are collateralized by securities in the Company’s investment portfolio. Total repurchase agreements at December 31, 2022 were comprised of non-insured customer funds totaling $2.7 billion, and securities pledged for these retail agreements totaled $2.7 billion.

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The Company pledges certain assets, including loans and investment securities to both the Federal Reserve Bank and the FHLB as security to establish lines of credit and borrow from these entities. Based on the amount and type of collateral pledged, the FHLB establishes a collateral value from which the Company may draw advances against the collateral. Additionally, this collateral is used to enable the FHLB to issue letters of credit in favor of public fund depositors of the Company. The Federal Reserve Bank also establishes a collateral value of assets pledged and permits borrowings from the discount window. The following table reflects the collateral value of assets pledged, borrowings, and letters of credit outstanding, in addition to the estimated future funding capacity available to the Company at December 31, 2022.

(In thousands) FHLB Federal Reserve Total

The Company receives outside ratings from both Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s on both the consolidated company and its subsidiary bank, Commerce Bank. These ratings are as follows:

Standard & Poor’s Moody’s

Commerce Bancshares, Inc.

Issuer rating A-

Rating outlook Stable

Commerce Bank

Issuer rating A A2

Baseline credit assessment a1

Short-term rating A-1 P-1

Rating outlook Stable Stable

The Company considers these ratings to be indications of a sound capital base and strong liquidity and believes that these ratings would help ensure the ready marketability of its commercial paper, should the need arise. No commercial paper has been outstanding during the past ten years. The Company has no subordinated or hybrid debt instruments which would affect future borrowing capacity. Because of its lack of significant long-term debt, the Company believes that, through its Capital Markets Group or in other public debt markets, it could generate additional liquidity from sources such as jumbo certificates of deposit, privately-placed corporate notes or other forms of debt.

The cash flows from the operating, investing and financing activities of the Company resulted in a net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $3.4 billion in 2022, as reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Operating activities, consisting mainly of net income adjusted for certain non-cash items, provided cash flow of $559.4 million and has historically been a stable source of funds. Investing activities provided cash of $242.3 million. Sales and maturities proceeds (net of purchases) of investment securities provided cash of $650.4 million, repayments of securities purchased under agreements to resell (net of securities purchased under agreements to resell) provided cash of $800.0 million, and a net increase in the loan portfolio used cash of $1.1 billion. Investing activities are somewhat unique to financial institutions in that, while large sums of cash flow are normally used to fund growth in investment securities, loans, or other bank assets, they are normally dependent on the financing activities described below.

During 2022, financing activities used cash of $4.2 billion. This decrease in cash was largely driven by a decline in deposits, which used cash of $3.7 billion. Federal funds purchases and short-term securities sold under agreements to repurchase used cash in the amount of $181.2 million. The Company paid cash dividends of $127.5 million on common stock, and treasury stock purchases used cash of $186.6 million during 2022. Future short-term liquidity needs for daily operations are not expected to vary significantly, and the Company believes it maintains adequate liquidity to meet these cash flows.

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Cash outflows resulting from the Company’s transactions in its common and preferred stock were as follows:

Preferred stock redemption* — — 150.0

Preferred cash dividends paid — — 6.8

*The period ended December 31, 2020 includes $5.2 million of excess redemption costs over the book value of the preferred stock. This excess payment was considered a dividend.

The Parent faces unique liquidity constraints due to legal limitations on its ability to borrow funds from its bank subsidiary. The Parent obtains funding to meet its obligations from two main sources: dividends received from bank and non-bank subsidiaries (within regulatory limitations) and management fees charged to subsidiaries as reimbursement for services provided by the Parent, as presented below:

These sources of funds are used mainly to pay cash dividends on outstanding stock, pay general operating expenses, and purchase treasury stock. At December 31, 2022, the Parent’s investment securities totaled $16.3 million at fair value, consisting mainly of corporate bonds and preferred stock. To support its various funding commitments, the Parent maintains a $20.0 million line of credit with its subsidiary bank. There were no borrowings outstanding under the line during 2022 or 2021.

Company senior management is responsible for measuring and monitoring the liquidity profile of the organization with oversight by the Company’s Asset/Liability Committee. This is done through a series of controls, including a written Contingency Funding Policy and risk monitoring procedures, which include daily, weekly and monthly reporting. In addition, the Company prepares forecasts to project changes in the balance sheet affecting liquidity and to allow the Company to better plan for forecasted changes.

Material Cash Requirements, Contractual Obligations, Commitments, and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company's material cash requirements include commitments for contractual obligations (both short-term and long-term), commitments to extend credit, and off-balance sheet arrangements. The Company's material cash requirements for the next 12 months are primarily to fund loan growth. Additionally, the Company will utilize cash to fund deposit maturities and withdrawals that may occur in the next 12 months. Other contractual obligations, purchase commitments, lease obligations, and unfunded commitments may require cash payments by the Company within the next 12 months, and these, along with longer-term obligations, are discussed below.

A table summarizing contractual cash obligations of the Company at December 31, 2022, and the expected timing of these payments follows:

Payments Due by Period

*Includes principal payments only.

In the normal course of business, various commitments and contingent liabilities arise that are not required to be recorded on the balance sheet. The most significant of these are loan commitments totaling $14.3 billion (including approximately $5.2 billion in unused, approved credit card lines) and the contractual amount of standby letters of credit totaling $555.9 million at

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December 31, 2022. As many commitments expire unused or only partially used, these totals do not necessarily reflect future cash requirements. Management does not anticipate any material losses arising from commitments or contingent liabilities and believes there are no material commitments to extend credit that represent risks of an unusual nature.

The Company funds a defined benefit pension plan for a portion of its employees. Under the funding policy for the plan, contributions are made as necessary to provide for current service and for any unfunded accrued actuarial liabilities over a reasonable period. No contributions to the defined benefit plan were made in 2022, 2021 or 2020, and the Company is not required nor does it expect to make a contribution in 2023.

The Company has investments in low-income housing partnerships generally within the areas it serves. These partnerships supply funds for the construction and operation of apartment complexes that provide affordable housing to that segment of the population with lower family income. If these developments successfully attract a specified percentage of residents falling in that lower income range, federal (and sometimes state) income tax credits are made available to the partners. The tax credits are normally recognized over ten years, and they play an important part in the anticipated yield from these investments. In order to continue receiving the tax credits each year over the life of the partnership, the low-income residency targets must be maintained.Under the terms of the partnership agreements, the Company has a commitment to fund a specified amount that will be due in installments over the life of the agreements, which ranges from 3 to 18 years.At December 31, 2022, the investments totaled $59.9 million and are recorded as other assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Unfunded commitments, which are recorded as liabilities, amounted to $38.8 million at December 31, 2022.

During the third quarter of 2020, the Company signed a $106.7 million agreement with U.S. Capital Development to develop a 280,000 square foot commercial office building in a two building complex in Clayton, Missouri. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has made payments totaling $94.0 million. While the Company intends to occupy a portion of the office building for executive offices, a 15 year lease has been signed by an anchor tenant to lease approximately 50% of the office building.

The Company regularly purchases various state tax credits arising from third-party property redevelopment. These credits are either resold to third parties for a profit or retained for use by the Company. During 2022, purchases and sales of tax credits amounted to $112.7 million and $126.9 million, respectively. Income from the sales of tax credits were $5.4 million, $4.5 million and $4.2 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Company had outstanding purchase commitments totaling $121.8 million that it expects to fund in 2023. These commitments, along with the commitments for the next five years, are included in the table above.

The Company’s sound equity base, along with its long-term low debt level, common and preferred stock availability, and excellent debt ratings, provide several alternatives for future financing. Future acquisitions may utilize partial funding through one or more of these options. Through the various sources of liquidity described above, the Company maintains a liquidity position that it believes will adequately satisfy its financial obligations. The Company is not aware of any trends, events, or commitments that are reasonably likely to increase or decrease its liquidity in a material way.

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Capital Management

Under Basel III capital guidelines, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company met all capital adequacy requirements and had regulatory capital ratios in excess of the levels established for well-capitalized institutions, as shown in the following table.

Tangible common equity to tangible assets 7.32 9.01

* Under Prompt Corrective Action requirements

The Company is subject to a 2.5% capital conservation buffer, which is an amount above the minimum ratios under capital adequacy guidelines, and is required under Basel III. The capital conservation buffer is intended to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Failure to maintain the buffer will result in constraints on dividends, share repurchases, and executive compensation.

In the first quarter of 2020, the interim final rule of the Federal Reserve Bank and other U.S. banking agencies became effective, providing banks that adopted CECL (ASU 2016-13) during the 2020 calendar year the option to delay recognizing the estimated impact on regulatory capital until after a two year deferral period, followed by a three year transition period. In connection with the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, the Company has elected to utilize this option. As a result, the two year deferral period for the Company extends through December 31, 2021. Beginning on January 1, 2022, the Company was required to phase in 25% of the previously deferred estimated capital impact of CECL, with an additional 25% to be phased in at the beginning of each subsequent year until fully phased in by the first quarter of 2025.

The Company maintains a treasury stock buyback program under authorizations by its Board of Directors and periodically purchases stock in the open market. During 2021, the Company purchased 1.8 million shares, and during 2022 the Company purchased 2.7 million shares. At December 31, 2022, 3.1 million shares remained available for purchase under the current Board authorization.

The Company’s common stock dividend policy reflects its earnings outlook, desired payout ratios, the need to maintain adequate capital levels and alternative investment options. Per share cash dividends paid by the Company increased 6.1% in 2022 compared with 2021, and the Company increased its first quarter 2023 cash dividend 7.1%, making 2023 the Company's 55th consecutive year of regular cash dividend increases. The Company also distributed its 29th consecutive annual 5% stock dividend in December 2022.

On September 1, 2020, the Company redeemed all 6,000 outstanding shares of its 6.00% Series B Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock and the corresponding depositary shares representing fractional interests in the Series B Preferred Stock at a redemption price of $25 per depositary share (equivalent to $1,000 per share of preferred stock). Regular dividends on the outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock were paid separately on September 1, 2020 to holders of record as of the close of business on August 14, 2020, in the customary manner. On and after September 1, 2020, all dividends on the shares of Series B Preferred Stock ceased to accrue.

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Interest Rate Sensitivity

The Company’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (ALCO) measures and manages the Company’s interest rate risk on a monthly basis to identify trends and establish strategies to maintain stability in net interest income throughout various rate environments. Analytical modeling techniques provide management insight into the Company’s exposure to changing rates. These techniques include net interest income simulations and market value analysis. Management has set guidelines specifying acceptable limits within which net interest income and market value may change under various rate change scenarios.

The Company’s main interest rate measurement tool, income simulation, projects net interest income under various rate change scenarios in order to quantify the magnitude and timing of potential rate-related changes. Income simulations are able to capture option risks within the balance sheet where expected cash flows may be altered under various rate environments. Modeled rate movements include “shocks, ramps and twists.” Shocks are intended to capture interest rate risk under extreme conditions by immediately shifting rates up and down, while ramps measure the impact of gradual changes and twists measure yield curve risk. The size of the balance sheet is assumed to remain constant so that results are not influenced by growth predictions.

The Company also employs a sophisticated simulation technique known as a stochastic income simulation. This technique allows management to see a range of results from hundreds of income simulations. The stochastic simulation creates a vector of potential rate paths around the market’s best guess (forward rates) concerning the future path of interest rates and allows rates to randomly follow paths throughout the vector. This allows for the modeling of non-biased rate forecasts around the market consensus. Results give management insight into a likely range of rate-related risk as well as worst and best-case rate scenarios.

Additionally, the Company uses market value analyses to help identify longer-term risks that may reside on the balance sheet. This is considered a secondary risk measurement tool by management. The Company measures the market value of equity as the net present value of all asset and liability cash flows discounted along the current swap curve plus appropriate market risk spreads. It is the change in the market value of equity under different rate environments, or effective duration, that gives insight into the magnitude of risk to future earnings due to rate changes. Market value analyses also help management understand the price sensitivity of non-marketable bank products under different rate environments.

The tables below show the effects of gradual shifts in interest rates over a twelve month period on the Company’s net interest income versus the Company's net interest income in a flat rate scenario. Simulation A presents three rising rate scenarios and three falling rate scenarios and in each scenario, rates are assumed to change evenly over 12 months. In these scenarios, the current balance sheet is held constant.

The sensitivity of deposit balances to changes in rates is particularly difficult to estimate in low rate environments. Since the future effects of changes in rates on deposit balances cannot be known with certainty, the Company conservatively models alternate scenarios with greater deposit attrition as rates rise. Simulation B illustrates results from these higher attrition scenarios to provide added perspective on potential effects of higher rates.

The Company utilizes these simulations for monitoring interest rate risk. While the future effects of rising and falling rates on deposit balances cannot be known, the Company maintains a practice of running multiple rate scenarios to better understand interest rate risk and its effect on the Company’s performance.

300 basis points rising $ (0.5) (.05) % $ — $ 3.3 .32 % $ —

Under Simulation A, in the three rising rate scenarios and three falling rate scenarios, interest rate risk is less asset sensitive than the previous quarter. This is mainly due to an increase in the Federal funds rate, which puts upward pressure on deposit

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rates in the rising rate scenarios and deposit rates have more room to fall in falling rate scenarios. Deposits are held constant for this simulation in both the current and previous quarters.

* Compared to the flat rate scenario

In Simulation B, the assumed levels of deposit attrition were modeled to capture the results of a shrinking balance sheet due to the potential loss of surge deposits. Under this Simulation, in the three rising rate scenarios and three falling rate scenarios, interest rate risk is less liability sensitive than the previous quarter, which primarily resulted from a decrease in surge deposits and changes in surge deposit run-off. In the three falling rate scenarios, interest rate risk was also impacted by higher non-maturity deposit rates, which increased during the current quarter and now have more room to fall.

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Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company maintains an overall interest rate risk management strategy that permits the use of derivative instruments to modify exposure to interest rate risk. Such instruments include interest rate swaps, interest rate floors, interest rate caps, credit risk participation agreements, mortgage loan commitments, forward sale contracts, and forward to-be-announced (TBA) contracts. The Company’s interest rate risk management strategy includes the ability to modify the re-pricing characteristics of certain assets and liabilities so that changes in interest rates do not adversely affect the net interest margin and cash flows.

In addition to using derivatives to manage interest rate risk, the Company enters into foreign exchange derivative instruments as an accommodation to customers and offsets the related foreign exchange risk by entering into offsetting third-party forward contracts with approved, reputable counterparties. This trading activity is managed within a policy of specific controls and limits.

In all of these contracts, the Company is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties, who may be bank customers or other financial institutions. The Company controls the credit risk of its financial contracts through credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. Because the Company generally only enters into transactions with high quality counterparties, there have been no losses associated with counterparty nonperformance on derivative financial instruments.

The following table summarizes the notional amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Notional amount, along with the other terms of the derivative, is used to determine the amounts to be exchanged between the counterparties. Because the notional amount does not represent amounts exchanged by the parties, it is not a measure of loss exposure related to the use of derivatives nor of exposure to liquidity risk. All of these derivative instruments utilized by the Company are further discussed in Note 19 on Derivative Instruments.

Mortgage loan commitments — — — 21,787 764 —

Mortgage loan forward sale contracts — — — 1,165 5 (1)

Operating Segments

The Company segregates financial information for use in assessing its performance and allocating resources among three operating segments. The results are determined based on the Company’s management accounting process, which assigns balance sheet and income statement items to each responsible segment. These segments are defined by customer base and product type. The management process measures the performance of the operating segments based on the management structure of the Company and is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution. Each segment is managed by executives who, in conjunction with the Chief Executive Officer, make strategic business decisions regarding that segment. The three reportable operating segments are Consumer, Commercial, and Wealth. Additional information is presented in Note 13 on Segments in the consolidated financial statements.

The Company uses a funds transfer pricing method to value funds used (e.g., loans, fixed assets, cash, etc.) and funds provided (deposits, borrowings, and equity) by the business segments and their components. This process assigns a specific value to each new source or use of funds with a maturity, based on current swap rates, thus determining an interest spread at the time of the transaction. Non-maturity assets and liabilities are valued using weighted average pools. The funds transfer pricing process attempts to remove interest rate risk from valuation, allowing management to compare profitability under various rate environments. The Company also assigns loan charge-offs and recoveries (labeled in the table below as “provision for credit losses”) directly to each operating segment instead of allocating an estimated credit loss provision. The operating segments also include a number of allocations of income and expense from various support and overhead centers within the Company.

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The table below is a summary of segment pre-tax income results for the past three years.

Investment securities gains, net — — — — 20,506 20,506

Investment securities gains, net — — — — 30,059 30,059

Decrease in income before income taxes:

Investment securities gains, net — — — — 11,032 11,032

Increase in income before income taxes:

Consumer

The Consumer segment includes consumer deposits, consumer finance, and consumer debit and credit cards. During 2022, income before income taxes for the Consumer segment decreased $13.3 million, or 8.9%, compared to 2021. This decrease was due to a decline in non-interest income of $31.2 million, or 21.2%, and higher non-interest expense of $7.1 million, or 2.4%. These decreases to income were partly offset by growth in net interest income of $19.6 million, or 6.1%, and a decrease in the provision for credit losses of $5.4 million, or 23.1%. Net interest income increased due to a $19.0 million increase in net allocated funding credits assigned to the Consumer segment's loan and deposit portfolios. Non-interest income decreased mainly due to declines of $24.7 million in mortgage banking revenue and $4.0 million in overdraft and return item fees. Non-interest expense increased over the prior year mainly due to higher occupancy expense, insurance expense and allocated service and support costs (mainly bank card fraud operations and information technology), partly offset by lower allocated service costs for branch employees and mortgage operations. The provision for credit losses totaled $17.9 million, a $5.4 million decrease from the prior year, which resulted mainly from lower credit card loan net charge-offs, slightly offset by higher consumer loan net charge-offs. Total average loans in this segment decreased $95.5 million, or 5.0%, in 2022 compared to 2021 mainly due to declines in consumer credit card and auto loans. Average deposits increased $559.8 million, or 4.4%, over the prior year, resulting from growth in personal demand, savings and interest checking and money market deposit account balances.

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During 2021, income before income taxes for the Consumer segment increased $9.3 million, or 6.7%, compared to 2020. This increase was due to a decrease in non-interest expense of $4.3 million, or 1.4%, and a decrease in the provision for credit losses of $8.0 million. These increases to income were partly offset by a $1.6 million, or .5%, decrease in net interest income and a $1.3 million, or .9%, decrease to non-interest income. Net interest income decreased due to a $21.9 million decline in loan interest income, partly offset by a $9.1 million increase in net allocated funding credits assigned to the Consumer segment's loan and deposit portfolios, and lower deposit interest expense of $11.2 million. Non-interest income decreased mainly due to a decline in mortgage banking revenue, partly offset by growth in net credit and debit card fees (mainly higher interchange fees, partly offset by higher credit card rewards expense) and check sales and wire fees. Non-interest expense decreased from 2020 mainly due to lower salaries and benefits expense, occupancy expense, allocated servicing costs for mortgage operations and a reduction in impairment expense on mortgage servicing rights. These decreases were partly offset by higher marketing expense and higher allocated costs for information technology. The provision for credit losses totaled $23.2 million, an $8.0 million decrease from 2020, which resulted mainly from lower net charge-offs on consumer credit card and consumer loans. Total average loans in this segment decreased $178.3 million, or 8.5%, in 2021 compared to 2020 mainly due to declines in consumer credit card, auto and fixed and revolving home equity loans. Average deposits increased $1.6 billion, or 13.8%, over 2020, resulting from growth in personal demand, savings and interest checking and money market deposit account balances.

Commercial

The Commercial segment provides lending (including the Small Business Banking product line within the branch network), leasing, international services, and business, government deposit, and related commercial cash management services, as well as merchant and commercial bank card products. The segment includes the Capital Markets Group, which sells fixed-income securities to correspondent banks, corporations, public institutions, municipalities, and individuals and also provides securities safekeeping and bond accounting services. Pre-tax income for 2022 decreased $29.2 million, or 8.6%, compared to 2021, mainly due to increases in non-interest expense and the provision for credit losses, partly offset by an increase in non-interest income. Net interest income decreased $1.0 million, or .2%, due to a $21.4 million decrease in net allocated funding credits assigned to the Commercial segment's loan and deposit portfolios, coupled with higher interest expense on customer repurchase agreements and deposits of $22.6 million and 18.5 million, respectively. The decreases were partly offset by a $61.2 million increase in loan interest income. The provision for credit losses increased $6.0 million due to net charge-offs recorded on business loans in 2022 compared to net recoveries recorded in the prior year. Non-interest income increased $13.8 million, or 6.6%, over 2021 due to higher net bank card fees (mainly corporate card), deposit account fees (mainly corporate cash management fees), and higher cash sweep commissions. These increases were partly offset by lower capital market fees. Non-interest expense increased $36.0 million, or 10.9%, during 2022, mainly due to higher salaries and benefits expense, data processing and software expense, travel and entertainment expense, and allocated service and support costs (mainly bank operations expense, branch employee expense, and commercial banking expense). Average segment loans decreased $216.9 million, or 2.1%, compared to 2021, mainly due to a decline in business loans, partly offset by increases in business real estate and construction loans. Average deposits decreased $49.4 million, or .4%, mainly due to declines in business demand and certificate of deposit account balances, offset by an increase in interest checking and money market deposit account balances.

Pre-tax income for 2021 increased $50.8 million, or 17.5%, compared to 2020, mainly due to increases in net interest income and non-interest income and a decline in the provision for credit losses, partly offset by an increase in non-interest expense. Net interest income increased $39.0 million, or 9.4%, due to higher net allocated funding credits of $56.9 million and lower interest expense of $12.9 million on deposits and customer repurchase agreements, partly offset by a decrease of $30.9 million in loan interest income. The provision for credit losses decreased $8.6 million due to recoveries recorded on business loans in 2021 compared to net charge-offs recorded 2020. Non-interest income increased $16.5 million, or 8.5%, over 2020 due to higher net bank card fees (mainly corporate card and merchant fees), deposit account fees (mainly corporate cash management fees), and higher interest rate swap fees. These increases were partly offset by lower cash sweep commissions. Non-interest expense increased $13.3 million, or 4.2%, during 2021, mainly due to higher salaries and benefits expense (mainly incentive compensation), data processing and software expense, allocated support costs for information technology and commercial banking, and lower deferred origination costs. These increases were partly offset by lower allocated service costs (mainly lockbox). Average segment loans decreased $327.8 million, or 3.1%, compared to 2020, with the decline occurring in business loans (mainly PPP loans), partly offset by an increase in construction loans. Average deposits increased $2.1 billion, or 20.7%, mainly due to growth in business demand deposits.

Wealth

The Wealth segment provides traditional trust and estate planning, advisory and discretionary investment management services, brokerage services, and includes Private Banking accounts. At December 31, 2022, the Trust group managed investments with a market value of $37.3 billion and administered an additional $23.0 billion in non-managed assets. It also provides investment management services to The Commerce Funds, a series of mutual funds with $2.5 billion in total assets at

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December 31, 2022. In 2022, pre-tax income for the Wealth segment was $142.9 million, compared to $148.7 million in 2021, a decrease of $5.8 million, or 3.9%. Net interest income increased $2.9 million, or 4.0%, mainly due to a $16.4 million increase in loan interest income, partly offset by a $12.5 million decrease in net allocated funding credits assigned to the Wealth segment's loan and deposit portfolios and a $1.0 million increase in deposit interest expense. Non-interest income decreased $229 thousand, or .1%, from the prior year due to higher cash sweep commissions and brokerage fees, partly offset by lower mortgage banking revenue and trust fees. Non-interest expense increased $8.6 million, or 6.3%, resulting from higher salaries and benefits expense, travel and entertainment expense, and marketing expense. The provision for credit losses decreased $44 thousand, mainly due to net recoveries on revolving home equity loans. Average assets increased $253.3 million, or 16.0%, during 2022 mainly due to higher personal real estate and consumer loan balances. Average deposits decreased $161.0 million, or 5.4%, due to a decline in interest checking and money market deposit account balances.

In 2021, pre-tax income for the Wealth segment was $148.7 million, compared to $121.9 million in 2020, an increase of $26.8 million, or 22.0%. Net interest income increased $13.6 million, or 23.5%, due to an $11.0 million increase in net allocated funding credits and lower deposit interest expense of $4.0 million, slightly offset by a decline in loan interest income of $1.3 million. Non-interest income increased $24.7 million, or 13.1%, over 2020 largely due to higher private client and institutional trust fees and brokerage fees, partly offset by lower cash sweep commissions. Non-interest expense increased $11.4 million, or 9.1%, resulting from higher salaries expense (mainly incentive compensation) and higher allocated support costs for information technology. The provision for credit losses increased $64 thousand, mainly due to higher net charge-offs on revolving home equity loans. Average assets increased $178.3 million, or 12.7%, during 2021 mainly due to higher personal real estate and consumer loan balances. Average deposits increased $694.7 million, or 30.6%, due to growth in business demand and interest checking and money market account deposit balances.

The segment activity, as shown above, includes both direct and allocated items. Amounts in the “Other/Elimination” column include activity not related to the segments, such as certain administrative functions, the investment securities portfolio, and the effect of certain expense allocations to the segments. In accordance with the Company's transfer pricing procedures, the difference between the total provision and total net charge-offs/recoveries is not allocated to a business segment and is included in this category. In 2022, the pre-tax net income in this category was $41.7 million, compared to $47.3 million in 2021. This decrease was mainly due to an increase in the provision for credit losses of $93.8 million and an $8.7 million increase in non-interest expense, partly offset by increases of $85.2 million in net interest income and $3.8 million in non-interest income. Unallocated securities gains were $20.5 million in 2022, compared to securities gains of $30.1 million in 2021. The increase in the unallocated provision for credit losses of $93.8 million was primarily driven by an increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans and the liability for unfunded lending commitments, which are not allocated to segments for management reporting purposes. Net charge-off are allocated to segments when incurred for management reporting purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company's provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments, which is not allocated to the segments for management reporting, was $8.9 million, compared to a benefit of $14.1 million in 2021. Additionally, the provision for credit losses on loans was $92 thousand in excess of net charge-offs in 2022, while the provision was $70.8 million lower than net charge-offs in 2021.

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Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Reference Rate Reform The FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting", in March 2020, and has been followed by additional clarifying guidance related to derivatives that are modified as a result of reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if they reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Further, the guidance applies to derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a result of reference rate reform. The expedients and exceptions provided by the new guidance do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated for effectiveness after December 31, 2022, except for certain hedging relationships existing as of December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 which extended the sunset date under Topic 848 to December 31, 2024. The change is to align the temporary accounting relief guidance with the expected cessation date of LIBOR, which was postponed by administrators in 2021 to June 2023, a year after the current sunset date of ASU 2020-04.

In order to assess the impact of transition and ensure a successful transition process, the Company established a LIBOR Transition Program led by the LIBOR Transition Steering Committee (the Committee), which is an internal, cross-functional team with representatives from all relevant business lines, support functions and legal counsel. A LIBOR impact and risk assessment has been performed, and the Committee has developed and prioritized action items. All LIBOR-based loans must be converted to an alternative index by June 30, 2023, as LIBOR will no longer be published after June 30, 2023. All of the Company's financial contracts that reference LIBOR have been identified, and LIBOR fallback language has been included in key loan provisions of new and renewed loans in preparation of the transition from LIBOR. The Company ceased originating new loans with LIBOR as a reference rate at the end of 2021 and is actively working with customers to modify existing loans that reference LIBOR to a new reference rate. The Company plans to finish transitioning the impacted loans by spring of 2023.

Credit Losses The FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", in March 2022. This ASU eliminates the troubled debt restructuring recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, requires that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The amendments also enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amendments require that an entity disclose current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. The guidance is effective January 1, 2023. Aside from additional disclosure requirements, the Company expects no material impact to its consolidated financial statements from adoption of this ASU.

Corporate Governance

The Company has adopted a number of corporate governance measures. These include corporate governance guidelines, a code of ethics that applies to its senior financial officers and the charters for its audit and risk committee, its committee on compensation and human resources, and its committee on governance/directors. This information is available on the Company’s investor relations website at investor.commercebank.com/overview/corporate-governance.

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AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS — AVERAGE RATES AND YIELDS

Years Ended December 31

ASSETS

Loans:(A)

Investment securities:

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Interest bearing deposits:

Borrowings:

Net yield on interest earning assets 2.85 % 2.58 % 2.99 %

(A) Loans on non-accrual status are included in the computation of average balances. Included in interest income above are loan fees and late charges, net of amortization of deferred loan origination fees and costs, which are immaterial. Credit card income from merchant discounts and net interchange fees are not included in loan income.E — A

VERAGE RATES AND

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YI

Years Ended December 31

(B) Interest income and yields are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using a federal income tax rate of 21% in 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018 and 35% in 2017. Loan interest income includes tax free loan income (categorized as business loan income) which includes tax equivalent adjustments of $4,126,000 in 2022, $4,176,000 in 2021, $4,916,000 in 2020, $6,282,000 in 2019, $5,931,000 in 2018, and $10,357,000 in 2017. Investment securities interest income includes tax equivalent adjustments of $6,874,000 in 2022, $7,546,000 in 2021, $8,042,000 in 2020, $7,845,000 in 2019, $10,306,000 in 2018, and $22,565,000 in 2017. These adjustments relate to state and municipal obligations, trading securities, equity securities, and other securities.

(C) Interest expense of $1,370,000, $29,000 and $14,000, which was capitalized on construction projects in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, is not deducted from the interest expense shown above.

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QUARTERLY AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS — AVERAGE RATES AND YIELDS

Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter

ASSETS

Loans:

Overdrafts 7 — 4 — 6 — 5 —

Investment securities:

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Interest bearing deposits:

Borrowings:

Net yield on interest earning assets 3.18 % 3.01 % 2.79 % 2.45 %

(A) Stated on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using a federal income tax rate of 21%.

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— AVERAGE RATES AND YIELDS

Fourth Quarter Third Quarter Second Quarter First Quarter

ASSETS

Loans:

Overdrafts 5 — 5 — 4 — 4 —

Investment securities:

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Interest bearing deposits:

Borrowings:

Net yield on interest earning assets 2.43 % 2.58 % 2.60 % 2.71 %

(A) Stated on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using a federal income tax rate of 21%.

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SUMMARY OF QUARTERLY STATEMENTS OF INCOME

Year ended December 31, 2022 For the Quarter Ended

Net income per common share — basic* $ 1.05 $ .97 $ .92 $ .92

Net income per common share — diluted* $ 1.04 $ .97 $ .92 $ .92

Year ended December 31, 2021 For the Quarter Ended

Net income per common share — basic* $ .90 $ .95 $ 1.26 $ 1.01

Net income per common share — diluted* $ .90 $ .95 $ 1.25 $ 1.01

Year ended December 31, 2020 For the Quarter Ended

Net income per common share — basic* $ 1.00 $ .97 $ .29 $ .38

Net income per common share — diluted* $ 1.00 $ .97 $ .29 $ .38

* Restated for the 5% stock dividend distributed in 2022.

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Item 7a. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The information required by this item is disclosed within the Interest Rate Sensitivity section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Commerce Bancshares, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.