ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and expected financial results, includes forward-looking statements that

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involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the risks described in Part I, Item 1A Risk Factors and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Overview

We are a provider of genome analysis solutions that can enable researchers and clinicians to reveal answers to challenging questions in biology and medicine. Our mission is to transform the way the world sees the genome through OGM solutions, diagnostic services and software. We offer OGM solutions for applications across basic, translational and clinical research, and for other applications including bioprocessing. Through our Bionano Laboratories business, we also provide diagnostic testing for patients with clinical presentations consistent with autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Through our BioDiscovery business, we offer an industry-leading, platform-agnostic software solution, which integrates next-generation sequencing and microarray data designed to provide analysis, visualization, interpretation and reporting of copy number variants, single-nucleotide variants and absence of heterozygosity across the genome in one consolidated view. Through our Purigen business, we offer nucleic acid extraction and purification solutions using proprietary ITP technology.

We expect to see OGM adoption in cytogenomics, discovery research and cell bioprocessing quality control (QC). Within cytogenetics and molecular pathology, we estimate the number of cytogenetic labs on a worldwide basis (excluding India and developing countries) to be approximately 10,000. We estimate that these labs analyze approximately 10.0 million samples per year. Additionally, we estimate the number of pharmaceutical and biotech companies that are engaged in research and development of various cell therapies that rely on methods, including cytogenetics, for QC of the cell modification and manufacturing process to be approximately 1,400. Based on these estimates, we believe the economic potential for OGM in these markets is approximately $10.0 billion annually, $3.0 billion of which we attribute to cell bioprocessing QC. We believe there are additional potential future market opportunities for OGM including newborn screening, population genomics, and neurological and cardiological risk assessment which are not included in our estimates above.

We have incurred losses in each year since our inception. Our net losses were $132.6 million and $72.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $348.7 million.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses as we:

•expand our sales and marketing efforts to further commercialize our products;

•continue research and development efforts to improve our existing products;

•hire additional personnel;

•enter into collaboration arrangements, if any;

•add operational, financial and management information systems; and

•incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company.

Accordingly, based on recurring losses from operations incurred since inception, the expectation of continued operating losses, and the need to raise additional capital to finance our future operations, we determined that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within 12 months of this Annual Report.

Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Developments

We are subject to additional risks and uncertainties as a result of adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic developments, such as the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, any lingering effects of COVID-19 and uncertain market conditions, including inflation and supply chain disruptions, which could continue to have a material impact on our business and financial results.

Following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the U.S. and global financial markets experienced volatility, which has led to disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, supply chain continuity and reduced access to liquidity globally. In response to the invasion, the United States, United Kingdom and European Union, along with others, imposed significant new sanctions and export controls against Russia, Russian banks and certain Russian individuals and may implement additional sanctions or take further punitive actions in the future. The full economic and social impact of the sanctions imposed on Russia and possible future punitive measures that may be implemented, as well as the counter measures imposed by Russia, in addition to the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia, which could conceivably expand into the surrounding region, remains uncertain; however, both the conflict and related sanctions have resulted, and could continue to result, in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, supply chain continuity and reduced access to liquidity on acceptable terms, in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets. As a result, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, particularly to the extent it escalates to involve additional countries, further economic sanctions or wider military conflict.

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We closely monitor and comply with various applicable guidelines and legal requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate. As a result of COVID-19 and actions taken to reduce its spread, we could see additional supply chain disruptions that impact our ability to produce our products and may cause us to make strategic determinations regarding, among other things, the cost and quality of the components and supplies we acquire. We may also see negative effects on enrollment in our ongoing or future clinical studies. At various times throughout the pandemic, we have been unable to visit certain customer sites to support installation or service our OGM systems. Our manufacturing partners, suppliers, and customers have implemented similar operational reductions. This overall reduction in activity has contributed to a decrease in sales which negatively impacted our financial results in fiscal years 2021 and 2022. The future effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, if any, are unknown and our financial results may continue to be negatively affected as a result. The COVID-19 pandemic may also have long-term effects on the nature of the office environment and remote working, which may present strategy, operational, talent recruiting and retention and workplace culture challenges that may adversely affect our business.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we experienced supply chain challenges, which we largely attribute to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the COVID-19 pandemic did not prevent us from operating our business during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we experienced increased costs to secure certain component parts in our products and to produce our products at our contract manufacturers. We expect these increased costs to remain high as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ukraine-Russia conflict and their respective effects persist. As global economic conditions recover, business activity may not recover as quickly as anticipated, and it is not possible at this time to estimate the long-term impact that these and related events could have on our business, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. For instance, product demand may be reduced due to an economic recession, a decrease in corporate capital expenditures, prolonged unemployment, rising inflation rates, labor shortages, reduction in consumer confidence, adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic developments, or any similar negative economic condition. Further, the travel restrictions on our business have limited our ability to support our global and domestic operations, including providing installation and training and customer service, which has and may continue to slow the pace of our commercial strategy, sales and marketing efforts. These negative effects could have a material impact on our operations, business, earnings, and liquidity.

Financial Overview

Revenue

We generate product revenue from sales of our systems and consumables, which includes our instruments, and our NxClinicalTM software. We currently sell our systems for research use only applications and our customers are primarily laboratories associated with academic and governmental research institutions, academic and commercial clinical laboratories, as well as pharmaceutical, biotechnology and contract research companies. In addition, we provide instruments to certain customers under our reagent rental program, under which we provide an instrument to customers at no cost and the customers agree to purchase minimum quantities of consumables. Consumable revenue consists of sales of reagents and chips necessary to process a sample. Sales of our NxClinicalTM software, which provides customers with solutions for analysis, interpretation and reporting of genomics data, are made on a subscription basis. We generate service revenue from the sale of diagnostic testing services for those with autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disabilities through Bionano Laboratories, as well as services performed related to customer sample evaluations using the Saphyr system. Other revenue consists of warranty and other service-based revenue, including support, repair and maintenance services.

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The following table presents our revenue for the periods indicated:

Years Ended December 31,

The following table reflects total revenue by geography and as a percentage of total revenue, based on the billing address of our customers. Americas consists of North America and South America. EMEA consists of Europe, Middle East and Africa. Asia Pacific includes China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Australia and India.

Years Ended December 31,

$ % $ %

Cost of Revenue

Cost of product revenue for our systems and consumables includes raw material parts costs and associated freight, shipping and handling costs, contract manufacturing costs, salaries and other personnel costs, equipment depreciation, overhead and other direct costs related to those sales recognized as product revenue in the period. Cost of service and other revenue consists of third-party laboratory costs to process the diagnostic samples, salaries of our clinical technicians who interpret and deliver the results to patients, warranty services, and other costs of servicing equipment at customer sites.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of salaries and other personnel costs, stock-based compensation, research supplies, third-party development costs for new products, materials for prototypes, equipment depreciation, and allocated overhead costs that include facility and other overhead costs. We have made substantial investments in research and development since our inception, and plan to continue to make investments in the future. Our research and development efforts have focused primarily on the tasks required to support development and commercialization of new and existing products. We believe that our continued investment in research and development is essential to our long-term competitive position.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other personnel costs, amortization expense related to acquired intangibles, and stock-based compensation for our sales and marketing, finance, legal, human resources and general management, as well as professional services, such as legal and accounting services.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Revenue

We have revised the classification of its revenue between the categories in the table above for the December 31, 2021 income statement to separately present software revenue. In our December 31, 2021 income statement, “software” was included in “services and other.”

Revenue increased by $9.8 million, or 55% to $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $18.0 million for the same period in 2021, driven primarily from an increase in instrument and software sales as discussed below.

Instrument revenue increased $2.7 million, or 46%, to $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, due to an increase in instruments sold. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our installed base grew to 240 Saphyr systems compared to the 164 systems for the year ended December 31, 2021. We expect the number of Saphyr placements to continue to grow during 2023, driven by increased market awareness and additional published data demonstrating the utility of OGM solutions.

Consumables revenue increased $0.9 million, or 16%, to $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in consumable revenue was attributable to higher Saphyr consumables sales given the growth of the instrument installed base. For the year ended December 31, 2022, total flowcells sold reached 15,375, an increase of approximately 23% from the 12,518 flowcells sold during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Software revenue increased $4.1 million, or 417%, to $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is attributed to BioDiscovery’s NxClinicalTM software contributing for a full year in 2022, and software revenue is expected to even out as a result. BioDiscovery was acquired in October 2021.

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Service and other revenue increased $2.1 million, or 39%, to $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a $1.2 million increase in revenue contributed from diagnostic and service project revenue contributed from Bionano Laboratories.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

Gross profit (loss):

Gross margin:

Service and other 20 % 32 %

Total gross margin 21 % 22 %

Cost of product revenue increased by $5.4 million, or 52%, to $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cost of product revenue was primarily due to higher sales of instruments and consumables.

Cost of service and other revenue increased $2.3 million, or 64%, to $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cost of service and other revenue is primarily due to increased service costs on our growing installed base as well as increased costs to support the service offerings from Bionano Laboratories.

Product gross profit increased $2.3 million, or 106%, to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to a change in product mix, where NxClinicalTM software revenue represented 25% of product sales in 2022 compared to 8% in 2021, offset by an increase in product costs resulting from unfavorable flowcell yields in the production cycle and other inventory write offs.

Service and other gross profit decreased by $0.2 million, or 13%, to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in service and other gross profit is primarily due to increased service costs on our growing installed base as well increased costs to support the service offerings from Bionano Laboratories.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development (R&D) expenses increased by $26.6 million, or 118%, to $49.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $22.5 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to a $19.4 million increase in compensation expenses, of which $9.9 million relates to stock-based compensation expense. The increase in compensation expense is primarily driven by increased headcount. We anticipate future additions to our development teams as well as continued increases to our product development costs and, thus, future increases to R&D expenses. This increase was further driven by a $5.6 million increase in product development costs, including internal materials and supply consumption costs, foundry expenses, clinical trial research, and consulting costs.

We expect R&D expenses to increase in 2023 relative to 2022 as we have added headcount in order to support our efforts to develop more scalable and efficient manufacturing workflows, expand the utility of Saphyr, and develop the next versions of OGM products – including integration of OGM data into our NxClinical software.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $30.1 million, or 51%, to $88.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $58.5 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to a $16.7 million increase in compensation expenses, of which $2.8 million relates to stock-based compensation, a $4.4 million increase in amortization of intangibles related to the acquisitions of BioDiscovery and Purigen, a $3.2 million increase in marketing expenses, and a $1.8 million increase in other headcount-related expenses. Other headcount-related expenses included the cost of recruiting, temporary employment, and facilities expenses incurred in order to support increased product demand.

The increase in compensation expense is driven primarily by increased headcount. This is due to growth in our global sales, service, and back-office teams to facilitate the expanding customer base, as well as headcount additions attributed to the acquisition of Purigen. We anticipate headcount additions to our global sales, service and back-office teams in the coming 12

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months. While we expect headcount to continue to grow, we anticipate that headcount will grow at a slower pace than the trailing twelve months.

We expect selling, general, and administrative expenses to increase in 2023 due to our continuing investment in growing and supporting our customer base.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased by $0.6 million, or 68%, to $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $0.9 million for the same period in 2021. In May 2021, we paid off the outstanding principal balance of our March 2019 Loan and Security Agreement (Innovatus LSA).

Interest Income

Interest income increased by $1.3 million, or 539%, to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $0.2 million for the same period in 2021 resulting from positive returns on investments. We did not hold available for sale securities until August 2021. Our total available-for-sale securities balance was $108.1 million as of December 31, 2022.

Gain on forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan

A gain on forgiveness of our Paycheck Protection Program loan (PPP Loan) of $1.8 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 in connection with the forgiveness of the PPP Loan, including all accrued interest in full.

Loss on debt extinguishment

A loss on debt extinguishment of $2.1 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 in connection with our payment in full of the Innovatus LSA, including all accrued interest, an end of term fee, a prepayment fee, and write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs

Income tax benefit (expense)

Income tax expense increased by $7.6 million, or 133%, to a $1.9 million expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to a $5.7 million benefit for the same period in 2021, driven by the acquisition of BioDiscovery. We adjusted the business combination accounting for the tax impact of the BioDiscovery acquisition within the one year measurement period for the acquisition. The effect of the adjustment was to decrease the net deferred tax liability and decrease goodwill recorded in connection with the acquisition by $1.8 million, which increased the valuation allowance associated with our deferred taxes by $1.8 million, which we recorded to deferred tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operations. We incurred net losses of $132.6 million and $72.4 million, and used $124.8 million and $71.9 million of cash from our operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $348.7 million, cash and cash equivalents of $5.1 million and $108.1 million in available-for-sale securities.

Sources of Liquidity

In the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have generated cash flows from sales of common stock and other equity instruments. We anticipate that future sources of liquidity will principally come from sales of common stock and other equity instruments, borrowings from credit facilities and revenue from our commercial operations. Revenue from our commercial operations has increased due to our acquisition of revenue-positive BioDiscovery. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our recent equity activity and Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of terms and provisions of our debt included in this Annual Report. See the section below entitled “Capital Resources” for a discussion of our no longer qualifying as a well-known seasoned issuer and its impacts on our ability to generate liquidity.

Future Capital Requirements

We expect that our near and longer-term liquidity requirements will consist of working capital and general corporate expenses associated with the growth of our business, including, without limitation, expenses associated with scaling up our operations and continuing to increase our manufacturing capacity, sales and marketing expense, increasing market awareness of our products and services to target customers, instrument placements with customers via the reagent rental sales strategy, additional research and development expenses associated with expanding our offerings, expenses associated with continuing to build out our corporate infrastructure and expenses associated with being a public company. Our short-term capital expenditure needs relate primarily to the ongoing build out of our facilities, service lab and service-related capabilities, research and development expenses related to current and future product offerings, and enhancements to information technology. We expect such expenditures to continue throughout 2023.

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Based on our $5.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $108.1 million in available for sale securities as of December 31, 2022, we anticipate our available cash balance will not be sufficient for the next twelve months from the issuance of this report. Accordingly, based on recurring losses from operations incurred since inception, the expectation of continued operating losses, and the need to raise additional capital to finance our future operations, we determined that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within 12 months after the date that the financial statements included in this Annual Report are issued. As a result, in order to continue to operate our business beyond that time, we will need to raise additional funds. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to generate funds on terms acceptable to us, on a timely basis, or at all. In addition, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could deplete our capital resources sooner than we currently anticipate.

Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31,

Net cash provided by (used in):

Operating Activities

2022 Compared to 2021

We derive cash flows from operations primarily from the sale of our products and services. Our cash flows from operating activities are also significantly influenced by our use of cash for operating expenses to support the growth of our business. We have historically experienced negative cash flows from operating activities as we have developed our technology, expanded our business and built our infrastructure, and this may continue in the future. We anticipate our use of cash in operating activities to increase in the next 12 to 24 months due to anticipated increases in headcount and ongoing support of our growing operations, including R&D operations and servicing our expanding commercial footprint. As discussed below, we anticipate our available cash balance will not be sufficient for the next twelve months from the issuance of this report. We plan to raise additional capital to fulfill our operating and capital requirements for at least 12 months through public or private equity or debt financings, however, we may not be able to secure such financing in a timely manner or an favorable terms, if it all.

Net cash used in operating activities was $124.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $71.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cash used in operating activities of $52.9 million is attributed to increased headcount of 35% across the business, increased professional fees to support ongoing business operations and increase our international presence and increased spending on materials and supplies during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Investing Activities

2022 Compared to 2021

Historically, our primary investing activities have consisted of capital expenditures for the purchase of capital equipment to support our expanding infrastructure, as well as the acquisitions of Lineagen, BioDiscovery and Purigen to grow our business. We expect to continue to incur additional costs for capital expenditures related to these efforts in future periods. Net cash provided by investing activities was $82.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $278.1 million used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in cash provided by investment activities of $360.8 million is attributed to sales of available-for-sale investments and is offset by the acquisition of Purigen, our new wholly owned subsidiary.

Financing Activities

2022 Compared to 2021

Net cash provided by financing activities was $23.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $336.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, a decrease of $313.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we raised approximately $311.1 million in net proceeds from executing two follow-on offerings, $10.0 million from warrant and stock option exercises, and $29.9 million in sales under our at-the-market facilities with Landenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (Landenburg) and Cowen (Cowen). These proceeds were offset by our repayment in full of all outstanding amounts under our

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Innovatus LSA of $15.0 million, including all accrued interest, the end of term fee, and a prepayment fee. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we raised approximately $23.1 million in gross proceeds from sales under the Cowen ATM.

Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $5.1 million in cash and cash equivalents, $108.1 million of available-for-sale securities, and $121.4 million of working capital.

During the fourth quarter of 2020, we sold 27.0 million shares of our common stock under our prior at-the-market facility at an average share price of $0.82, and received gross proceeds of approximately $22.1 million before deducting offering costs of $0.6 million. In January 2021, we sold an additional 6.3 million shares of our common stock under the prior at-the-market facility at an average share price of $2.68, and received gross proceeds of approximately $16.9 million before deducting offering costs of $0.4 million. This at-the-market facility was terminated effective March 22, 2021 and replaced by an at-the-market facility with Cowen (the Cowen ATM).

On January 12, 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 33.4 million shares of our common stock, including 4.4 million shares of our common stock sold pursuant to the underwriters’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional shares. The price to the public in the offering was $3.05 per share and the underwriters purchased the shares from us pursuant to the underwriting agreement at a price of $2.87 per share. The gross proceeds to us were approximately $101.8 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.

On January 19, 2021, we filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252216) with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, as a “well-known seasoned issuer.” The registration statement allows us to issue an indeterminate number or amount of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities and warrants from time to time in one or more offerings. However, there can be no assurance that we will complete any future offerings of securities. Any future offerings under this registration statement will be dependent upon, among other factors, market conditions, available pricing, our financial condition, investor perception of our prospects and our capital needs. Further, as of the date of this Annual Report, the worldwide market value of our voting and non-voting common equity held by our non-affiliates did not equal $700.0 million or more, calculated as of a date within 60 days prior to filing, and, consequently, we are no longer a well-known seasoned issuer. We may continue to use our automatic shelf registration statement but only for a limited time and only if we follow the applicable provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), the rules promulgated thereunder and the guidance of the SEC relating to a former well-known seasoned issuer utilizing an automatic shelf registration statement. We anticipate filing a new shelf registration statement after filing this Annual Report; however, we anticipate being unable to raise additional capital as efficiently as when we could rely on our automatic shelf registration statement, and raising capital may take more time and be more costly as a result.

On January 25, 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering pursuant to our shelf registration statement of 38.3 million shares of our common stock, including 5.0 million shares of our common stock sold pursuant to the underwriters’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional shares. The price to the public in the offering was $6.00 per share and the underwriters purchased the shares from us pursuant to the underwriting agreement at a price of $5.64 per share. The gross proceeds to us were approximately $230.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.

We have in place the Cowen ATM, as amended, pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time to time up to $200.0 million of shares from the date of the amendment going forward through or to Cowen, acting as sales agent or principal. In the third quarter of 2021, we sold 2.3 million shares of common stock under the Cowen ATM at an average share price of $6.15 per share, and received gross proceeds of approximately $13.9 million before deducting offering costs of $0.6 million. In the third quarter of 2022, we sold approximately 6.6 million shares of common stock under the Cowen ATM at an average share price of $3.46 per share, and received gross proceeds of approximately $23.1 million before deducting offering costs of $0.6 million. In January, February and March 2023, we sold approximately 9.5 million shares of common stock under the Cowen ATM and received gross proceeds of approximately $15.2 million before deducting offering costs of $0.4 million.

We performed an analysis of our ability to continue as a going concern. We believe, based on our current business plan, that our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient for the next twelve months from the issuance of this report. We plan to continue to fund our losses from operations through cash and cash equivalents on hand, as well as through public or private equity or debt financings. There can be no assurance that additional funds will be available when needed from any source or, if available, will be available on terms that are acceptable to us. Even if we raise additional capital, we may also be required to modify, delay or abandon some of our plans which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition and our ability to achieve our intended business objectives. Any of these actions could materially harm our business, results of operations and future prospects. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong,

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and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.

Contingent Consideration

As part of the merger agreement related to the acquisition of BioDiscovery, we agreed to pay a milestone payment of $10.0 million in cash contingent on the achievement of a commercial milestone within eighteen months of the acquisition date. We determined the fair value of the milestone consideration using a scenario-based technique, as the trigger for payment is event driven. The outcome of the milestone consideration is binary, meaning the milestone is either achieved or not achieved, and the only other variable factor is the timing of when the milestone is achieved. We determined it is highly likely that the milestone will be achieved and therefore used a 95% probability factor which is applied to the $10.0 million milestone consideration.

As part of the merger agreement related to the acquisition of Purigen, we agreed to pay two independent milestone payments up to an aggregate of $32.0 million.

The fair value of the Purigen milestones are reassessed on a quarterly basis using a probability weighted model and a Monte Carlo Simulation. We determined the fair value of this milestone consideration using a scenario-based technique, as the trigger for payment is event driven. We determined the likelihood of each independent milestone and used probability factors ranging from 20% to 80% which were applied to the individual payments. A Monte Carlo Simulation was performed to determine the likelihood that the milestone will be achieved and was applied to the milestone consideration payment.

Based on these valuation assumptions, the fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities was determined to be $22.4 million as of December 31, 2022, $9.4 million of which is current as of December 31, 2022.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our future cash outflows for contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022.

Payments Due by Period

Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 years

Operating lease obligations relate to our office, laboratory and manufacturing space for our corporate headquarters in San Diego, California, Bionano Laboratories operations in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Purigen office and laboratory space in Pleasanton, California. Finance lease obligations relate to our BioDiscovery office in El Segundo, California. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Purchase obligations primarily represent commitments for purchases of inventory from our supplier as disclosed in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time that these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. Historically, revisions to our estimates have not resulted in a material change to our financial statements. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, the significant accounting estimates that we believe are important to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following:

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We recognize compensation expense for employees based on an estimated grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing method. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.

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The inputs for the Black-Scholes valuation model require management’s significant assumptions. The common share price was determined by using the quoted price on the grant date. The risk-free interest rates were based on the rate for U.S. Treasury securities at the date of grant with maturity dates approximately equal to the expected life at the grant date. The expected life was based on the simplified method in accordance with the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Nos. 107 and 110. The expected volatility was estimated based on historical volatility information of peer companies that are publicly available. Our expected dividend yield assumption is zero as we have never paid dividends and have no present intention to do so in the future.

Goodwill

We review goodwill annually at the reporting unit level at the same time every year or when an event occurs or circumstances change such that it is reasonably possible that an impairment may exist. We have established December 31 as the annual impairment test date. We first make a qualitative assessment as to whether goodwill is impaired and if it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, we perform a quantitative impairment analysis to determine if goodwill is impaired. We may also determine to skip the qualitative assessment in any year and move directly to the quantitative test. For the quantitative test, we determine the fair value of the reporting unit, then compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. Goodwill impairment is recorded for any excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The determination of fair value requires a number of significant assumptions and judgments, including assumptions about future economic conditions, revenue growth, operating margins, and discount rates.

We have determined that we are a single reporting unit for purposes of goodwill impairment testing. As of December 31, 2022, we performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment which included an evaluation of changes in industry, market and macroeconomic conditions as well as consideration of our financial performance and any significant trends. Our qualitative assessment indicated that it was not more likely that not that goodwill is impaired. No impairments of goodwill were reported during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Business Combinations

We apply the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations, in accounting for acquisitions. It requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are required to be recorded to our consolidated statements of operations.

Accounting for business combinations requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date, including estimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, pre-acquisition contingencies and any contingent consideration, where applicable. Although we believe that the assumptions and estimates we have made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from management of the acquired company and are inherently uncertain.

We generally use the income approach to derive the fair value of the above identified intangible assets when accounting for business combinations. This approach calculates fair value by estimating future cash flows attributable to the assets and then discounting these cash flows to a present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. We selected this method because we believe the income approach most appropriately measures the value of our income producing assets. This approach requires significant management judgment with respect to future volume, revenue and expense growth rates, changes in working capital use, appropriate discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates. The estimates and assumptions used are consistent with our business plans. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair value of the asset. Actual results may differ from management’s estimates.

We record contingent consideration resulting from a business combination at its fair value on the acquisition date. On a quarterly basis, we revalue this obligation and record any increase or decrease in fair value as an adjustment to the consolidated statement of operations. Changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration obligation may result from changes to the discount rate, the passage of time, or changes in our estimate of the likelihood or timing of achieving the criteria for payment of the contingent consideration. Significant judgment is employed in determining the appropriateness of these assumptions as of the acquisition date and for each subsequent reporting period. Accordingly, changes in the assumptions described above could have a material impact on the amount of income or expense we record for contingent consideration in any given period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2, ‘‘Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,’’ in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of business. These risks primarily relate to interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and inflation.

Interest Rate Risk

We had approximately $5.1 million in cash and cash equivalents and $108.1 million in available for sale securities as of December 31, 2022, which include highly liquid, investment grade debt securities. Such interest-bearing instruments are exposed to a certain degree of interest rate risk. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. To achieve this objective, we invest in highly liquid and high-quality government and other debt securities. To minimize our exposure due to adverse shifts in interest rates, we invest primarily in short-term securities.

Although we are seeing, and expect to continue to see, increased interest rates, due to our investment in highly liquid and high quality government and other debt securities as well as short-term securities, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not expect anticipated changes in interest rates to have a material effect on our interest rate risk in future reporting periods. Due to the short holding period of our investments and the nature of our investments, a hypothetical change of 100 basis points would have approximately a $0.4 million impact on our investments.

Our liabilities for acquisition-related contingent consideration, which is adjusted to fair value each reporting period, is also impacted by changes in interest rates. The risk-free interest rate used to estimate our weighted average cost of capital is a component of the discount rate used to calculate the present value of future cash flows due upon the achievement of certain milestones. As a result, any changes in the underlying risk-free interest rate could result in material changes to the fair value of such liabilities and could materially impact the amount of non-cash expense (or income) recorded each reporting period. As a consequence of the U.S. Federal Reserve raising interest rates, the underlying risk-free interest rate we use for purposes of calculating fair value of our liabilities for acquisition-related contingent consideration has increased from our prior reporting periods, but such increase did not have a material impact on our financial statements, and we currently do not expect anticipated future changes to have a material effect in future reporting periods.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We conduct a portion of our business in currencies other than our U.S. dollar functional currency. Transactional exposure arises where transactions occur in currencies other than the functional currency. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. The resulting monetary assets and liabilities are translated into the appropriate functional currency at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date and the resulting gains and losses are reported in foreign currency translation adjustments in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Our foreign currency exposures are primarily concentrated in the British Pound, Chinese Renminbi, Euro, and Canadian dollar. We do not currently participate in material foreign exchange hedging activities.

Additionally, we have operations outside of the United States. The functional currency of each foreign subsidiary is generally the local currency. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as the functional currency financial statements of foreign subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries having a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date, and at the average exchange rate for the reporting period for revenue and expense accounts. The cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity. The reported results of our foreign subsidiaries will be influenced by their translation into U.S. dollars by currency movements against the U.S. dollar. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had minimal assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies and expect similar levels of foreign currency denomination in the next 12 months. We believe a hypothetical 10% change in foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2022 would not have a material impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Inflation

Geopolitical and macroeconomic developments, including the on-going conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions and the COVID-19 pandemic, have contributed to supply chain challenges, which we believe have resulted in inflation headwinds, particularly increased logistical costs and raw material prices. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we experienced increased costs to secure certain component parts in our products and to produce our products at our contract manufacturers. However we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, other than its impact on the general economy, as our cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was not significantly impacted by the cost increases we experienced. While the effects of the above-described geopolitical and macroeconomic developments, as well as other inflationary pressures, are highly uncertain, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not expect anticipated changes in inflation to have a material effect on our business, financial condition or

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results of operations for future reporting periods other than the general impacts on companies due to general economic and market conditions. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Pages

Consolidated Balance Sheets 80

Consolidated Statements of Operations 81

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss 82

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 83

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 84

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 86

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and Board of Directors

Bionano Genomics, Inc.

San Diego, California

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bionano Genomics, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern Uncertainty

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As described in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Acquisition of Purigen Biosystems, Inc.

As described in Note 14 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company acquired Purigen Biosystems, Inc. for an estimated purchase price of $44.9 million, which includes estimated contingent consideration for potential future payments to be made upon achievement of certain milestones. The Company allocated the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired, including certain identifiable intangible assets such as developed technology, and liabilities assumed.

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We identified the determination of the fair values of the developed technology and contingent consideration as a critical audit matter. The principal considerations for our determination included the following: (i) the assumptions used by the Company in determining the fair value of the developed technology, specifically the revenue and expense forecasts and discount rate, and in determining the fair value of the contingent consideration, specifically the probability of achievement of certain milestones and discount rate, are subjective and require significant judgment, and (ii) the fair values of the developed technology and contingent consideration are sensitive to changes in those specific assumptions. Auditing these elements involved especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit effort required to address these matters, including the extent of specialized skill or knowledge needed.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

a.Assessing the reasonableness of the revenue and expense forecasts by evaluating: (i) historical performance of the target entity (ii) financial projections against industry metrics and peer-group companies and (iii) management’s operating plan for future sales.

b.Evaluating the reasonableness of the probability of milestones by evaluating available information that either corroborated or contradicted management’s conclusions. Estimates of future sales were evaluated for reasonableness in relation to internal and external analyses.

c.Utilizing personnel with specialized knowledge and skill in valuation to assist in: (i) evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation models utilized in determining the valuation of developed technology and the contingent consideration (ii) assessing the reasonableness of the discount rates by computing an independently developed range using publicly available data from comparable entities and (iii) performing independent estimates to evaluate the potential effect of changes in the significant assumptions.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

San Diego, CA

March 9, 2023

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BIONANO GENOMICS, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31,

Assets

Current assets:

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity

Current liabilities:

Contingent consideration 9,382,000 —

Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)

Stockholders’ equity:

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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BIONANO GENOMICS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Years Ended December 31,

Revenue:

Cost of revenue:

Operating expenses:

Other expenses

Gain on forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program Loan — 1,775,000

Loss on debt extinguishment — (2,076,000)

Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (0.46) $ (0.26)

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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BIONANO GENOMICS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

Years Ended December 31,

Other comprehensive loss:

Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities (548,000) (539,000)

Foreign currency translation adjustments (37,000) —

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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BIONANO GENOMICS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

Common Stock

Shares Amount

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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BIONANO GENOMICS, INC

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31,

Operating activities:

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Amortization of financing lease right-of-use asset, related party 219,000 19,000

Non-cash interest expense — 205,000

Net realized loss (gain) on investments 66,000 —

Settlement of interest on debt — (1,235,000)

Provision for bad debt expense 649,000 —

Gain on forgiveness of PPP Loan — (1,775,000)

Loss on debt extinguishment — 1,480,000

Client warranty exchange of fixed asset — 539,000

Change in fair value of contingent consideration 316,000 66,000

Investing activities:

BioDiscovery acquisition, net of cash acquired — (49,086,000)

BioDiscovery acquisition, return of purchase consideration from escrow 694,000 —

Purigen acquisition, net of cash acquired (31,344,000) —

Sale of property and equipment 26,000 —

Purchases of intangible assets (102,000) —

Payment of initial direct costs on lease — (607,000)

Financing activities:

Repayment of term-loan debt — (15,000,000)

Principal payments of financing lease liability, related party (36,000) (5,000)

Proceeds from PPP Loan — —

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Years Ended December 31,

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing and investing activity

Contingent consideration related to BioDiscovery acquisition $ — $ 9,000,000

Contingent consideration related to Purigen acquisition $ 12,970,000 $ —

Property and equipment included in accounts payable $ 90,000 $ —

Forgiveness of PPP Loan $ — $ 1,775,000

Stock issued for services $ — $ 15,000

Warrant exercise pursuant to cashless exercise $ — $ 129,000

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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BIONANO GENOMICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Operations

Description of Business

Bionano Genomics, Inc. (collectively, with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a provider of genome analysis solutions that can enable researchers and clinicians to reveal answers to challenging questions in biology and medicine. The Company offers OGM solutions for applications across basic, translational and clinical research, and for other applications including bioprocessing. Through its Lineagen, Inc. (doing business as Bionano Laboratories, “Bionano Laboratories”) business, the Company also provides diagnostic testing for patients with clinical presentations consistent with autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Through its BioDiscovery, LLC (“BioDiscovery”) business, the Company also offers platform-agnostic software solution, which integrates next-generation sequencing and microarray data designed to provide analysis, visualization, interpretation and reporting of copy number variants, single-nucleotide variants and absence of heterozygosity across the genome in one consolidated view. Through our Purigen Biosystems Inc. (“Purigen”) business, we offer nucleic acid extraction and purification solutions using proprietary isotachophoresis (“ITP”) technology.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company has experienced recurring net losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities, and significant accumulated deficit since its inception and expects to continue to incur net losses into the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $5.1 million in cash and cash equivalents, $108.1 million in short term investments, and working capital of $121.4 million.

The Company has an accumulated deficit of $348.7 million as of December 31, 2022. In 2022, the Company used $124.8 million cash in operations.

Management expects operating losses and negative cash flows to continue for at least the next year as the Company continues to incur costs related to research and commercialization efforts. Management has prepared cash flows forecasts which indicate that based on the Company’s expected operating losses and negative cash flows, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within twelve months after the date that the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, are issued. Management’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to raise additional funding. Management’s plans to raise additional capital to fulfill its operating and capital requirements for at least 12 months include public or private equity or debt financings. However, the Company may not be able to secure such financing in a timely manner or on favorable terms, if at all.

Furthermore, if the Company issues equity securities to raise additional funds, its existing stockholders may experience dilution, and the new equity securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of the Company’s existing stockholders.

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business, and do not include any adjustments to reflect the outcome of this uncertainty.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions used by management include estimates of selling prices for multiple performance obligation arrangements, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used in purchase accounting and to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets and goodwill, warranty reserves, certain accrued expenses, contingent liabilities, tax reserves, deferred tax rates and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets, stock-based compensation expense, and related valuation allowances. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include the accounts of the Company’s 100%-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

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Reclassifications

Certain amounts reported in prior years have been reclassified to conform with the presentation in the current year. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations.

Business Combinations

The Company accounted for its acquisitions of BioDiscovery and Purigen using the acquisition method of accounting pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). See Note 14, Acquisitions, for a more fulsome discussion of our acquisition of BioDiscovery and Purigen. Under ASC 805, the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are recorded based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Any excess purchase price over the estimated fair value assigned to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded to goodwill.

The Company estimated the fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired with the assistance of independent valuations that use information and assumptions provided by the Company’s management.

Under ASC 805, acquisition-related transaction costs (such as advisory, legal, valuation, other professional fees) are expensed in the statements of operations in the periods incurred.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents primarily represent funds invested in readily available money market accounts. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes that it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash restricted from withdrawal and usage and represents funds that are restricted related to the lease assumed in the acquisition of Purigen, which is further discussed in Note 14.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is the price the Company would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date.

ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, defines and establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. In accordance with ASC 820, the Company has categorized its financial assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy as set forth below.

Level 1 – Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 – Assets and liabilities whose values are based on quoted prices for similar attributes in active markets; quoted prices in markets where trading occurs infrequently; and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 – Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

Investment Securities

All investments have been classified as “available-for-sale” and are carried at fair value as determined based upon quoted market prices or pricing models for similar securities at period end. Investments with contractual maturities less than 12 months at the balance sheet date are considered short-term investments. Investments with contractual maturities beyond one year are also classified as short-term due to the Company’s ability to liquidate the investment for use in operations within the next 12 months. Realized gains and losses on investment securities are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold. The Company has not realized any significant gains or losses on sales of available-for-sale investment securities during any of the periods presented. As all the Company’s investment holdings are in the form of debt securities, unrealized gains and losses that are determined to be temporary in nature are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). A decline in the fair value of any security below cost that is deemed other than temporary results in a charge to earnings and the establishment of a new cost basis for the

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security. Interest income is recognized when earned, as are the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of purchase discounts on investment securities.

Concentrations

Credit Risks

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured major financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institution in which those deposits are held.

The Company’s customers are located throughout the world. The Company generally does not require collateral from its customers. More information on accounts receivable is contained in the paragraph titled “Accounts Receivable” below.

Sources of Materials and Products

The materials and components for the Company’s product offerings are currently obtained from single or limited sources. The Company competes with other companies for production capacity, therefore, the Company is exposed to a risk of inventory being unavailable at acceptable prices, or at all, if suppliers are unable (or decide) to provide sufficient levels of materials and components and the Company is unable to identify alternative suppliers.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable, net:

The Company extends credit to its customers in the normal course of business. For diagnostic testing services, receivables are based on either contractual rates with third-party payors, plus the amounts expected to be collected for any patient-responsibility portion, or for non-contracted arrangements, using the amounts expected to be collected from third-party payors and/or the patient-customer based on historical collection experience. The Company does not perform credit evaluations and therefore subsequent adjustments to the amount expected to be collected are recorded to revenue.

For OGM products and services, credit is extended based upon an evaluation of each customer’s credit history, financial condition, and other factors. Estimates of allowances for doubtful accounts are determined by evaluating individual customer circumstances, historical payment patterns, length of time past due, and economic and other factors. Bad debt expense is recorded as necessary to maintain an appropriate level of allowance for doubtful accounts in selling, general and administrative expense. Amounts are charged to the allowance for doubtful accounts when collection efforts have been exhausted and are deemed uncollectible.

Accounts receivable is subject to concentration risk whenever a customer has a balance that meets or exceeds 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, no customers met or exceeded 10% of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory is valued at standard cost. Inventory includes raw materials and finished goods that may be used in the research and development process and such items are expensed as consumed or expired. Provisions for slow-moving, excess, and obsolete inventories are estimated based on product life cycles, historical experience, and usage forecasts.

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The components of inventories, net of reserve, are as follows:

December 31,

Inventory:

The Company has revised the classification of its inventory between the categories in the table above for the December 31, 2021 balance sheet.

Long-Lived Assets (including Finite-Lived Intangible Assets)

Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and acquired finite-lived intangible assets. Property and equipment generally consist of laboratory equipment, computer and office equipment, furniture and fixtures, and leasehold improvements. Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated or amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets (generally three to five years, or the remaining term of the lease for leasehold improvements, whichever is shorter). Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred.

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognized separately from goodwill and are initially recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset on a basis that approximates the pattern of economic benefit. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment if indicators of potential impairment exist. There was no indication of impairment of intangible assets for any of the periods presented.

As a result of the Lineagen, BioDiscovery, and Purigen acquisitions, the Company recorded intangible assets, which consist of trade name intangibles, customer relationship intangibles, and a developed technology intangible, which are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of five years. Straight-line amortization was determined to be materially consistent with the pattern of expected use of the intangible assets.

If the Company identifies a change in the circumstances related to its long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and intangible assets (other than goodwill), that indicates the carrying value of any such asset may not be recoverable, the Company will perform an impairment analysis. A long-lived asset (other than goodwill) is not recoverable when the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset (or asset group) are less than the asset’s carrying amount. Any required impairment loss would be measured as the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, and would be recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of the related asset and a charge to operating expense.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized no impairment losses on long-lived assets. Substantially all of the Company's long-lived assets are located in the U.S.

Contingent Consideration

The Company recorded contingent consideration resulting from a business combination at its fair value on the acquisition date. On a quarterly basis, the Company revalues this obligation and records any increase or decrease in fair value as an adjustment to the consolidated statement of operations. Changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration obligation may result from changes to the discount rate, the passage of time, or changes in the estimate of the likelihood or timing of achieving the criteria for payment of the contingent consideration.

Goodwill

Measurement period adjustments (1,522,000)

Goodwill arises when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired, with such excess recorded as goodwill on the balance sheet. Goodwill is not subsequently amortized. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually (during the fourth quarter) or more frequently if indications of impairment exist. Goodwill is assigned to

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specific reporting units for purposes of impairment assessment. The Company has determined that it has a single operating segment and a single reporting unit.

In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company will first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company will perform a quantitative impairment analysis by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill. An impairment charge for goodwill is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized no impairment losses on goodwill.

Leases

Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, while finance leases are included in finance lease right-of-use assets and finance lease liabilities.

Lease assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company generally uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments. The ROU assets also include any prepaid or accrued lease payments and is adjusted for lease incentives and initial direct costs.

Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease which are recognized when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Leases with terms of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease terms, or in some cases, the useful life of the underlying asset. Variable lease payments are excluded from the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all classes of underlying assets.

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates revenue primarily from the sale of products and services. The Company considers revenue to be earned when all of the following criteria are met: the Company has a contract with a customer that creates enforceable rights and obligations; promised products or services are identified; the transaction price, or the amount the Company expects to receive, including an estimate of uncertain amounts subject to a constraint to ensure revenue is not recognized in an amount that would result in a significant reversal upon resolution of the uncertainty, is determinable; and the Company has transferred control of the promised items to the customer. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in the contract. The transaction price for the contract is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for the goods and services expected to be transferred. A contract's transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, control of the distinct good or service is transferred.

The Company provides assurance type warranties on many of its products. As customers cannot purchase such warranties independently of the products under the contract and they are not priced separately, assurance type warranties are not separate performance obligations.

The Company recognizes a receivable when we have an unconditional right to payment, which is generally at the time of delivery of software, consumables and instruments, including any extended warranties, or at the time services are rendered. Payment terms are typically 30 days for sales to customers in the United States but may be longer in international markets. The Company treats shipping and handling costs performed after a customer obtains control of the good as a fulfillment cost and records these costs within selling, general and administrative expenses, less any amounts reimbursed by the customer, when the corresponding revenue is recognized.

Revenue is recorded net of discounts and sales tax. The Company’s contracts typically do not provide for product returns or refunds. In general, estimates of variable consideration and constraints are not material to the Company’s financial statements. Employee sales commissions are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses when incurred as the amortization period for such costs, if capitalized, would have been one year or less.

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Product revenue recognition

Product revenue consists of sales of our Saphyr system and related consumables, as well as sales of software. These products are sold primarily through a direct sales force, and within international markets, there is more reliance on distributors. In addition, the Company provides the Saphyr system to certain customers under its reagent rental program, under which the Company provides Saphyr systems to customers at no cost and the customers agree to purchase minimum quantities of consumables.

Transfer of control for the Company's products is generally at shipment or delivery, depending on contractual terms, but occurs when title and risk of loss transfers to the customer which represents the point in time when the customer obtains control of the product. Transfer of control of software is recognized at the point-in-time when the software license is transferred to the customer. As such the Company's performance obligation related to product sales is satisfied at a point in time.

For transfers of instruments and consumables to customers under the Company's rental reagent program, the Company allocates the total contract consideration between the instrument and the consumables based on estimates of stand-alone selling prices, and recognizes the instrument revenue evenly over the rental period, and the consumables revenue when the consumables are delivered. Rental revenue related to the reagent rental program recognized over-time totaled $0.4 million and $0.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Revenue related to software license maintenance agreements is recognized over-time based on the contract term. Revenue recognized over-time related to software sales totaled $0.4 million and $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Service and other revenue recognition

Service and other revenue primarily consist of revenue from diagnostic testing services, license maintenance agreements, software hosting arrangements, and support, repair and maintenance services and extended warranties on Saphyr systems.

Revenue from the completion of diagnostic testing services is initially recorded at the estimated consideration the Company expects to receive from contractual and non-contractual payors, and is subject to adjustment based on the amount actually collected. The Company performs its obligation under a contract with a customer by processing diagnostic tests and communicating the test results, which the Company has determined is the point at which control is transferred to the customer for revenue recognition purposes.

Revenue for hosting arrangements is recognized over-time on a usage basis as the customer processes the number of genetic samples purchased with the software. Hosting arrangements revenue recognized over-time totaled $0.5 million and $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Revenue from support and maintenance contracts and extended warranties is recognized over time based on the contract term, which represents a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods and services given the stand-ready nature of the performance obligations. Service revenue related to repairs and customer sample evaluations is recognized as the services are performed based on the specific nature of the service. Warranty and maintenance revenue recognized over-time totaled $0.7 million and $0.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Remaining Performance Obligations

As of December 31, 2022, the estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied was $1.0 million. These remaining performance obligations primarily relate to extended warranty and support and maintenance obligations, as well as obligations related to software under hosting arrangements. The Company expects to recognize approximately 87.4% of this amount as revenue in 2023, 9.1% in 2024, 3.3% in 2025 and 0.2% in 2026 and thereafter.

We periodically review the warranty reserve for adequacy and adjust the warranty accrual, if necessary, based on actual experience and estimated costs to be incurred. Warranty expense is recorded as a component of cost of product revenue. The Company's liability for product warranties provided under its agreements with customers was $0.5 million and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Warranty expense recorded in cost of goods sold totaled $1.0 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets primarily relate to the Company’s conditional right to consideration for work completed but not billed at the reporting date. Contract assets at the beginning and end of the period, as well as the changes in the balance, were immaterial.

Contract liabilities primarily relate to payments received from customers in advance of performance under the contract. The Company records a contract liability, or deferred revenue, when it has an obligation to provide service, and to a much lesser extent product, to the customer and payment is received or due in advance of performance. Deferred revenue primarily relates to support and maintenance contracts and extended warranty obligations. Contract liabilities are classified as other current

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liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognized revenue of $0.7 million and $0.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which was included in the contract liability balance at the end of the previous year.

Distributor Transactions

In certain markets, the Company sells products and provides services to customers through distributors that specialize in life sciences products. In cases where the product is delivered to a distributor, revenue recognition generally occurs when the distributors obtains control of the product. The terms of sales transactions through distributors are generally consistent with the terms of direct sales to customers and do not contain return rights. Distributor sales transactions typically differ from direct customer sales as they do not require the Company’s services to install the instrument at the end customer or perform the services for the customer that are beyond the standard warranty in the first year following the sale. These transactions are accounted for in accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition policy described herein.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue for products consists of the Company’s raw material parts costs and associated freight, shipping and handling costs, contract manufacturing costs, royalties due to third parties, salaries and other personnel costs, equipment depreciation, overhead and other direct costs related to those sales recognized as product revenue in the period.

Cost of service and other revenue consists of salaries and other personnel costs, and facility costs associated with costs related to warranties and other costs of servicing equipment at customer sites, and performance of diagnostics services.

Research and Development Costs

Costs incurred for research and product development, including acquired technology and costs incurred for technology in the development stage, are expensed as incurred.

Patent Costs

Costs related to filing and pursuing patent applications are recorded as selling, general and administrative expense and expensed as incurred since recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company issues stock-based awards as compensation to employees and directors. Stock-based awards may include stock options, restricted stock units, and performance stock units. These awards are accounted for as equity awards. To-date, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense net of actual forfeitures on a straight-line basis over the underlying award’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period, as measured using the award’s grant date fair value. The Company determines grant date fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units and performance stock units are determined using the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. For service based vesting grants, expense is recognized over the requisite service period based on the number of options or shares expected to ultimately vest. For performance stock units, expense is recognized over the implicit service period, assuming vesting is probable. No expense is recognized for the performance stock units if it is not probable the vesting criteria will be satisfied.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If management determines that the Company would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their recorded amount, management would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. Changes in the valuation allowance when they are recognized in the provision for income taxes may result in a change in the estimated annual effective tax rate.

The Company recognizes the impact of uncertain tax positions at the largest amount that is “more likely than not” to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain tax position will not be recognized if it does not have a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. Any accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability.

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Segment Reporting

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker, the Chief Executive Officer, views the Company’s operations and manages its business as one operating segment.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding for the period. Common share equivalents are only included when their effect is dilutive. Pre-funded warrants from the Company's follow-on offering have been treated as if they were common shares outstanding on the date of issuance. The Company’s potentially dilutive securities which include outstanding warrants to purchase stock and outstanding stock options under the Company’s equity incentive plans have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as they would be anti-dilutive to the net loss per share. Restricted stock is treated as outstanding for accounting purposes. For all periods presented, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding due to the Company’s net loss position.

Potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive were as follows (in common stock equivalent shares):

Years Ended December 31,

Unvested restricted stock — 5,006,000

Recently Issued But Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13), which amends the impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward looking approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables and available-for-sale debt securities. The standard is effective for the company beginning in the first quarter of 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the expected impact of ASU 2016-13 on its financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASC 842”) which requires lessees to recognize leases on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. ASC 842 establishes a right-of-use model that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. ASC 842 also requires disclosures to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The standard was adopted on January 1, 2021, as the Company lost its status as an Emerging Growth Company effective December 31, 2021, and therefore was required to adopt the standard for the year ending December 31, 2021, using the modified retrospective method. Under this transition method, the Company recognized and measured leases that existed at the adoption date in the audited consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2021. In connection with the adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected the package of practical expedients requiring no reassessment of whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases, the lease classification of any expired or existing leases, or initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company also made accounting policy elections not to apply the recognition requirements under ASC 842 to any short-term leases and to account for each separate lease and associated non-lease components as a single lease component for all the Company’s leases. The adoption of this new accounting standard resulted in increased qualitative and quantitative disclosures regarding the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. For further details, see Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies. The adoption of the new standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated results of operations.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities From Contracts With Customers. This ASU requires an acquirer to account for revenue contracts acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if it had originated the contracts. Prior to ASU 2021-08, an acquirer generally recognized assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business

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combination, including contract assets and contract liabilities arising from revenue contracts with customers and other similar contracts, at fair value on the acquisition date. The guidance is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity that early adopts in an interim period should apply the amendments (1) retrospectively to all business combinations for which the acquisition date occurs on or after the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period of early application and (2) prospectively to all business combinations that occur on or after the date of initial application. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 on October 1, 2021, and applied the ASU prospectively to its acquisition that occurred in 2021.

In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-04, Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges for Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options to clarify the accounting for modifications or exchanges of equity-classified warrants. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The Company’s adoption of this accounting standard on January 1, 2022, did not have a material impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue by Source

Years Ended December 31,

The Company has revised the classification of its revenue between the categories in the table above for the December 31, 2021 income statement. In the December 31, 2021 income statement, “software” was included in “services and other.”

Revenue by Geographic Location

Years Ended December 31,

$ % $ %

The tables above provide revenue from contracts with customers by source and geographic location on a disaggregated basis. Americas consists of North America and South America. EMEA consists of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Asia Pacific includes China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Australia and India. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, sales in the United States represented 42% and 46% of revenues, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, sales in China accounted for 14% and 11% of revenues, respectively. No other countries represented greater than 10% of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company changed the presentation of its revenues from India to be included in the Asia Pacific geographic region. Prior to the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had presented revenues from India in the EMEIA geographic region. The impact of this change on prior period disclosures is immaterial.

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4. Investments and Fair Value Measurements

The Company holds investment securities that consist of highly liquid, investment grade debt securities. The Company determines the fair value of its investment securities based upon one or more valuations reported by its investment accounting and reporting service provider. The investment service provider values the securities using a hierarchical security pricing model that relies primarily on valuations provided by an industry-recognized valuation service. Such valuations may be based on trade prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 inputs) or valuation models using inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2 inputs), such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, yield curves, volatility factors, credit spreads, default rates, loss severity, current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments or debt, and broker and dealer quotes, as well as other relevant economic measures.

The following table presents the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Assets:

Liabilities:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Assets:

Securities of government sponsored entities — — — —

Liabilities:

Money Market Funds are classified as cash equivalents on the balance sheet.

Contingent consideration relates to the acquisitions of BioDiscovery and Purigen. The outcome of the milestone consideration for all contingent consideration liabilities is binary, meaning the milestones are either achieved or not achieved, and the only other variable factor is the timing of when the milestones are achieved. The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liabilities is based on significant inputs not observed in the market (Level 3 inputs). These unobservable inputs represent a Level 3 measurement because they are supported by little or no market activity and reflect the Company’s assumptions in measuring fair value.

The fair value of the BioDiscovery contingent consideration liability is reassessed on a quarterly basis using a probability weighted model. Assumptions used to estimate the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration related to the acquisition of BioDiscovery include the probability of achieving, or changes in timing, of certain milestones, and a discount rate. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, a discount rate of 3% was used. The Company determined the fair value of the BioDiscovery milestone consideration using a scenario-based technique, as the trigger for

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payment is event driven. The Company determined it is highly likely that the milestone related to the BioDiscovery acquisition will be achieved and therefore used a 95% probability factor which is applied to the $10.0 million milestone consideration. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration during the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was due to the passage of time. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the milestone consideration liability related to the BioDiscovery acquisition was reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities.

Contingent consideration liabilities related to the Purigen milestones are related to the achievement of two independent milestones with aggregate possible milestone payments totaling $32.0 million.

The fair value of the Purigen milestones are reassessed on a quarterly basis using a probability weighted model and a Monte Carlo Simulation. Assumptions used to estimate the acquisition date fair value of the milestones using a probability weighted model include the probability of achieving, or changes in timing, of independent milestones, and a discount rate of 15.3%. The Company determined the fair value of this milestone consideration using a scenario-based technique, as the trigger for payment is event driven. The Company determined the likelihood of each independent milestone and used probability factors ranging from 20% to 80% which were applied to the individual payments. A Monte Carlo Simulation was performed to determine the likelihood that the milestone will be achieved and was applied to the milestone consideration payment.

Changes in estimated fair value of contingent consideration liability in the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:

ContingentConsiderationLiability(Level 3Measurement)

Liability recorded as a result of current period acquisition 12,970,000

Cash payments —

Changes in estimated fair value of contingent consideration liability in the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:

ContingentConsiderationLiability(Level 3Measurement)

Balance as of December 31, 2020 $ —

Liability recorded as a result of current period acquisition 9,000,000

Cash payments —

As of December 31, 2022, the following table summarizes the amortized cost and the unrealized gains (losses) of the available for sale securities:

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As of December 31, 2021, the following table summarizes the amortized cost and the unrealized gains (losses) of the available for sale securities:

As of December 31, 2022, the following table summarizes available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position:

Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total

As of December 31, 2021, the following table summarizes available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position:

Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total

Securities of Government Sponsored Entities — — — — — —

As of December 31, 2022, the Company held 16 securities which have been in an unrealized loss position for a period of less than 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, the Company held 24 securities which have been in an unrealized loss position for a period of greater than 12 months. As of December 31, 2021, the Company held 57 securities which had been in an unrealized loss position for a period of less than 12 months. There were no securities in an unrealized loss position for a period greater than 12 months as of December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not intend to sell these investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. The Company does not believe the unrealized losses incurred during the period are due to credit-related factors. The credit ratings of the securities held remain of high quality, and the Company continues to receive payments of interest and principal as they become due, and our expectation is that those payments will continue to be received timely. As such, the Company has not recognized any impairment in its financial statements related to its available for sale investment securities.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received proceeds of $22.8 million relating to sales of its available for sale securities, and recognized a loss of $0.1 million in other income relating to the sale of these securities. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a loss of $0.01 million in other income relating to the maturity of its securities. Amounts are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings using the specific identification method.

Included in interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was interest income related to the Company’s available for sale securities of $1.5 million. Included in interest income for the year ended December 31, 2021 was interest income related to the Company’s available for sale securities of $0.4 million. All available-for-sale securities are classified as current assets, even if the maturity when acquired by the Company is greater than one year due to the ability to liquidate within the next 12 months.

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5. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

Prepaid employee related expenses 680,000 —

Internal use cloud computing arrangement software development costs 530,000 —

6. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consist of the following:

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded depreciation expense of $3.8 million and $1.9 million, respectively, which includes an allocation to cost of revenue of $1.5 million and $0.9 million respectively.

7. Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets that are subject to amortization consisted of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

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The Company recorded amortization expense for intangible assets of $5.8 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively, in selling, general and administrative expenses. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of five years, with the exception of the developed technology intangible acquired through the acquisition of Purigen, which is amortized over fifteen years. Trade name intangibles have a weighted average remaining amortization period of four years. Customer relationships have a weighted average remaining amortization period of four years. Developed technology intangibles have a weighted average amortization period of ten years.

Intangible assets not subject to amortization totaled $0.1 million at December 31, 2022 and related to the Company’s domain name. The Company did not hold any intangibles not subject to amortization at December 31, 2021.

Future amortization expense of intangible assets is as follows:

8. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

9. Long-Term Debt

Paycheck Protection Program

On April 17, 2020, the Company received the PPP Loan proceeds of approximately $1.8 million pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (the “SBA”). The PPP Loan accrued interest at a rate of 1% per annum and was subject to the standard terms and conditions applicable to loans administered by the SBA under the CARES Act. In February 2021, the Company applied for forgiveness of the PPP Loan, and in March 2021, the PPP Loan, including all accrued interest, was forgiven in full. A gain on forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan of $1.8 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Innovatus Loan and Security Agreement

In March 2019, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “LSA”) by and among Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“Innovatus”), as collateral agent and the lenders listed on Schedule 1.1 thereto, including East West Bank. The LSA provided a first term loan of $17.5 million, a second term loan of $2.5 million and a third term loan of $5.0 million (collectively, the “Term Loans”) if the Company satisfied certain funding conditions. Interest on the Term Loans was due on the first of each month at a rate of 10.25% per annum in cash or a discounted rate of 7.25% in cash with 3.0% of the 10.25% per annum rate added to the principal of the loan and subject to accruing interest through the end of the interest only payment period, which was scheduled to end March 1, 2022. At inception, the Company elected to pay interest in cash at a rate of 7.25% per annum and have 3.0% per annum of the interest added back to the outstanding principal. As of May 14, 2021 (the effective date of the loan payoff), the effective interest rate, including debt issuance costs, for the Term Loans was 16.7%.

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The LSA provided for prepayment fees of 3.0% of the outstanding balance of the loan if the loan was repaid on or prior to March 14, 2020, 2.0% of the amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs after March 14, 2020 but prior to March 14, 2021, 1% of the amount prepaid after March 14, 2021 but prior to March 14, 2022 and 0% of the amount prepaid if the prepayment occurs thereafter. In addition, upon the final repayment of the total amounts borrowed, the Company was required to pay an end of term fee of $0.8 million. This end of term fee was being recognized as interest expense over the term of the LSA. As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding term loan with Innovatus was paid in full, including all accrued interest, the end of term fee, and a prepayment fee for a total of $17.0 million. The Company recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $2.1 million.

The LSA also provided for a revolving line of credit in an amount not to exceed $5.0 million (the “Revolver”), which was terminated effectively upon payment in full of the above term loan.

The LSA was collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s assets, including its intellectual property. The LSA required the Company to comply with various affirmative and negative covenants, including: (1) a liquidity covenant requiring the Company to maintain a minimum cash balance at all times in a collateral account and (2) a revenue covenant requiring the Company to meet certain minimum revenue targets measured at the end of each calendar quarter. The LSA also included certain standard events of default, and a provision that Innovatus could declare an event of default upon the occurrence of any event that it interprets as having a material adverse impact to the Company's business, operations, or condition, a material impairment on the Company's ability to pay the secured obligations under the LSA, or upon a material adverse effect on the collateral under the agreement, thereby requiring the Company to repay the loans immediately, together with a prepayment fee and other applicable fees.

In March 2019, in connection with the receipt of $20.0 million in proceeds from the Term Loans, the Company issued to Innovatus a warrant to purchase up to 0.2 million shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $4.63 per share, which has a term of 10 years. These warrants were equity classified and their respective fair value was recorded as a discount to the debt. The warrants were exercised during the year end December 31, 2021.

In June 2019, the LSA was amended to among other things: (i) extend the deadline for the Company to maintain its domestic depository and operating accounts with the Bank, subject to a control agreement in favor of Innovatus, to July 31, 2019 and (ii) permit the Company to incur credit card indebtedness in an amount not to exceed $0.2 million. As of September 30, 2019, the Company did not achieve the revenue covenant under the Innovatus LSA. As a result, in October 2019, the Company obtained a waiver letter from Innovatus. Pursuant to the waiver letter, Innovatus agreed to allow the Company to cure its noncompliance with the revenue covenant as of September 30, 2019 so long as the Company (i) raised at least $10 million in gross proceeds from the sale of its securities in an underwritten public offering by October 31, 2019 and (ii) amended the warrant to purchase stock, issued by the Company to Innovatus in March 2019 to decrease the exercise price of the warrant from $4.63 per share to $0.48 per share. Also pursuant to the waiver letter, as consideration for the prospective breach of a liquidity covenant, the Company agreed to issue to Innovatus $0.6 million shares of the Company's common stock. As a result of the amendment and shares issued, the Company recognized $0.6 million as a debt discount, which was being amortized as interest expense over the remaining term of the LSA.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company did not achieve certain financial covenants under the Innovatus LSA. As a result, in March 2020, the Company and Innovatus entered into an amendment to the Innovatus LSA (the “Second Amendment”) to, among other things: (i) waive the events of default from not achieving the specific financial covenants for the December 31, 2019 measurement date, (ii) require an immediate partial repayment of $2.1 million, (iii) require an additional partial repayment of $2.9 million on the earlier of completion of an Equity Event (as defined in the Second Amendment), or April 30, 2020, (iv) modify the liquidity covenant, such that the Company’s minimum cash balance shall vary based on outstanding borrowing capacity under the Revolver (provided, however, that the Company shall maintain a minimum cash balance of $2 million at any given time), (v) reduce the dollar amount of certain minimum revenue covenants measured as of the end of each calendar quarter (each, a “Revenue Covenant”) and (vi) modify the terms of certain events of default. For example, the Second Amendment provides for a cure period in connection with the breach of certain minimum revenue financial covenants, as long as the Company submits an updated management plan and financial projections, which are subject to Innovatus approval, and completes a Qualified Financing Event (as defined in the Second Amendment) within 45 days of such breach.

In connection with the Second Amendment, the Company was obligated to pay Innovatus a waiver fee in the amount of $0.2 million and a prepayment fee of $0.1 million, payable in cash or in shares of the Company’s common stock at the Company's election, no later than following completion of the Equity Event, as defined in the Second Amendment. The Company completed a follow-on public offering in April 2020 that constituted an Equity Event under the Second Amendment. A portion of the proceeds from the follow-on offering were used to pay-down $2.9 million of principal balance outstanding under the Term Loans in accordance with the Second Amendment. In addition, the Company issued 0.9 million shares of its common stock to Innovatus to satisfy the $0.2 million waiver fee and the $0.1 million prepayment fee due under the Second Amendment. As a result of the amendment and shares issued, the Company recognized $0.3 million as a debt discount, which was being amortized as interest expense over the remaining term of the LSA. Also pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company subsequently registered such shares for resale on a registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Registration Statement”)

100

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filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 22, 2020 and declared effective on July 7, 2020. The Company has not and will not receive any of the proceeds from the offering described in the Registration Statement. In connection with the Merger, the Company and Lineagen entered into a Third Amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Innovatus LSA. Among other things, the Third Amendment adds Lineagen as a “Borrower” under the Innovatus LSA and updates certain financial covenants in light of Lineagen becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

The Innovatus LSA was paid in full and terminated in 2021.

10. Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation

Common Stock

The Company is currently authorized to issue up to 400 million shares of $0.0001 par value common stock. All issued shares of common stock are entitled to vote on a 1 share/1 vote basis.

Preferred Stock

The Company is currently authorized to issue up to 10 million shares of $0.0001 par value preferred stock. No preferred stock has been issued to date.

Sale of Common Stock

Follow-on Public Offerings

On January 12, 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 33.4 million shares of common stock, including 4.4 million shares of common stock sold pursuant to the underwriters’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional shares. The price to the public in the offering was $3.05 per share and the underwriters purchased the shares from the Company pursuant to the underwriting agreement at a price of $2.87 per share. The gross proceeds were approximately $101.8 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $0.3 million.

On January 25, 2021, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 38.3 million shares of common stock, including 5.0 million shares of common stock sold pursuant to the underwriters’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional shares. The price to the public in the offering was $6.00 per share and the underwriters purchased the shares from the Company pursuant to the underwriting agreement at a price of $5.64 per share. The gross proceeds to us were approximately $230.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $0.4 million.

Shelf Registration Statements; Ladenburg and Cowen At-the-Market Facilities

In August 2020, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC covering the offering, issuance and sale of up to $125 million of the Company’s securities, including up to $40 million of common stock pursuant to an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. acting as sales agent (the “Ladenburg ATM”). In January 2021, the Company sold 6.3 million shares of common stock under the ATM at an average share price of $2.68, and received gross proceeds of approximately $16.9 million before deducting offering costs of $0.4 million. The Company terminated the Ladenburg ATM in March 2021.

On January 19, 2021, the Company filed an automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC. On March 23, 2021, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”) which provides for the sale, in the Company’s sole discretion, of shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $350.0 million through or to Cowen, acting as sales agent or principal, which was amended on March 9, 2023 to decrease the maximum aggregate offering price to $200.0 million for sales made on and after the date of the amendment (the “Cowen ATM”). The Company agreed to pay Cowen a commission of up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of shares, reimburse legal fees and disbursements and provide Cowen with customary indemnification and contribution rights. In August and September 2021, the Company sold 2.3 million shares of common stock under the Cowen ATM at an average share price of $6.15 per share, and received gross proceeds of approximately $13.9 million before deducting offering costs of $0.6 million. In August 2022, the Company sold approximately 6.6 million shares of common stock under the Cowen ATM at an average share price of $3.46 per share, and received gross proceeds of approximately $23.1 million before deducting offering costs of $0.6 million.

In January and February 2023, the Company sold approximately 9.5 million shares of common stock under the Cowen ATM at an average share price of $1.60 per share, and received gross proceeds of approximately $15.2 million before deducting offering costs of $0.4 million.

Stock Warrants

A summary of the Company’s warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 was as follows:

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Granted — — —

Exercised — — —

Canceled — — —

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

In August 2018, the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”) and its stockholders adopted the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), as a successor to and continuation of the Company’s 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”). Under the 2018 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other awards to individuals who are then its employees, directors and consultants, including employees and consultants of its affiliates. The Company has initially reserved 1.5 million shares of common stock for issuance under the 2018 Plan, which is the sum of (1) 1.0 million new shares, plus (2) the number of shares that remained available for issuance under the 2006 Plan at the time the 2018 Plan became effective, and (3) any shares subject to outstanding stock options or other stock awards that were granted under the 2006 Plan that would have otherwise returned to the 2006 Plan. In addition, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, starting on January 1, 2019 through January 1, 2028, in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of the Company’s capital stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of each automatic increase, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Board. As of December 31, 2022, 8.6 million shares of common stock were authorized for future grants under the 2018 Plan.

2020 Inducement Plan

In August 2020, the Company’s Board adopted the 2020 Inducement Plan, which was further amended by the Board on October 6, 2021, and November 21, 2022. Under the 2020 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other awards to individuals who are then its employees, directors and consultants, including employees and consultants of its affiliates. The Company initially reserved 2.1 million shares of common stock for issuance under the 2020 Plan. An additional 1.0 million of shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the Inducement Plan on each of October 6, 2021 and November 21, 2022 for a total of 4.1 million shares pursuant to amendments approved by the Board. As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 2.1 million shares of common stock authorized for future grants under the 2020 Plan.

Stock Options

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is as follows:

The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock option grants during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $1.35 and $4.35, respectively. The total intrinsic value of the stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $0.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively. The contractual term of stock options granted to employees

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was 10 years, which is also the maximum contractual term permitted for stock options (and stock appreciation rights) issued under the 2018 Plan. Stock options generally vest or become exercisable monthly over a four-year period.

Restricted Stock

A restricted stock award in the amount of 5.0 million shares with a grant date fair value of $5.20 a share was granted as part of the acquisition of BioDiscovery. One-third of the Restricted Shares was scheduled to vest on October 18, 2022 and one-twelfth of the Restricted Shares was scheduled to vest every three months following October 18, 2022, subject to continuous service of the key employee. The fair value of the restricted stock award was based on the market value of common stock as of the date of grant and was amortized to stock-based compensation expense over the service period.

On October 4, 2022, the restricted stock award was modified due to the change in employment status of the key employee from full time to emeritus. As a result of the modification, the restricted stock award vested in full on October 4, 2022. The award was revalued on the modification date, resulting in a modified grant date fair value of $2.04 a share ($15.8 million less than the initial grant date fair value of the award). The fair value of the modified restricted stock award was based on the market value of common stock as of the modification date.

Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units

The Company issues restricted stock units (RSU) and performance stock units (PSU). The Company grants restricted stock pursuant to the 2018 Plan and satisfy such grants through the issuance of new shares. RSUs are share awards that, upon vesting, will deliver to the holder shares of our common stock. RSUs generally vest over a two-year period with equal vesting annually. We issue PSUs for which the number of shares issuable at the end of a four-year performance period is based on our performance relative to specified revenue targets and continued employment through the vesting period.

Restricted stock activity was as follows:

Stock Units Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share

Granted — —

Forfeited — —

The total intrinsic value of the RSUs that vested was $1.3 million during fiscal 2022, determined as of the date of vesting. The weighted average remaining contractual term for the RSUs is 0.4 years as of December 31, 2022.

Performance stock activity was as follows:

Stock Units Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share

Granted — —

Released — —

Forfeited — —

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The weighted average remaining contractual term for the PSUs is 2.4 years as of December 31, 2022

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

The weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of the employee stock option grants were as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

Risk-free interest rate 2.4% 1.1%

Expected volatility 68.0% 76.2%

Expected term (in years) 5.8 6.0

Expected dividend yield 0.0% 0.0%

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free rate assumption is based on the U.S. Treasury instruments, the terms of which were consistent with the expected term of the Company’s stock options.

Expected volatility. Due to the Company’s limited operating history and lack of company-specific historical or implied volatility as a private company, the expected volatility assumption was determined by examining the historical volatilities of a group of industry peers whose share prices are publicly available.

Expected term. The expected term of stock options represents the weighted-average period the stock options are expected to be outstanding. The Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term due to the limited period of time its equity shares have been publicly traded. As a result, the Company uses the simplified method for estimating the expected term as provided by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The simplified method calculates the expected term as the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options.

Expected dividend yield. The expected dividend assumption is based on the Company’s history and expectation of dividend payouts. The Company has not paid and does not intend to pay dividends.

Forfeitures. The Company reduces stock-based compensation expense for actual forfeitures during the period.

Unrecognized Stock-Based Compensation Expense

As of December 31, 2022, the unrecognized compensation expense for all non-vested share-based awards was $31.8 million and is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In August 2018, the Board and the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). A total of 0.2 million shares of common stock were initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP. In addition, the number shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, beginning on January 1, 2019, through January 1, 2028, by the lesser of (1) 1% of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of the automatic increase, (2) 220,000 shares, or (3) a lesser number of shares as determined by the Board. As of December 31, 2022, 0.1 million shares of common stock were authorized for future grants under the ESPP.

Executive Option Grants and RSUs

On February 15, 2023, the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors granted various executive officers stock options to purchase an aggregate of 3.3 million shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.63 per share, and RSUs amounting to 0.7 million shares of common stock at a grant date fair value of $1.63 per share, in each case with an effective grant date and vesting commencement date of February 15, 2023 (the “Grant Date”). These stock option grants and RSUs were issued from the 2018 Plan. The shares subject to the option shall vest monthly over 48 months beginning on the one-month anniversary of the Grant Date, such that the option shall be fully vested and exercisable on the four-year anniversary of the Grant Date. The RSUs shall vest monthly over 48 months beginning one year after the Grant Date, and the balance of the shares

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vest in a series of three successive equal annual installments measured from the first anniversary of the Grant Date, such that the option shall be fully vested and exercisable on the four-year anniversary of the Grant Date.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

Operating leases

The Company leases approximately 35,823 square feet of office, laboratory, and manufacturing space in two buildings at our headquarters in San Diego, California, with the lease for all rented space expiring December 31, 2025. In December 2021, the Company executed a new lease for approximately 11,978 additional square feet square feet of office and laboratory space in San Diego, California that expires in January 2026. In January 2022, the Company executed a new lease for an additional 5,278 square feet of office and laboratory space in San Diego, California that expires in January 2026. In December 2022, the Company executed a new lease, subject to the consent of a third party that was obtained in February 2023, for an additional 18,005 square feet of office and laboratory space in San Diego, California that commences in April 2023 and expires in March 2024. Rent payments for the additional space are $49,000 each month through the end of the lease term.

In August 2020, through the acquisition of Lineagen, the Company obtained a lease for approximately 9,710 square feet of office space in a Salt Lake City, Utah under a non-cancelable operating lease that expires in December 2026.

In November 2022, through the acquisition of Purigen, the Company obtained a lease for approximately 16,165 square feet of office and laboratory space in Pleasanton, California, under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement that expires in July 2027.

Finance lease

In October 2021, through the acquisition of BioDiscovery, the Company obtained a finance lease of 4,786 square feet of office space in El Segundo, California that expires in February 2041. The portion of the future payments designated as principal repayment and related interest was classified as a finance lease obligation on our consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 15. Related Party Transactions for additional information.

Supplemental information

For all leases, the Company has the ability to enter into renewal negotiations, prior to the lease end date, with no specific terms. At this time, it is not reasonably certain that we will extend the term of the lease and therefore the renewal period has been excluded from the aforementioned ROU asset and lease liability measurements. The leases are subject to variable charges for common area maintenance and other costs that are determined based on actual costs and includes certain lease incentives such as tenant improvement allowances. The base rent for the leases is subject to an annual increase each year. Rent expense is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate summarized in the table below was used in its present value calculations as the operating and finance leases do not have a stated rate and the implicit rate was not readily determinable. In determining the incremental borrowing rate, the Company considered the interest rate of the Term Loans as well as publicly available data for discount rates used by peer companies.

Supplemental information pertaining to the Company’s leases in which the Company is the lessee is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Cash payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

Operating cash flows from finance leases $ 278,000 $ 47,000

Financing cash flows from finance leases $ 36,000 $ 5,000

Weighted-average remaining lease term:

Operating leases 3.41 years 4.10 years

Weighted-average discount rate:

BNGO US Equity

BNGO · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

BNGO US Equity☆

BNGO · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

BNGO US Equity