BFRI US Equity☆

UNITED

STATES

SECURITIES

AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON,

D.C. 20549

FORM

10-K

(Mark

One)

FOR

THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023

OR

FOR

THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM _________TO__________

COMMISSION

FILE NUMBER 001-40943

BIOFRONTERA

INC.

(Exact

name of registrant as specified in its charter)

120 Presidential Way, Suite 330

Woburn, Massachusetts 01801

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(781)245-1325

(Registrant’s

telephone number, including area code)

Securities

registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share BFRI The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Preferred Stock Purchase Rights The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Warrants for common stock BFRIW The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities

registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate

by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate

by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate

by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange

Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2)

has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate

by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule

405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant

was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate

by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting

company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,”

“smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒

Emerging growth company ☒

If

an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying

with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate

by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness

of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered

public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If

securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant

included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate

by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation

received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate

by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As

of June 30, 2023, the last day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of

the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $14.2 million, based on the closing price of the registrant’s

common stock.

As

of March 11, 2024, there were 5,089,413

shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share.

DOCUMENTS

INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Portions

of the registrant’s Proxy Statement relative to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2023 are incorporated

by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

PART I.

Item 1. Business 4

Item 1A. Risk Factors 15

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 46

Item 1C Cybersecurity 46

Item 2. Properties 46

Item 3. Legal Proceedings 46

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 46

PART II.

Item 6. Reserved 47

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 59

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data F-1

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 60

Item 9B. Other Information 60

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 60

PART III.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 61

Item 11. Executive Compensation 61

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 61

PART IV.

Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules 62

SIGNATURES 65

BASIS

OF PRESENTATION

As

used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Form 10-K”), unless the

context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,”

“Biofrontera” and similar references refer to Biofrontera Inc. which includes its wholly owned subsidiary Bio-Fri

GmbH (“Bio-FRI”). References in this Form 10-K to the “Biofrontera Group”, refer to Biofrontera AG

and its consolidated subsidiaries, Biofrontera Pharma GmbH (individually, “Biofrontera Pharma”), Biofrontera

Bioscience GmbH (individually “Biofrontera Bioscience”), Biofrontera Neuroscience GmbH, and Biofrontera

Development GmbH. References in this Form 10-K to “Ferrer” refer to Ferrer Internacional S.A. References in this

Form 10-K to “Licensors” refer collectively to Biofrontera Pharma, Biofrontera Bioscience and Ferrer. References

in this Form 10-K to “Ameluz Licensor” refer collectively to Biofrontera Pharma and Biofrontera Bioscience.

References in this Form 10-K to “Maruho” refer to Maruho Co., Ltd. References in this Form 10-K to

“Cutanea” refer to Cutanea Life Sciences, Inc. As of December 31, 2023, Biofrontera AG owned 26.4% of our Common Stock. Accordingly, the entities in the Biofrontera

Group are related parties to us.

SPECIAL

NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The

following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated

financial statements and the related notes, which appear elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s

Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” may contain predictive or “forward-looking statements”

within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts,

in this annual report, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, regulatory process, future financial position,

future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements.

The words “believe”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “expect”, “target”, “goal”,

“estimate”, “plan”, “assume”, “may”, “will”, “predict”, “project”,

“would”, “could” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all

forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

You

should read this Form 10-K and the documents that we have filed as exhibits completely and with the understanding that our actual future

results may be materially different from what we expect. While we have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations

and projections about future events, we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in or implied by our

forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements

are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us and accordingly, actual results or events could differ materially from the

plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in or implied by the forward-looking statements we make. Factors that could cause such differences

include, but are not limited to:

● our ability to achieve and sustain profitability;

● our ability to compete effectively in selling our licensed products;

● changes in our relationship with our Licensors;

● our Licensors’ ability to manufacture our licensed products;

● market risks regarding consolidation in the healthcare industry;

● the fact that product quality issues or product defects may harm our business;

● any product liability claims;

● our ability to comply with the requirements of being a public company;

Our

forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments

that we may make. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future

events or otherwise, except as required by law. Any forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and

we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that may arise

after the date of this Form 10-K, except as required by applicable law. Investors should evaluate any statements made by us in light

of these important factors.

PART

I

Item

1. Business

Overview

We

are a U.S.-based biopharmaceutical company commercializing a portfolio of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of dermatological

conditions with a focus on photodynamic therapy (“PDT”) and topical antibiotics with PDT contribution to the largest amount

of our business. The Company’s licensed products are used for the treatment of actinic keratoses, which are pre-cancerous skin

lesions, as well as impetigo, a bacterial skin infection.

In May 2023, we began research and development (“R&D”)

activities to support PDT growth and will continue to opportunistically invest in these activities going forward. Our R&D

program currently aims to improve the capabilities of our BF-RhodoLED® lamps to better fulfill the needs of dermatologists. Our goal

is to improve the effectiveness of our commercial team by allowing sales representatives to carry approved devices with them allowing

for easier product demonstrations and evaluations.

Effective June 1, 2024, we will take control of

all clinical trials relating to Ameluz® in the US, allowing for more effective cost management and direct oversight

of trial efficiency.

Biofrontera

Inc. includes its wholly owned subsidiary Bio-FRI GmbH, a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany. Our subsidiary,

Bio-FRI was formed on February 9, 2022, as a German presence to facilitate our relationship with the Ameluz Licensor.

Company

Overview

We

were formed in March 2015 as Biofrontera Inc., a Delaware corporation, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Biofrontera AG, a stock corporation

organized under the laws of Germany. On November 2, 2021, we consummated our initial public offering and subsequently we ceased to be

deemed a company controlled by Biofrontera AG. As of December 31, 2023, Biofrontera AG held 26.4% of the outstanding shares of our common

stock. With our national commercial team, we generate revenue by selling our licensed products directly to dermatology offices and groups.

Employees

As

of December 31, 2023, the company had 85 employees, of which 83 were full-time employees and two were part-time employees. Approximately

57% are focused on marketing and sales activities. Our commercial team covers the continental United States, and our headquarters

is in Woburn, MA.

Significant

customers

We

have a wide and diverse customer base with no single customer dominating our revenues. At December 31, 2023, no customer represented

more than 10% of the net accounts receivable balance. For the year ended December 31, 2023, no customer represented more than 10% of

net revenues.

Our

Strategy

Our

principal objective is to improve patient outcomes by increasing the sales of our licensed products. The key elements of our strategy

include the following:

By

executing these four strategic objectives, we will fuel company growth, deepen our trusted relationships in the dermatology community,

and above all, help patients live healthier, more fulfilling lives.

Ameluz®

and RhodoLED® Lamp Series

Our

principal licensed product is Ameluz®, which is a prescription drug approved for use in combination with the

RhodoLED® lamp series, for PDT (when used together, “Ameluz® PDT”). In the United States,

the PDT treatment is used for the lesion-directed and field-directed treatment of actinic keratoses (“AK”) of

mild-to-moderate severity on the face and scalp. AKs are premalignant lesions of the skin that can potentially develop into skin

cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) if left untreated.1 International treatment guidelines list PDT as the

“gold standard” for treating AK, especially multiple AKs and the surrounding photodamaged skin.2 We are

currently selling Ameluz® for this indication in the U.S. under an exclusive license and supply agreement (as amended

the “Ameluz LSA”) between Biofrontera, Inc. and the Ameluz Licensors.

AKs

are superficial potentially pre-cancerous skin lesions caused by chronic sun exposure that may, if left untreated, develop into a form

of potentially life-threatening skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. AKs typically appear on sun-exposed areas,

such as the face, bald scalp, arms or the back of the hands, and are often elevated, flaky, and rough in texture, and appear on the skin

as hyperpigmented spots. AKs are typically treated with cryotherapy, topicals, or PDT. These treatments can be used in combination,

which is the number one indication for those 45 years of age and older.

In

general, PDT is a two-step process:

During

this process, energy from the light activates the photosensitizer. In PDT, the activated photosensitizer transfers

energy to oxygen molecules found in cells, converting the oxygen into a highly reactive oxygen species (“ROS”), which

destroys or alters the sensitized cells. PDT can be a highly selective treatment that targets specific cells while

minimizing damage to normal surrounding tissues. It also can allow for multiple courses of therapy. Hence the mode of action of

PDT requires destruction of the altered cells, temporary local skin reactions and inflammation of the treated area

might be expected. The Ameluz® PDT therapy is highly effective with patients - efficacy is up to 91% clearance after

one or two treatments3 with limited or no scarring. The therapy also may provide protection from potentially fatal

progress of mild or invisible AKs.4

Market

and competitive landscape

AK

currently affects approximately 58 million Americans which lead to roughly 13 million treatments annually.5 Cryotherapy is

the traditional and most common form of treatment but may not be as effective and may leave scarring; cryotherapy is estimated to be

approximately 86% of the market. Topicals, medications which patients apply to the lesion multiple times per day for up to several weeks,

constitute approximately 12% of the market. PDT is approximately 2% of the market. The total market size is estimated to be roughly

$4 billion for the three therapy types. Our primary competitor in the PDT space is Levulan® and the associated light,

Blu-U®.

Our

goal is to continue expansion in the current PDT market share and focus on converting cryotherapy treatments of more than 14 lesions

as a field therapy such as Ameluz® PDT could be more effective and lead to better patient outcomes. This targeted market

is about 11% or $500 million of the total AK market.6 Ameluz® PDT is competitive in the market. We are leveraging

medical affairs, advisory boards, reimbursement resources, and key opinion leaders in order to educate the market on the use and benefits

of Ameluz® PDT.

1

Fuchs & Marmur, Dermatol Surg. 2007 Sep; 33(9):1099-101

2

Werner RN, Stockfleth E, Connolly SM, et al. Evidence- and consensus-based (S3) Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis

- International League of Dermatological Societies in cooperation with the European Dermatology Forum - Short version. J Eur Acad Dermatol

Venereol. 2015;29(11):2069-2079. doi:10.1111/jdv.13180

3

For full prescribing information for Ameluz, please see https://bit.ly/AmeluzPI.

4

Reinhold et al. 2016 Br. J. Derm. DOI 10.1111/bjd. 14498

5

www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/actinic-keratosis

6

Market data accessible from CMS and IQVIA, 2020

Sales,

marketing and distribution

We

are currently selling our portfolio of licensed products in the United States through the use of our own commercial organization. We

have a single sales force who markets all our licensed products across the dermatology space. We launched the commercialization of Ameluz®

in combination with the RhodoLED® lamp for the treatment of actinic keratosis in the United States in October 2016.

Ameluz® PDT is an in-office procedure. Ameluz® is distributed as a “buy-and-bill” drug that

is purchased by the dermatologist, rather than distribution through pharmacies. Our customers will purchase our device and Ameluz®

which will be held in inventory. When a dermatologist uses our product in a treatment, a payor will be billed, and the provider

will be paid for both the product and light treatment. There are well established PDT CPT Codes. Ameluz® PDT is covered

by code number 96574 which has an average reimbursement of $273.00 per light treatment and has to be performed by a qualified healthcare

professional. Public information regarding CPT reimbursement is available at https://www.cms.gov/medicare/physician-fee-schedule/search?Y=0&T=4&HT=0&CT=3&H1=96574&M=5.

Our

licensors’ R&D programs

We

are a sales organization with focus on commercializing our portfolio of licensed products that are already FDA-approved. R&D efforts for label extensions in order to optimize the market positioning of the products are the responsibility of the respective

licensor and are governed by the respective LSAs.

Under

the Ameluz LSA, we hold the exclusive license to sell Ameluz® and the RhodoLED® lamp series comprising

the RhodoLED® and the new, more advanced RhodoLED® XL (available in the second quarter of 2024) in the United States for all

indications currently approved by the FDA as well as all future FDA-approved indications identified under the Ameluz LSA.

On February 19, 2024, the Ameluz LSA was amended with

the Second Amended and Restated License and Supply Agreement (the “Second A&R Ameluz LSA”), effective February 13. The Second A&R Ameluz LSA amends and restates the Ameluz LSA, originally dated as of October 1, 2016, between

the Company and Amulez Licensor, which was subsequently amended on July 1, 2019, June 16, 2021, October 8, 2021, December 5, 2023, and

January 26, 2024. Among other things, the Second A&R Ameluz LSA reduces the

transfer price of Ameluz® from 50% to 25% for all purchases in 2024 and 2025. Starting on January 1, 2026, until 2032 there

will be stepwise increases in the transfer price from 25% to 35% for sales related to actinic keratosis and, if approved by the FDA, basal

cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The transfer price for sales related to acne, another indication currently in development,

will remain at 25% indefinitely. The transfer price covers the cost of goods, royalties on sales, and services including all regulatory

efforts, agency fees, pharmacovigilance, and patent administration.

Effective June 1, 2024, the Company will take control of all clinical trials relating to

Ameluz® in the US, allowing for more effective cost management and direct oversight of trial efficiency. The reduced

Ameluz LSA transfer price will allow the Company to finance such R&D activities and continue our commercial growth

trajectory.

A

summary of our understanding of the Licensor’s clinical trials is below:

Clinical Phase

Product Indication Pre-clinical I II III Status

Ameluz® Squamous cell carcinoma in situ ● Plan to start enrollment in 2026

In

late October 2021, the new, larger RhodoLED® XL was approved by the FDA in combination with Ameluz® for

the treatment of mild and moderate actinic keratoses on the face and scalp, which corresponds to the current approval of

Ameluz®. The new PDT-lamp enables the illumination of larger areas, thus allowing the simultaneous treatment of

several actinic keratoses distant from each other. The smaller BF-RhodoLED® model will continue to be offered in the

U.S. market. Additionally, our licensor has been granted a patent for a pain-reduced PDT

procedure that combines daylight and conventional PDT and, if the respective Phase III trial leads to inclusion of the procedure

into the Ameluz® label, may provide further patent protection beyond 2040.

Furthermore, the FDA recently approved a new formulation of Ameluz® that lacks propylene glycol and reduces the

accumulation of certain contaminants over time. The new formulation will be implemented in all US productions of

Ameluz® starting in 2024. A corresponding patent application has been filed with the U.S. Patent

and Trademark Office, or USPTO, which, if granted, will extend protection of Ameluz® to 2043.

Principal

suppliers

Our

source for the Ameluz® and the RhodoLED® lamp series is our Licensor, Biofrontera Pharma. Biofrontera Pharma

is considered the responsible manufacturer for Ameluz® by the FDA. Biofrontera Pharma currently manufactures through a

single unaffiliated contract manufacturer in Switzerland, Glaropharm AG, and has recently signed an agreement with a second unaffiliated

contract manufacturer located in Germany, Pharbil Waltrop GmbH, to ensure stability of the supply chain. Our Licensor is responsible

for all raw materials, product, and shipment of products to our third-party logistics partner (“3PL”), Cardinal Health for

warehousing and distribution. We centralize our customer sales support and back-office functions through our headquarters in Woburn,

Massachusetts.

We

intend to continue our development of our sales and marketing infrastructure to effectively target the broad range of dermatologic prescribers.

To further our development, we plan to expand our headcount, increase our investment in market research and brand development, further

develop our distribution capabilities and explore broader payer relationships and coverage.

Xepi®

Our

second prescription drug licensed product in our portfolio is Xepi® (ozenoxacin cream, 1%), a topical non-fluorinated

quinolone that inhibits bacterial growth. Currently, no antibiotic resistance against Xepi® is known and it has been specifically

approved by the FDA for the treatment of impetigo, a common skin infection, due to Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. It

is approved for use in the United States in adults and children 2 months and older. We are currently selling Xepi® for

this indication in the United States under an exclusive license and supply agreement, as amended (“Xepi LSA”), with Ferrer

that was assumed by Biofrontera on March 25, 2019 through our acquisition of Cutanea (the “Cutanea Acquisition”).

Impetigo

is a common and highly contagious bacterial skin infection caused by bacteria. The bacteria that can cause impetigo include Group A beta-hemolytic

streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. It occurs most frequently in children 2 to 5 years old, but people of any age can be affected

and even more than once. Impetigo causes red sores that most often appear on the face, neck, arms, and legs. These sores can turn into

blisters that open and form a yellowish crust. Transmission of the disease is by direct contact and poor hygiene can increase the spread.

Although impetigo is a year-round disease, it occurs most often during the warm weather months.7

Possible

complications of impetigo8 can include:

● Worsening or spreading of the infection

● Scarring, which is more common with ecthyma

● Impetigo caused by beta-hemolytic strep bacteria can cause:

● Kidney damage (poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis)

● Fever, joint, and other problems (rheumatic fever)

Although

impetigo rarely leads to serious complications, effective treatment with drugs like Xepi® can shorten how long impetigo

lasts.

Market

and competitive landscape

There

are more than 3 million cases of impetigo in the United States every year.5 The market for topical antibiotics is driven by

generics with mupirocin being the top choice of topical antibiotics across all specialties. In 2021, over 13 million prescriptions were

written for mupirocin for a range of conditions. According to prescription data from IQVIA, dermatologists account for approximately

12% of the annual topical antibiotic prescriptions written or about 1.4 million prescriptions. Xepi® is a prescription

product that is filled by specialty pharmacies nationwide and orders to these specialty pharmacies are fulfilled by our 3PL, Cardinal

Health. Sales to the specialty pharmacies are recognized net of sales deductions, which include expected returns, discounts and incentives

such as payments made under patient assistance programs.

Our

licensors’ R&D programs

Currently,

there are no clinical trials being conducted for Xepi®, and we are unaware of any immediate or near-term plans of Ferrer

for a U.S.-market focused development pipeline.

Sales,

marketing and distribution

We

are currently selling our portfolio of licensed products in the United States through the use of our own commercial organization. We

have a single sales force who markets all our licensed products across the dermatology space.

There

has been limited revenue during the current reporting periods and issues with the third-party manufacturer that was providing our

supply of Xepi® impacting the timing of sales expansion and improved market positioning. However, Ferrer is in

the process of qualifying a new third-party manufacturer in North America. The expectation is that this process will be completed in

the second half of 2024. Once the new third-party manufacturer is qualified, we expect the supply of Xepi® will enable us to market and increase demand. Xepi® is distributed through specialty pharmacies and generally covered by most commercial payers

without pre-approval or similar requirements. Our contracts with third-party payers/pharmacy benefit managers (“PBMs”)

generally require us to provide rebates based on utilization by the patients they cover. We believe that Xepi® has

the potential to be another innovative product with a large market potential.

7

How to Treat Impetigo and Control This Common Skin Infection | FDA

8

From CLS link to Johns Hopkins Impetigo | Johns Hopkins Medicine

Intellectual

Property

We

do not own any material patents or trademarks. We license the rights and trademarks related to the products we sell.

Ameluz®

and the RhodoLED® lamp series are approved by the FDA as a combination product, such that the label requires the

use of both products together. The Licensor has patent protection on its nanoemulsion technology in the United States until 2028 and

three new patent family applications on the BF-RhodoLED® lamps and general PDT illumination procedures, two of which are

already granted, and one is listed in the Orange Book, that could jointly extend protection until 2040. Additionally, a new patent regarding

an Ameluz formulation without propylene glycol filed at USPTO in 2023, if granted, extends protection to 2043.

Xepi®

is protected by four patents in the United States held by Ferrer. The primary patent protecting the active ingredient in Xepi®

expired in November 2023. However, there are treatment specific patents for the treatment of impetigo due to Staphylococcus aureus

or Streptococcus pyogenes and a method of treating nasopharynx infections in asymptomatic nasal carriers expiring in 2032 and 2029, respectively.

Commercial

Partners and Agreements

Ameluz®

and RhodoLED® Lamp Series License Service Agreement

Under

the terms of the Ameluz LSA, we are granted an exclusive, non-transferable license to use Biofrontera Pharma and Biofrontera

Bioscience technology to use, import, export, distribute, market, offer for sale and sell Ameluz® and the

RhodoLED® lamp series for its approved indications within the United States and certain of its territories. The price we pay per unit will be based upon our sales history. The Ameluz

LSA will remain in effect for fifteen years and automatically renew for a period of five years, in perpetuity as long as certain minimum

revenues are achieved. See Note 23. Commitments and Contingencies.

In

addition, under the Ameluz LSA, the Ameluz Licensor agrees to sell us the RhodoLED® lamp series at cost plus a low

double digit handling fee. There are no milestones or royalty obligations associated with this agreement. Any changes to the pricing

of supply of Ameluz® or RhodoLED® lamps would require agreement by both contract parties.

The

Ameluz LSA also provides that we will indemnify the Ameluz Licensor, subject to certain conditions, for any claims related to a breach

of our representations and covenants under the agreement or any other gross negligent, willful or intentionally wrongful act, error or

omission on our part. Under the terms of the agreement, the Ameluz Licensor will indemnify us, subject to certain conditions, against

claims related to the licensed products.

Under

the Ameluz LSA, the Ameluz Licensor is responsible for obtaining and maintaining the rights to all FDA approvals (and any required maintenance

thereafter) needed for the Ameluz Licensor to manufacture Ameluz® and/or the RhodoLED® lamp series and/or

for Biofrontera to sell Ameluz® and/or the RhodoLED® lamp series in the United States. Likewise, the Ameluz

Licensor is responsible to maintain a pharmacovigilance database and to respond appropriately to all relevant queries of any regulatory

authority pertaining to pharmacovigilance (Biofrontera is required to provide reasonable support relating to any regulatory issues relating

to pharmacovigilance and/or product recalls). Furthermore, the Ameluz Licensor will, in agreement with Biofrontera, perform and finance

clinical trials to promote the Ameluz® market positioning in the U.S. market for indications that are identified in the

amendment signed on October 8, 2021, including the clinical studies. With respect to the indications currently pursued by the Ameluz

Licensor, we have the authority under the Ameluz LSA, in certain circumstances, to take over clinical development from the Ameluz Licensor,

if they are unable or unwilling to perform these functions appropriately and subtract the cost from the transfer price of future shipments.

The pursuit of any additional indications would need to be separately negotiated between us and the Ameluz Licensor.

Conversely,

under the Ameluz LSA, Biofrontera is responsible for obtaining all state licenses or any other similar approvals required to market Ameluz®

and/or the RhodoLED® lamp in the United States. Biofrontera must also carry out all mandatory reporting responsibilities

under federal and state law with respect to compliance with the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, the Sunshine Act, or any other similar

laws and regulations. Biofrontera is also responsible for all activities related to reimbursement and pricing of the products within

the United States. Biofrontera is required by the Ameluz LSA to use commercially reasonable efforts and resources to exploit the license

and market Ameluz® and the RhodoLED® lamp in the United States (“commercially reasonable efforts”

being defined in terms of comparison against industry standards and practices for a company of comparable size and capability and active

in the same business area).

Under

the Ameluz LSA, if product or lamps are not delivered in conformance with certain specifications of this Agreement and the Quality Assurance

Agreement, and the Ameluz Licensor does not remedy its failure, then we will have the right to organize manufacturing on our own, and

step into contracts with the Ameluz Licensor’s manufacturers, such that we will replace the Ameluz Licensor as a party to these

contracts. If we pursue this option, the Ameluz Licensor must use its best efforts to assist with the transferring of these manufacturing

contracts without delay and at its own cost. No transfer price will be paid to the Ameluz Licensor thereafter for products or lamps that

are manufactured by third parties.

On February 19, 2024, we entered into the Second

A&R Ameluz LSA, which is discussed above in the section entitled “Ameluz® and RhodoLED® Lamp

Series - Our licensors’ R&D programs.

Effective June 1, 2024, the Company will take

control of all clinical trials with Ameluz® in the US, allowing for more effective cost management and direct

oversight of trial efficiency. The reduced transfer price in the Second A&R Ameluz LSA will allow the Company to finance such

R&D activities and continue our commercial growth trajectory.

Ferrer

Internacional S.A.

On

March 25, 2019, we assumed the rights, duties and obligations of Cutanea under the Xepi LSA as part of the acquisition of Cutanea. Under

the terms of the Xepi LSA, we have been granted an exclusive, royalty-bearing license in the United States and certain of its territories,

including the right to sublicense under certain conditions, to develop, make, have made, use, register, market, promote, sell, have sold,

offer for sale and import Xepi®.

Under

the Xepi LSA, we are obligated to make payments to Ferrer upon the occurrence of certain milestones. Specifically, we must pay Ferrer

(i) $2,000,000 upon the first occasion when annual net sales of Xepi® under the Xepi LSA exceed $25,000,000, and (ii)

$4,000,000 upon the first occasion annual net sales of Xepi® under the Xepi LSA exceed $50,000,000. The maximum potential

milestone payments remaining under this agreement total $6,000,000. These are both sales-based milestones. There are no development milestones

within the agreement.

The

terms of the Xepi LSA also provide for us to purchase Xepi® from Ferrer and pay royalties at a high single digit percentage

based on net sales. Royalties are paid quarterly when the related sales occur. There are no other performance obligations required for

royalties to be incurred. Furthermore, while Ferrer is approval holder for Xepi®, the administration of the NDA is managed

by Biofrontera Bioscience, a related party. We are fully dependent on our collaboration with Ferrer for our supply of Xepi® from their

sole supplier.

The

Xepi LSA will continue for the longer of (a) 12 years following the first commercial sale of Xepi® or (b) 12 years from

the date of latest product to launch under the Xepi LSA, concluding in 2030. However, the Xepi LSA will automatically terminate concurrently

with the termination of Ferrer’s license with Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., also in 2030. Ferrer covenants under the agreement to

make commercially reasonable efforts to extend its license agreement with Toyama. Although recent developments with respect to the third-party

manufacturer that was providing our supply of Xepi® have impacted the timing of sales expansion and improved market positioning,

we believe that Xepi® has the potential to be another innovative product with a large market potential in our portfolio.

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates

—Intangible Assets and Impairment Assessment” in this Form 10-K.

Under

the Xepi LSA, Biofrontera is required to obtain and maintain all “Marketing Authorizations and Regulatory Approvals” in Ferrer’s

name, as well as to obtain and maintain all other licenses and certificates required for the wholesale and/or retail sale of Xepi®

in the United States. Biofrontera must also participate in a “Joint Steering Committee,” which is intended, in part,

to ensure (among other things) that Biofrontera uses commercially reasonable efforts to market and sell Xepi® in the United

States. This joint steering committee is required to meet at least once per year, unless agreed otherwise by the parties.

Government

and Industry Regulation

Governmental

authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development,

testing, manufacture, safety surveillance, efficacy, quality control, labeling, packaging, distribution, record keeping, promotion, storage,

advertising, distribution, marketing, sale, export and import, pricing (including discounts and rebates), and the reporting of safety

and other post-market information of the products we distribute. These laws and regulations may require administrative guidance for implementation,

and a failure to comply could subject us to legal and administrative actions. Enforcement measures may include substantial fines and/or

penalties, orders to stop non-compliant activities, criminal charges, warning letters, product recalls or seizures, delays in product

approvals, exclusion from participation in government programs or contracts as well as limitations on conducting business in applicable

jurisdictions and could result in harm to our reputation and business. Compliance with these laws and regulations may be costly and may

require significant technical expertise and capital investment to ensure compliance.

U.S.

Drug Development and Review

Drug

Development Process

General

Information about the Drug Approval Process and Post-Marketing Requirements

The

U.S. system of new drug and biologics approval is a rigorous process. The following general comments about the drug approval process

are relevant to the development activities undertaken by our Licensors.

Investigational

New Drug Application (“IND”): After certain pre-clinical studies are completed, an IND application is submitted to the FDA

to request the ability to begin human testing of the drug or biologic. An IND becomes effective thirty days after the FDA receives the

application (unless the FDA notifies the sponsor of a clinical hold), or upon prior notification by the FDA.

Phase

1 Clinical Trials: These trials typically involve small numbers of healthy volunteers or patients and usually define a drug candidate’s

safety profile, including the safe dosage range.

Phase

2 Clinical Trials: In Phase 2 clinical trials, controlled studies of human patients with the targeted disease are conducted to assess

the drug’s effectiveness. These studies are designed primarily to determine the appropriate dose levels, dose schedules and route(s)

of administration, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug or biologic on humans, as well as to determine if there are any side

effects on humans to expand the safety profile following Phase 1. These clinical trials, and Phase 3 trials discussed below, are designed

to evaluate the product’s overall benefit-risk profile, and to provide information for physician labeling.

Phase

3 Clinical Trials: This Phase usually involves a larger number of patients with the targeted disease. Investigators (typically physicians)

monitor the patients to determine the drug candidate’s efficacy and to observe and report any adverse reactions that may result

from long-term use of the drug on a large, more widespread, patient population.

During

the Phase 3 clinical trials, typically the drug candidate is compared to either a placebo or a standard treatment for the target disease.

NDA

or Biologics License Application (“BLA”): After completion of all three clinical trial Phases, if the data indicates that

the drug is safe and effective, an NDA or BLA is filed with the FDA requesting FDA approval to market the new drug as a treatment for

the target disease.

Risk

Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy Authority under the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (“FDAAA”): The FDAAA also

gave the FDA authority to require the implementation of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”) for a product

when necessary to minimize known and preventable safety risks associated with the product. The FDA may require the submission of a REMS

before a product is approved, or after approval based on “new safety information,” including new analysis of existing safety

information. A REMS may include a medication guide, patient package insert, a plan for communication with healthcare providers, or other

elements as the FDA deems are necessary to assure safe use of the product, which could include imposing certain restrictions on distribution

or use of a product. A REMS must include a timetable for submission of assessments of the strategy at specified time intervals. Failure

to comply with a REMS, including the submission of a required assessment, may result in substantial civil or criminal penalties.

Other

Issues Related to Product Safety: Adverse events that are reported after marketing approval also can result in additional limitations

being placed on a product’s use and, potentially, withdrawal of the product from the market. In addition, under the FDAAA, the

FDA has authority to mandate labeling changes to products at any point in a product’s life cycle based on new safety information

derived from clinical trials, post-approval studies, peer-reviewed medical literature, or post-market risk identification and analysis

systems data.

Clinical

trials may experience delays or fail to demonstrate the safety and efficacy, which could prevent or significantly delay obtaining regulatory

approval.

Clinical

trials require the investment of substantial financial and personnel resources. The commencement and completion of clinical trials may

be delayed by various factors, including scheduling conflicts with participating clinicians and clinical institutions, difficulties in

identifying and enrolling patients who meet trial eligibility criteria, failure of patients to complete the clinical trial, delays in

accumulating the required number of clinical events for data analysis, delay or failure to obtain the required approval to conduct a

clinical trial at a prospective site, and shortages of available drug supply. Moreover, the outcome of a clinical trial is often uncertain.

There may be numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the clinical trial process that could delay or prevent regulatory

approval. In addition, the results of early-stage clinical trials do not necessarily predict the results of later-stage clinical trials.

Later-stage clinical trials may fail to demonstrate that a drug product is safe and effective despite having progressed through initial

clinical testing. Clinical trial data results are susceptible to varying interpretations, and such data may not be sufficient to support

approval by the FDA. The ability to commence and complete clinical trials may be delayed by many factors that are beyond our licensors

control, including:

● delays obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial;

● delays in obtaining institutional review board (“IRB”), approval at each site;

● inability to retain patients who have initiated a clinical trial;

● negative or inconclusive results;

Delays

can also occur if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by the IRBs of the clinical trial sites in which such trials are being

conducted, or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may impose a suspension or termination of the clinical

trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or

clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting

in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, or failure to demonstrate a benefit from

using a drug.

Post-Approval

Requirements for Approved Drugs

Any

of our licensed drug products that require FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things,

record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information,

product sampling and distribution requirements, and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements, which include, among other

requirements, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions on promoting drugs for uses or in patient populations that are

not described in the drug’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), limitations on industry sponsored scientific

and educational activities, and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet. Although physicians may prescribe legally

available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses.

In

addition, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to applicable manufacturing requirements after approval.

We are relying exclusively on our licensors’ or their manufacturing partner’s facilities for the production of clinical and

commercial quantities of our products in accordance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) regulations. cGMP

regulations require among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and

documentation and the obligation to investigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Drug manufacturers and other entities involved

in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies

and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly,

manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.

Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA,

including, among other things, recall or withdrawal of the product from the market. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process

are strictly regulated, and depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented and

development of and submission of data to support the change. Other types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications

and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further FDA review and approval, as well as, possibly, the development and submission

of data to support the change.

The

FDA also may require post-approval, sometimes referred to as Phase 4, trials and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product

or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. Discovery of previously unknown problems

with a product or the failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity,

judicial or administrative enforcement, warning letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors,

and civil or criminal penalties, among others. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s

approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and also may require the implementation of other risk