AVIR US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company leveraging our deep understanding of antiviral drug development, medicinal chemistry, biology, biochemistry and virology to discover and develop novel orally administered product candidates to treat serious viral diseases. Currently, we are developing our lead product candidate, bemnifosbuvir, in a global Phase 3 clinical trial as a monotherapy for the treatment of COVID-19, and in a global Phase 2 clinical trial as part of a combination therapy with ruzasvir, an NS5A inhibitor, for the treatment of HCV infection.

Bemnifosbuvir

Derived from our internal discovery program, bemnifosbuvir (AT-527), is an investigational, novel, orally administered guanosine nucleotide analog polymerase inhibitor that combines a unique nucleotide scaffold with novel double prodrugs for the intended purpose of inhibiting the enzymes central to viral replication. We believe that utilizing this double prodrug moiety approach allows us to maximize formation of the active metabolite potentially resulting in an oral antiviral product candidate that is selective for and highly effective at preventing replication and transcription of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, HCV and other single ssRNA viruses while avoiding toxicity to host cells.

COVID-19 – Our Strategy and Objective

More than four years after emerging as a global pandemic and public health crisis, COVID-19 remains a persistent and serious health threat because of continued variant fueled surges of infection. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is accumulating mutations with amino acid substitutions faster than any other endemic ssRNA virus and the constant evolution of new variants has resulted in continued waves of infections globally.

Our COVID-19 strategy is focused on the development of bemnifosbuvir for the treatment of COVID-19. We believe that oral antivirals protecting against the development of severe infection and transmission remain urgently needed particularly for high-risk patients who currently have few or no treatment options due to limitations of currently available vaccines and therapeutics. High-risk patients include those who are unvaccinated, patients who fail to respond to available vaccines, vaccinated patients with waning efficacy, which can occur between three to six months after immunization, and patients for whom current treatments are contraindicated. Without suitable treatments, high-risk patients remain vulnerable to severe COVID-19 and associated hospitalization and death.

As COVID-19 continues to persist as a global endemic disease, we believe that the global COVID-19 therapeutic market, and in particular the US market, will remain a multi-billion-dollar commercial opportunity for many years to come. Further, as the commercialization of COVID-19 therapeutics enters more fully into traditional distribution and reimbursement channels in 2024 and after, we anticipate that a major consideration for third-party payers will be a cost/value analysis that is driven in part by the economic burden of hospitalization, especially for high-risk populations.

The objective of our COVID-19 development program is to address the current unmet medical needs of high-risk patients who remain vulnerable to hospitalization and death from COVID-19 by developing bemnifosbuvir, as a safe, effective, convenient, oral antiviral without the key limitations of current treatment options, including drug-drug interactions, tolerability and other safety concerns. The FDA has granted Fast Track designation for the investigation of bemnifosbuvir to treat COVID-19. Currently, we

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are evaluating bemnifosbuvir in SUNRISE-3, a global Phase 3 clinical trial that is enrolling high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

For COVID-19, bemnifosbuvir targets the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase (Nsp12), a highly conserved enzyme that is unlikely to change as the virus mutates and new variants continue to emerge. The RNA polymerase complex is responsible for both replication and transcription of SARS-CoV-2. Bemnifosbuvir has a unique dual mechanism of action at both the RdRp and nidovirus RdRp associated NiRAN active sites on the highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase, which has the potential to create a high barrier to resistance. In vitro data have shown that bemnifosbuvir was active with similar activity against all SARS-CoV-2 VOC and VOI that have been tested to date, including Omicron subvariants BA.4, BA.5 and XBB and EG.5.1.

HCV – Our Strategy and Objective

Despite the availability of direct acting antiviral oral combination treatment regimens, HCV continues to be a serious viral disease in the US and globally. Approximately 58 million people globally are living with chronic HCV infection. The WHO estimates a global incidence of 1.5 million new infections and 290,000 deaths per year.

In the US, HCV is recognized as a health crisis with approximately 2.4 million individuals estimated to be infected. Prevalence of HCV in the US is expected to remain constant over the coming years as rising HCV is incidence largely attributable to the opioid crisis, IV drug use, and HCV reinfection, especially among younger adults, offsets the number of new patients treated.

Our HCV strategy focuses on the development of bemnifosbuvir in combination with ruzasvir, an HCV NS5A inhibitor, a product candidate which we have exclusively licensed from Merck. Combination therapy utilizing two or more direct acting antivirals with different mechanisms of action is a scientifically and clinically well-established approach that is utilized by currently available human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and HCV treatment regimens.

The objective of our HCV development program is to improve upon the current SOC by offering, if successfully developed, the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir, as a potentially differentiated eight-week duration, pan-genotypic protease inhibitor-free regimen for HCV-infected patients with or without cirrhosis. Currently, we are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial of bemnifosbuvir in combination with ruzasvir in treatment naïve HCV infected patients, either without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis.

For HCV, the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir targets the HCV NS5B and the HCV NS5A, respectively, and is designed to inhibit these enzymes which are essential for HCV replication. Both bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir have individually demonstrated potent, pan-genotypic, antiviral activity against HCV and the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir has exhibited synergistic activity against HCV in vitro.

Key Clinical Trials

COVID-19 – SUNRISE-3: Global Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Bemnifosbuvir

SUNRISE-3, is a currently ongoing global, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 clinical trial that is evaluating bemnifosbuvir (550 mg BID) for five days) in high-risk non-hospitalized patients with mild or moderate COVID-19. SUNRISE-3 is designed to evaluate bemnifosbuvir as monotherapy (primary analysis) but it is also exploring the effect of combination therapy in a smaller sub-set of patients who receive a compatible antiviral drug along with bemnifosbuvir (secondary analysis).

The trial consists of two study populations derived from the type of SOC received: 1) a “supportive care population” (those patients who do not qualify for another antiviral treatment or where other antivirals are not locally available) which is assessing bemnifosbuvir given as monotherapy (primary analysis) and 2) a “combination antiviral population” which is assessing combination therapy if the SOC includes treatment with other compatible antiviral drugs against COVID-19 (secondary analysis). Patients are being randomized 1:1 to receive either bemnifosbuvir 550 mg BID plus locally available SOC or placebo BID plus locally available SOC for five days.

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The primary endpoint of the SUNRISE-3 study is all-cause hospitalization or death through Day 29 in approximately 2,200 patients in the supportive care monotherapy population. Secondary endpoints in each of the supportive care monotherapy patient population and the combination antiviral population include COVID-19 related hospitalization or death, COVID-19 complications, medically attended visits, symptom rebound/relapse and viral load rebound.

The trial is enrolling patients who are ≥70 years old (regardless of other risk factors), patients ≥55 years old with one or more risk factors, patients ≥50 years old with two or more risk factors and patients ≥18 years old with certain risk factors including immunocompromised conditions, all regardless of COVID-19 vaccination status. We believe that this population encompasses those patients who currently remain at high-risk for progression of COVID-19 to severe disease and associated hospitalization and death.

In January and February 2024, we announced the enrollment of more than 650 patients and more than 1,350 patients, respectively, in the supportive care monotherapy cohort. Each of these patient enrollment milestones triggers an interim analysis by an independent DSMB principally for safety and futility after the respective patient group has completed Day 29 post treatment. As a result, we currently anticipate that the first interim analysis by the DSMB will occur in March of 2024 and the second interim analysis by the DSMB will occur in the second quarter of 2024. Patient enrollment in the SUNRISE-3 trial, which has currently surpassed 1,400 patients in the supportive care monotherapy population, continues and topline data from the trial are anticipated in the second half of 2024.

HCV – Global Phase 2 Clinical Trial of the Combination of Bemnifosbuvir and Ruzasvir

Currently, we are conducting a global Phase 2 clinical trial of bemnifosbuvir in combination with ruzasvir in treatment-naïve, HCV-infected patients either without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. This study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of eight weeks of treatment with the combination consisting of once daily bemnifosbuvir 550 mg and ruzasvir 180 mg. Up to approximately 280 HCV-infected, treatment-naïve patients across HCV GTs, including a lead-in cohort of 60 patients without cirrhosis, are expected to be enrolled in this Phase 2 clinical trial. The primary endpoints of the study are safety and SVR12. Other virologic endpoints include virologic failure, SVR24 and resistance.

In February 2024, we announced final results from the full lead-in cohort in which a 98% SVR4 rate was observed [58 of 59 subjects achieved SVR4 with one patient who did not return for post-treatment follow-up]. The one patient who did not achieve SVR4 had poor adherence, and was infected with HCV GT-2. These results are consistent with the initial results announced in January 2024. The SVR4 rate exceeded the protocol-defined efficacy criterion of ≥90% SVR4 for continuing the study. As a result, in January 2024 we commenced enrolling up to an additional 220 patients in the study, including patients with cirrhosis. In the lead-in cohort, very rapid kinetics were observed with viral load for each patient near or below the LLOQ at four weeks of treatment, which we believe is supportive of an eight-week treatment regimen for the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir. All 60 patients in the lead-in cohort achieved viral load below the LLOQ by the end of the eight-week treatment regimen.

The combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir in the lead-in cohort was generally safe and well tolerated and there were no drug related SAEs, no treatment discontinuations and adverse events AEs were mostly mild. Final SVR12 results from all 280 patients enrolled in the global Phase 2 study are anticipated in the second half of 2024.

If the Phase 2 study is successfully completed, subject to discussion and alignment with regulatory authorities, we anticipate initiating a Phase 3 clinical development program in the second half of 2024.

Dengue

After conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial, in February 2023, we decided not to pursue further clinical development of AT-752 for the treatment and prophylaxis of dengue. This action was taken due to the long timelines anticipated for patient enrollment, expected clinical operational challenges, including the challenge of successfully identifying patients shortly after infection which is not feasible with the diagnostic tests that are currently readily available in endemic countries, and the estimated resource burdens, including substantial costs, associated with the further clinical development of an antiviral for each of the treatment and prophylaxis of dengue.

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Financial Resources

We believe we are well capitalized to advance our current programs. We had $578.1 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities at December 31, 2023. Based on our current plans, we anticipate these financial resources will allow us to advance our current and planned clinical programs to and through key inflection points and to fund our activities through 2026. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Roche License Agreement

In October 2020, with Roche, we entered into the Roche License Agreement in connection with the global development, manufacture and commercialization of bemnifosbuvir, products containing bemnifosbuvir or AT-511, the free base of bemnifosbuvir, and related companion diagnostics. During the term of the Roche License Agreement, Roche and we jointly developed bemnifosbuvir for COVID-19 on a worldwide-basis and equally shared the costs associated with such development activities.

The Roche License Agreement terminated on February 10, 2022, and, accordingly, our obligations to share costs with Roche also ended. As a result of the termination of the Roche License Agreement, we regained worldwide exclusive rights from Roche to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize bemnifosbuvir, products containing bemnifosbuvir and related companion diagnostics in all fields of use.

Merck License Agreement

In December 2021, we entered into the Merck License Agreement for the development, manufacture and commercialization of ruzasvir. Ruzasvir is an investigational NS5A inhibitor we are developing in combination with bemnifosbuvir for the treatment of HCV.

Pursuant to the terms of the Merck License Agreement, we obtained from Merck an exclusive (subject to certain reserved rights to conduct internal research), sublicensable, and worldwide license under certain Merck patents and know-how to research, develop, manufacture, have manufactured, use, import, export, sell, offer for sale, and otherwise commercialize a Product for all therapeutic or prophylactic uses in humans.

In addition to a non-refundable upfront payment that we made in February 2022, we will be required to pay Merck milestone payments upon our achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales-based milestones. Additionally, we will pay Merck tiered royalties based on annual net sales of Products ranging from high single digits to mid-teens percentages. Our royalty payment obligations will continue until the later of (i) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a licensed Merck patent claiming such Product and (ii) a period of years after the first commercial sale of such Product in such country. We may terminate the Merck License Agreement for convenience upon prior written notice. The first potential milestone, in the amount of $5.0 million, would be payable upon the commencement of a Phase 3 clinical trial.

Financial Operations Overview

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $578.1 million. Net cash used in operating activities was $85.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

We expect that our net cash used in operating activities will increase significantly as we advance our product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, seek regulatory approval, and prepare for and, if approved, proceed to commercialization; acquire, discover, validate and develop additional product candidates; obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio; and hire additional personnel. In addition, we may incur additional costs as we continue to operate as a public company. We believe that our available cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our planned operations through 2026. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any product revenue since inception. We do not anticipate generating any revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future. Our

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ability to generate product revenue will depend on the successful development, regulatory approval and eventual commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through private or public equity or debt financings, collaborative or other arrangements with third parties, or through other sources of financing. Adequate funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We plan to continue to use third-party service providers, including CROs to carry out our preclinical and clinical development, and CMOs to manufacture and supply the materials used during the development of our product candidates. Additionally, we expect to rely on CMOs for the manufacture of commercial supply of any product candidate we may successfully develop.

As we continue to advance our programs, we expect to incur significantly higher expenses over the next several years. We anticipate that our expenses will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

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continue Phase 3 clinical development of bemnifosbuvir as a monotherapy for the treatment of COVID-19;

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continue the clinical development of the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir for the treatment of HCV which is expected to include later stage Phase 3 development if the Phase 2 clinical trial we are currently conducting is successful;

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continue discovery and IND-enabling activities in anticipation of nominating a protease inhibitor product candidate for the treatment of COVID-19;

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initiate clinical development of a protease inhibitor for the treatment of COVID-19;

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manufacture increasing quantities of bemnifosbuvir drug substance and drug product in anticipation of potential commercialization;

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seek market approval and prepare for potential commercialization of product candidates we may successfully develop;

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acquire or in-license clinical stage drug candidates, form strategic alliances or establish collaborations with third parties;

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maintain, expand, protect and enforce our intellectual property portfolio;

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hire additional research, development and administrative personnel; and

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establish commercialization capabilities if we are successful in developing our product candidates.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We do not have any products approved for sale and we have not generated any revenue in the periods presented.

If our development efforts for our product candidates are successful and result in commercialization, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales. Additionally, we may generate revenue from collaboration or license agreements that we may enter into with third parties.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Substantially all of our research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the discovery and development of our product candidates. These expenses include external costs consisting of fees paid to third parties, including CROs and CMOs, to conduct certain research and development activities on our behalf and consulting costs, as well as internal costs consisting of payroll

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and personnel-related expenses, including salaries and bonuses, employee benefit costs and stock-based compensation expenses for our research and product development employees and allocated overhead, including rent, equipment, depreciation, information technology costs and utilities attributable to our research and development personnel. We expense both internal and external research and development expenses as they are incurred. In circumstances where amounts have been paid in advance or in excess of costs incurred, we record a prepaid expense, which is expensed as services are performed or goods are delivered.

A significant portion of our research and development costs have been external costs, which we track by therapeutic area. We have not historically tracked our internal research and development expenses by therapeutic area as they are deployed across multiple programs.

As discussed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements, during the term of the Roche License Agreement which terminated in February 2022, we and Roche shared certain manufacturing and clinical development costs on a 50/50 basis. Billings to us by Roche for our percentage share of such expenses were recorded in research and development expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a net reduction to research and development expenses of $18.6 million related to credits received from Roche. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a net reduction to research and development expenses of $6.9 million related to credits received from Roche. These credits were the result, following the termination of the Roche License Agreement, of changes and adjustments by Roche in estimated amounts of expenses reported by Roche during the period in which we and Roche shared costs associated with the development of bemnifosbuvir.

The following table summarizes our external research and development expenses by indication and internal research and development expenses:

Years Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

RSV external costs — 2,135

Internal research and development costs 47,666 43,288

Total research and development expenses $ 114,243 $ 81,936

We are focusing substantially all of our resources on the development of our product candidates, particularly bemnifosbuvir for the treatment of COVID-19 and the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir for the treatment of HCV. We expect our research and development expenses to continue to increase substantially for at least the next few years, as we seek to complete our current clinical programs which in the case of HCV, is expected to include a Phase 3 clinical trial if our Phase 2 clinical trial is successful, pursue regulatory approval of our product candidates and prepare for the possible commercialization of these product candidates. Predicting the timing or cost to complete our clinical programs, validate our commercial manufacturing and supply processes and manufacture of product at commercial scale is difficult and delays may occur because of many factors, including factors outside of our control. For example, if the FDA or other regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate or the time to complete planned clinical trials is extended due to delays in enrollment or otherwise, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development. Furthermore, we are unable to predict with any certainty when our product candidates, if ever, will receive regulatory approval with any certainty, if ever.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist principally of payroll and personnel expenses, including salaries and bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expenses, professional fees for legal, consulting, accounting and tax services, allocated overhead, including rent, equipment, depreciation,

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information technology costs and utilities, and other general operating expenses not otherwise classified as research and development expenses.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses may increase, including in connection with any future expansion of our organization for potential commercialization of our product candidates, as a result of increased personnel costs, expanded infrastructure, increased consulting, legal and accounting services costs associated with complying with Nasdaq and SEC requirements and increased investor relations costs.

Interest Income and Other, Net

Interest income and other, net, consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Income Taxes

Income taxes consists primarily of federal and state current income taxes.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

Years Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Operating expenses:

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased by $32.3 million from $81.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $114.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by higher external spend related to our Phase 3 COVID-19 SUNRISE-3 clinical trial and our Phase 2 clinical trial of the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir for the treatment of HCV offset by a larger reduction related to credits received from Roche. We also had an increase of $4.4 million in internal costs primarily due to an increase of $2.8 million in personnel-related expenses, including salaries and bonuses, benefits and increased stock-based compensation expense of $0.8 million for our research and product development employees and $1.6 million in consulting and other research and development expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $1.2 million from $48.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $49.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in general and administrative expenses reflected an increase of $2.4 million in personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and increased stock-based compensation expense of $1.9 million; partially offset by a decrease in professional fees and other expenses of $1.3 million.

Interest Income and Other, Net

Interest income and other, net, increased by $18.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to investing in higher yield marketable securities and higher interest rates for the entire year.

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Income Taxes

We recorded an income tax expense of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to a net income tax benefit of $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net income tax benefit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily the result of changes in estimates between our original provision for 2021 income taxes and the actual amounts reflected in the income tax returns as filed.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $578.1 million. We believe that our available cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our planned operations through 2026. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

We entered into an open market sales agreement ("Sales Agreement") with Jefferies LLC ("Jefferies"), in 2021 pursuant to which we may from time to time offer and sell shares of our common stock for an aggregate offering price of up to $200.0 million, through or to Jefferies, acting as sales agent or principal. We have agreed to pay Jefferies a commission of up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of shares, reimburse legal fees and disbursements and provide Jefferies with customary indemnification and contribution rights. As of December 31, 2023, no shares have been issued under the Sales Agreement. The shares will be offered and sold under the Company's shelf registration statement on Form S-3 and related prospectus filed with the SEC on November 24, 2021, as amended.

Future Funding Requirements

To date, we have not generated any product revenue. We do not expect to generate any product revenue unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize any of our product candidates and we do not know when, or if, this will occur. We expect to continue to incur increased expenditures for the foreseeable future, and we expect our expenses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates and begin to commercialize any approved products. We are subject to all of the risks typically related to the development of new product candidates, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. Moreover, we expect to incur additional general and administrative costs as we continue to operate as a public company and expand our organization to support more advanced clinical development of our product candidates and the initiation of activities in preparation for potential commercialization of our product candidates.

We will continue to require additional capital to develop our product candidates and fund operations for the foreseeable future. We may seek to raise capital through public or private equity or debt financings, collaborative arrangements with third parties, or through other sources of financing. We anticipate that we may need to raise substantial additional capital, the requirements for which will depend on many factors, including:

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the scope, timing, rate of progress and costs of our drug discovery efforts, preclinical development activities, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates;

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the number and scope of clinical programs we decide to pursue;

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the cost, timing and outcome of preparing for and undergoing regulatory review of our product candidates;

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the scope and costs of development and commercial manufacturing activities;

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the cost and timing associated with commercializing our product candidates, if they receive marketing approval;

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the extent to which we acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies;

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the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims;

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our ability to establish and maintain collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;

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our efforts to enhance operational systems and our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel, including personnel to support the development of our product candidates and, ultimately, the sale of our products, following regulatory approval;

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our implementation of operational, financial and management systems; and

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the costs associated with being a public company.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of one or more of our product candidates. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future, and we will continue to require additional capital to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating plans. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution. Any future debt financing that we enter into may impose upon us additional covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, make certain investments or engage in certain merger, consolidation or asset sale transactions. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders.

Adequate funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategies. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce, or terminate some or all of our development programs and clinical trials or we may also be required to sell or license to others rights to our product candidates in certain territories or indications that we would prefer to develop and commercialize ourselves. If we are required to enter into collaborations and other arrangements to supplement our funds, we may have to give up certain rights that limit our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates or may have other terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders, which could materially affect our business and financial condition.

Market volatility, inflation, interest rate fluctuations and concerns associated with the evolution of COVID-19, macroeconomic trends and geopolitical events, including civil or political unrest and terrorism, may have a significant impact on the availability of funding sources and the terms on which any funding may be available.

See Part I, Item 1A,“Risk Factors” for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.

Summary Statement of Cash Flows

The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash for each of the periods presented below:

Years Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Net cash used in operating activities $ (85,395 ) $ (120,982 )

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 40,303 (455,410 )

Net cash provided by financing activities 257 370

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $85.4 million. Cash used in operating activities was primarily due to a net loss of $136.0 million, accretion of premium and discounts on marketable securities of $15.4 million, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of

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$1.9 million, partially offset by and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $14.4 million and stock-based compensation of $49.4 million.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $121.0 million. Cash used in operating activities was primarily due to a net loss of $115.9 million, accretion of premium and discounts on marketable securities of $5.5 million, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $7.7 million, partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $39.6 million and stock-based compensation of $46.7 million.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $40.3 million and consisted of purchases of marketable securities of $562.4 million offset by sales and maturities of marketable securities of $602.7 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $455.4 million and consisted of purchases of fixed assets of $1.9 million and purchases of marketable securities of $545.4 million offset by sales and maturities of marketable securities of $91.9 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.3 million and consisted of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.4 million and consisted of proceeds from the exercise of stock options and proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

We lease our office space in Boston, Massachusetts under a non-cancelable operating sublease . The term of the sublease commenced on January 1, 2022 and will expire on December 31, 2026.

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023:

Payments Due by Period

Less than1 year 1 to3 years 3 to5 years More than5 years Total

(in thousands)

Operating lease obligations $ 821 $ 1,693 $ — $ — $ 2,514

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs for preclinical and clinical studies and testing, CMOs for manufacture and supply of our clinical trial materials and other third parties for other services and products used for operating purposes. These contracts do not contain any minimum purchase commitments and generally provide for termination following a certain period after notice, and therefore we believe that our non-cancelable obligations under these agreements are not material. Payments due upon cancelation principally consist only of payments for services provided and expenses incurred up to the date of cancelation.

In December 2021, we entered into a license agreement with Merck for the development, manufacture and commercialization of ruzasvir. Ruzasvir is the NS5A inhibitor we are developing in combination with bemnifosbuvir for the treatment of HCV.

Pursuant to the terms of the Merck License Agreement, we obtained from Merck an exclusive (subject to certain reserved rights to conduct internal research), sublicensable, and worldwide license under certain Merck patents and know-how to research, develop, manufacture, have manufactured, use, import, export, sell, offer for sale, and otherwise commercialize ruzasvir, or products containing ruzasvir for all therapeutic or prophylactic uses in humans.

In consideration for the rights we acquired under the Merck License Agreement, we paid Merck a non-refundable upfront payment in the amount of $25 million. We are obligated to pay Merck milestone payments of $135 million in the aggregate upon its achievement of certain development and regulatory milestones and up to $300 million in the aggregate upon its achievement of certain sales-based

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milestones. Additionally, we will pay Merck tiered royalties based on annual net sales of Products ranging from high single digits to mid-teens percentages. Our royalty payment obligations will continue until the later of (i) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a licensed Merck patent claiming such Product and (ii) a period of years after the first commercial sale of such Product in such country. We may terminate the Merck License Agreement for convenience upon prior written notice. The first potential milestone would be payable upon the commencement of a Phase 3 clinical trial in the amount of $5.0 million. The table above does not include the potential milestones or royalties that we may be obligated to pay under the Merck License Agreement.

The table above also does not include potential milestone and success fees that we may be required to pay under agreements we have entered into with certain consultants. We have an agreement with a consultant that requires payment of a success fee calculated as a percentage of certain product sales, subject to a cumulative maximum payout of $5.0 million. This success payment is contingent upon the occurrence of future events and the timing and likelihood of such payment is neither probable nor estimable.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with US generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The effects of material revisions in estimates, if any, will be reflected in the consolidated financial statements prospectively from the date of change in estimates.

Our critical accounting policies are those policies that require the most significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of the financial statements. Management has determined that our most critical accounting policies are those relating to revenue recognition, accrued research and development expenses and stock based compensation.

Accrued Research and Development

We have entered into various agreements with CMOs and CROs. Our research and development accruals are estimated based on the level of services performed, progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, and contracted costs. The estimated costs of research and development provided, but not yet invoiced, are included in accrued liabilities on the balance sheet. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, we will adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made to CMOs and CROs under these arrangements in advance of the performance of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets until the services are rendered. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have not been any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

We use a fair value-based method to account for all stock-based compensation arrangements with employees and non-employees, including stock options and stock awards. The fair value of the option granted is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period during which an optionee is required to provide services in exchange for the option award, known as the requisite service period, which usually is the vesting period. In determining fair value of the stock options granted, we use the Black–Scholes model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions. These assumptions include: estimating the fair market value of the common stock, estimating the length of time employees will retain their vested stock options before exercising them (expected term), the estimated volatility of our common stock price over the expected term (expected volatility), risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. See Note 11 to our

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audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information concerning certain of the specific assumptions we used in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the estimated fair value of our stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity, or a remaining maturity at the time of purchase, of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash equivalents include money market funds and commercial paper, which are highly liquid and have strong credit ratings. These investments are subject to minimal credit and market risks. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market value.

Marketable Securities

Our investment strategy is focused on capital preservation. We invest in instruments that meet the credit quality standards outlined in our investment policy. Marketable securities consist of investments with maturities greater than three months. Marketable securities include US treasury obligations, US agency obligations, corporate debt and commercial paper. We classify all of our marketable securities as available-for-sale. Accordingly, these investments are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity. Amortization and accretion of discounts and premiums are recorded as interest income.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability between market participants at measurement dates. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value. The hierarchy is based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1—Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-balance Sheet Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash equivalents and marketable securities. Under our investment policy, we limit amounts invested in such securities by credit rating, maturity, industry group, investment type and issuer, except for securities issued by the US government. We do not believe that we are subject to any significant concentrations of credit risk from these financial instruments. We have no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements.

Indemnification Agreements

We enter into standard indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these arrangements, we indemnify, hold harmless and agree to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, including in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after the execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these arrangements is not determinable. We have never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As a result, we believe the fair value of these agreements is minimal.

We have also agreed to indemnify our directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is, or was serving, at our request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all

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pertinent events and occurrences during the director’s or officer’s service. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is not specified in the agreements; however, we have director and officer insurance coverage that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. We believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements in excess of applicable insurance coverage is minimal.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Sensitivity

The market risk inherent in our financial instruments and in our financial position represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates or exchange rates. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $578.1 million, consisting of interest-bearing money market funds, US treasury obligations, US agency obligations, corporate debt and commercial paper for which the fair value would be affected by changes in the general level of US interest rates. However, due to the short-term maturities and the low-risk profile of our cash equivalents, an immediate 10% relative change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair value of our cash equivalents or on our future interest income.

We do not believe that inflation, interest rate changes or foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations have had a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. An index of those financial statements is found in Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Management’s Evaluation of our Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based upon such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act.

Under the supervision of and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

This report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding our internal control over financial reportingbecause we do not qualify as an accelerated or a large accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended).

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Code of Ethics

Our board of directors has adopted a written Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all officers, directors and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller, or persons performing similar functions. We have posted a current copy of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our website at www.ateapharma.com in the “Investors” section under “Corporate Governance.” We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as well as Nasdaq’s requirement to disclose waivers with respect to directors and executive officers, by posting such information on our website at the address and location specified above. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Executive Officers and Directors

The information concerning our executive offers and directors required by this Item 10 is contained under the caption “Information About our Executive Officers and Directors” at the end of Part I, Item I, "Business", of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The remainder of the information required to be disclosed by this Item 10 will be included in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the headings “Corporate Governance,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” (if applicable) and “Committees of the Board” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item 11 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this Item 12 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this Item 13 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

The information required by this Item 14 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Boston, MA, Auditor Firm ID: 185.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(1) Financial Statements

The following documents are included on pages F-1 through F-22 attached hereto and are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Report of Independent Registered Accounting Firm F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets F-3

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss F-4

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

(2) Financial Statement Schedules

Schedules have been omitted since they are either not required or not applicable or the information is otherwise included herein.

(3) Exhibits

Incorporated by Reference Filed/

141

Incorporated by Reference Filed/

21.1 List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant *

23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm *

142

Incorporated by Reference Filed/

97.1 Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation *

101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document *

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

^ Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.

# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ATEA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Date: February 28, 2024 By: /s/ Jean-Pierre Sommadossi

Jean-Pierre Sommadossi, Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name Title Date

Jean-Pierre Sommadossi, Ph.D.

Andrea Corcoran

Wayne Foster

/s/ Franklin Berger Director (Lead Director) February 28, 2024

Franklin Berger

/s/ Jerome Adams Director February 28, 2024

Jerome Adams, M.D., M.P.H

/s/ Barbara Duncan Director February 28, 2024

Barbara Duncan

/s/ Bruno Lucidi Director February 28, 2024

Bruno Lucidi

/s/ Polly A. Murphy Director February 28, 2024

Polly A. Murphy, D.V.M., Ph.D.

/s/ Bruce Polsky Director February 28, 2024

Bruce Polsky, M.D.

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets F-3

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss F-4

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Atea Pharmaceuticals, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Atea Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and subsidiary (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

Boston, Massachusetts

February 28, 2024

F-2

ATEA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

December 31,

Assets

Current assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 12,349 14,213

Restricted cash — 198

Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 1,828 2,389

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 27,364 15,206

Current portion of operating lease liabilities 760 721

Commitments and contingencies (see Note 8)

Stockholders’ equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) 207 (684 )

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 594,968 $ 666,708

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-3

ATEA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Years Ended December 31,

Operating expenses:

Income tax benefit (expense) (1,018 ) 3,590

Other comprehensive loss

Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments 891 (684 )

Net loss per share - basic and diluted $ (1.63 ) $ (1.39 )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

ATEA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share amounts)

Shares Amount Capital Gain (Loss) Equity

Issuance of common stock for exercise of stock options 155,873 — 230 — — 230

Stock-based compensation expense — — 46,718 — — 46,718

Other comprehensive loss — — — (684 ) — (684 )

Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units 53,935 — — — — —

Issuance of common stock under ESPP 93,939 — 257 — — 257

Stock-based compensation expense — — 49,428 — — 49,428

Other comprehensive income — — — 891 — 891

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

ATEA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

Year EndedDecember 31,

Cash flows from operating activities

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used inoperating activities

Depreciation and amortization expense 416 260

Accretion of premium and discounts on marketable securities (15,446 ) (5,465 )

Changes in operating assets and liabilities

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,864 (6,251 )

Accrued expenses and other liabilities 12,661 (37,623 )

Operating lease liabilities (161 ) 765

Net cash used in operating activities (85,395 ) (120,982 )

Cash flows from investing activities

Additions to property and equipment — (1,943 )

Sales and maturities of marketable securities 602,665 91,885

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 40,303 (455,410 )

Cash flows from financing activities

Proceeds from issuance of common stock for exercise of stock options — 230

Proceeds from issuance of common stock under ESPP 257 140

Net cash provided by financing activities 257 370

Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (44,835 ) (576,022 )

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of period

Restricted cash — 198

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 143,823 $ 188,658

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

ATEA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

1. Nature of Business

Business Overview

Atea Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ("Atea" or the "Company") is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, developing and commercializing antiviral therapeutics to improve the lives of patients suffering from severe viral infections. Currently, Atea is conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating bemnifosbuvir for the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019 ("COVID-19"). Atea is also currently conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the combination of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus ("HCV").

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $578.1 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, which the Company believes will be sufficient to fund its operations for a period through at least twelve months from the issuance date of these consolidated financial statements.

In November 2021, the Company entered into an open market sales agreement (“Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), under which the Company may from time to time offer and sell shares of its common stock for an aggregate offering price of up to $200.0 million, through or to Jefferies, acting as sales agent or principal. The shares will be offered and sold under the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 and a related prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on November 24, 2021, as amended. The Company has agreed to pay Jefferies a commission of 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of shares, reimburse legal fees and disbursements and provide Jefferies with customary indemnification and contribution rights. As of December 31, 2023, no shares have been issued under the Sales Agreement.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to clinical-stage biopharmaceutical companies. These risks include, but are not limited to, potential failure of preclinical and clinical studies, uncertainties associated with research and development activities generally, competition from technical innovations of others, dependence upon key personnel, compliance with governmental regulations, the need to obtain marketing approval for any product candidate that the Company may develop, the need to gain broad acceptance among patients, payers and health care providers to successfully commercialize any product for which marketing approval is obtained and the need to secure and maintain adequate intellectual property protection for the Company’s proprietary technology and products. Further, the Company is currently dependent on third-party service providers for much of its preclinical research, clinical development and manufacturing activities. Product candidates currently under development will require significant amounts of additional capital, and additional research and development efforts, including further additional clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. Even if the Company is able to generate revenues from the sale of its product candidates, if approved, it may not become profitable. If the Company fails to become profitable or is unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then it may be unable to continue its operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce its operations.

The Company may seek additional capital through one or more of a combination of financing through the sale of additional equity securities, debt financing, or funding in connection with any new collaborative relationships it may enter into or other arrangements. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain such additional funding, on terms acceptable to the Company, on a timely basis or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company’s existing stockholders.

The Company is also subject to risks associated with the continued evolution of COVID-19 and its consequences, including actual and potential delays associated with certain of its ongoing and anticipated trials, and potential negative impacts on the Company’s business operations and its ability to raise

F-7

additional capital to finance its operations. Geopolitical events, including civil or political unrest and terrorism, have resulted in a significant disruption of global business and financial markets. In addition, recent or future market volatility, increased inflation and higher interest rates, if sustained, may increase our cost of financing and may restrict our access to potential sources of future liquidity.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and in these accompanying notes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or other relevant factors and assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, which include but are not limited to estimates of accrued research and development expenses, valuation of marketable securities, valuation of stock-based awards, valuation of operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and income taxes. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atea Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly- owned subsidiary, Atea Pharmaceuticals Securities Corporation. All intercompany amounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity, or a remaining maturity at the time of purchase, of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash equivalents include money market funds and commercial paper, which are highly liquid and have strong credit ratings. These investments are subject to minimal credit and market risks. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market value.

Marketable Securities

The Company’s investment strategy is principally focused on capital preservation. The Company invests in financial instruments that among other things meet the credit quality standards outlined in the Company’s investment policy. Marketable securities consist of investments with maturities greater than three months. Investments not classified as cash equivalents with maturities of less than twelve months are classified as current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Investments with maturities greater than twelve months for which the Company has the intent and ability to hold the investment for greater than twelve months are classified as non-current on the consolidated balance sheet. Marketable securities include US treasury obligations, US agency obligations, corporate debt, commercial paper and asset-backed securities. The Company classifies all of its marketable securities as available-for-sale. Accordingly, these investments are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) within stockholders’ equity. Interest, dividends and amortization and accretion of discounts and premiums are recorded as interest income and other, net. The Company periodically reviews its marketable securities for impairment and adjusts these investments to their fair value when a decline in market value is deemed to be other than temporary. Declines in fair value judged to be other than temporary on marketable securities, if any, are included in interest income and other, net.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Suppliers

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash equivalents and marketable securities. Under its investment policy, the Company limits amounts invested in such securities by credit rating, maturity, industry group, investment type and issuer, except for securities issued by the US government. The Company does not believe that it is subject to any significant concentrations of credit risk from these financial instruments. The Company has no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements.

F-8

The Company is dependent on third-party manufacturers for the supply of products for its research and development activities including its development programs. In particular, the Company relies and expects to continue to rely on a small number of manufacturers to supply it with its requirements for the active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs related to these programs. These programs could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs for preclinical and clinical development activities. The Company also currently anticipates to rely on this small number of manufacturers for commercial supply if any of the current product candidates are approved for sale. The Company's research and development programs, including any potential commercialization efforts, could be adversely affected by a significant interruption in the supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulated drugs.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability between market participants at measurement dates. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value. The hierarchy is based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1—Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

Level 3—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement of the assets and liabilities.

The carrying amounts of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair value due to short-term nature of these assets and liabilities.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the asset. The Company estimates the useful life of its assets as follows:

Asset Estimated useful life

Laboratory equipment Five years

Office furniture and fixtures Five years

Computer hardware Two years

Leasehold improvements Shorter of useful life or remaining lease term

Maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the life of the respective asset are expensed to operations as incurred. Upon disposal of an asset, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations.

Other Assets

Other assets consist of vendor deposits related to research and development activities and a security deposit related to our facility lease.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment and right-of-use assets ("ROU") when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be fully recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the book value of the assets to the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. If the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows are less than the book value, the asset is impaired, and the impairment loss to be recognized in income is measured as the amount by which the book value of the asset exceeds its fair value, which is measured based on the estimated discounted future net cash flows that the asset is

F-9

expected to generate. No impairment losses were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Lease Accounting. At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease. Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet as a ROU asset and current and non-current lease liabilities, as applicable. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. Lease cost for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As a result, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate, which reflects the fixed rate at which the Company estimates it could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist principally of costs associated with outsourced research and development activities, including drug discovery, preclinical and clinical development, manufacturing and research conducted by contract research organizations and academic institutions, employee compensation, including stock-based compensation and consulting expenses together with related expenses, professional fees and facility and overhead costs. Facility and overhead costs primarily include the allocation of rent, utility and office-related expenses attributable to research and development personnel. In circumstances where amounts have been paid in advance or in excess of costs incurred, the Company records a prepaid expense, which is expensed as services are performed or goods are delivered.

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with third parties. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related payments are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies, including the phase of completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

Patent Costs

Costs to secure and maintain the Company’s patents are expensed as incurred and are classified as general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the same manner as the award recipient’s payroll costs or service payments are classified. Stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employees are measured based on the estimated fair value of the awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model (“Black-Scholes”). Stock-based compensation expense with respect to awards with service conditions is recognized using the straight-line method over the service period. Stock-based compensation with respect to awards with performance conditions is recognized when satisfaction of the performance conditions is probable. Stock-based compensation is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and, as such, it is reduced by forfeitures. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Black-Scholes requires the use of subjective assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. These assumptions include:

Fair value of common stock—The fair value of its common stock is based on the daily closing quoted market price of its common stock.

Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the US Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of a stock-based award.

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Expected term—The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Given the Company’s lack of specific history, the expected term for option grants is determined using the simplified method. The simplified method deems the term to be the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the stock-based awards.

Expected volatility—Since the Company was privately held through October 29, 2020 and did not have any trading history for its common stock, the expected volatility was estimated based on the average volatility for comparable publicly traded biotechnology companies over a period equal to the expected term of the stock-based awards. The comparable companies were chosen based on their similar size, stage in the life cycle or area of specialty. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 the Company began to incorporate the historical volatility of its own stock price in its calculation of its expected volatility.

Expected dividend yield —The Company has never paid dividends on its common stock and has no plans to pay dividends on its common stock. Therefore, the Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero.

The Company also accounts for any modifications to share based payments in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (ASC 718).

The purchase price of the Company's common stock under the Company’s 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") is equal to 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value per share of its common stock on the first business day of an offering period and (ii) the fair market value per share of its common stock on the purchase date. The fair value of the discounted purchases made under ESPP is calculated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The fair value of the look-back provision plus the 15% discount is recognized as compensation expense over the 180-day purchase period.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax base. Deferred tax assets are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets where, based upon the available evidence, the Company concludes that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating its ability to recover deferred tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including its operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income.

Reserves are provided for tax benefits for which realization is uncertain. Such benefits are only recognized when the underlying tax position is considered more-likely-than-not to be sustained on examination by a taxing authority. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized in the provision of income taxes.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ equity that result from transactions and economic events other than those with equity holders. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the only components of comprehensive loss other than net loss were unrealized gains and losses on available for sale investments.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net income loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the diluted net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding common stock equivalents except where such securities would be antidilutive.

In-process Research and Development Assets

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In-process research and development assets that are acquired in a transaction that does not qualify as a business combination under GAAP and that do not have an alternative future use are expensed in the period in which the assets are acquired.

Segments

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is its chief executive officer, who manages and allocates resources to the operations on a total company basis. Accordingly, there is a single operating segment and one reportable segment.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

The Company did not adopt any accounting pronouncements during the year ended December 31, 2023.

3. Collaboration Agreement

In October 2020, the Company entered into a License Agreement (“Roche License Agreement”) with F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd. and Genentech, Inc. (together, “Roche”) under which the Company granted an exclusive license for certain development and commercialization rights related to bemnifosbuvir outside of the United States (other than for certain HCV uses) to Roche.

In November 2021, Roche provided the Company with a notice of termination of the Roche License Agreement which became effective in February 2022. Upon termination, the rights and licenses granted by the Company to Roche under the Roche License Agreement were returned to the Company, resulting in the Company having all rights to continue the clinical development and future commercialization of bemnifosbuvir worldwide. Global development plan activities and related cost sharing between the parties continued through the effective date of the termination.

The activities to complete the global development plan were accounted for under ASC 808. Expenses incurred and reimbursements made or received from Roche were accounted for pursuant to ASC 730, Research and Development. As such, the Company was expensing costs as incurred, including any reimbursements made to Roche, and recognizing reimbursement received from Roche as a reduction of research and development expense through the effective date of the termination.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a net credit of $6,898 from Roche. The credit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 represents a change in estimate as a result of close out activities and related reporting of amounts incurred by Roche associated with the global development plan. Included in prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2022 is a net balance due from Roche of $1,060. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a net credit of $18,576 from Roche. The credit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023 represents a change in estimate as a result of close out activities and related reporting of amounts incurred by Roche associated with the global development plan. Included in prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2023 is a net balance due from Roche of $5,904. Payment for this amount due was received in February 2024.

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4. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total

Cash equivalents

Marketable Securities

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total

Cash equivalents

Marketable Securities

The Company’s assets with fair value categorized as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy include money market accounts which invest in money market funds that are publicly traded mutual funds and are presented as cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

There were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 categories in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

5. Marketable Securities

Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized Losses Fair Value

Marketable Securities

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Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized Losses Fair Value

Marketable Securities

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively the Company held26 and 15 securities, respectively that were in an unrealized loss position of $113 and $684 with an aggregate fair value of $178,003 and $143,221. The Company has the intent and ability to hold such securities until recovery. As a result, the Company did not record any charges for credit-related impairments for its marketable debt securities for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, none of the securities had remaining maturities longer than one year.

The Company received proceeds of $602,665 and $91,885 from sales and maturities of marketable securities during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

6. Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net, consist of the following:

December 31,

Laboratory equipment $ 5 $ 5

Office furniture and fixtures 396 396

Total property and equipment, at cost 1,978 1,978

Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (689 ) (273 )

Property and equipment, net $ 1,289 $ 1,705

Depreciation and amortization expense was $416 and $260 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:

December 31,

Income taxes — 99

Professional fees and other 669 981

Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 27,364 $ 15,206

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8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease Agreements

In July 2021, the Company entered into a non-cancelable operating lease agreement pursuant to which the Company leased its principal office facility in Boston, Massachusetts at 225 Franklin Street ("225 Lease"). The 225 Lease commencement date was January 1, 2022 and runs through December 31, 2026. The 225 Lease does not contain any options for renewal or extension.

In connection with the 225 Lease commencement, the Company recorded a ROU asset and operating lease liability of $2,938 and $2,873 as of January 1, 2022.

The following assets and liabilities are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of December 31,

Current operating lease liability 760 721

Non-current operating lease liability 1,642 2,403

The components of the lease expense which are allocated between the general and administrative expenses and the research and development expenses on the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Operating lease costs $ 646 $ 811

Variable lease costs 40 78

The variable lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 include common area maintenance and other operating charges associated with the 225 Lease. As the 225 Lease does not provide an implicit rate, the Company utilized its incremental borrowing rate to discount lease payments, which reflects the fixed rate at which the Company estimates it could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment.

As of December 31,

Remaining lease term (in years) 3.0 4.0

Discount rate 3.1 % 3.1 %

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Future minimum payments under the 225 Lease, currently the Company’s only operating lease as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Total lease payments 2,514

Less amount representing implied interest 112

Total lease liability $ 2,402

Current portion of operating lease liabilities 760

Noncurrent portion of operating lease liabilities $ 1,642

Rent expense recognized was $646 and $811 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company maintains a deposit of $198 with the landlord, which is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.

License Agreement

In December 2021, the Company entered into a license agreement (“Merck License Agreement”) with MSD International GmbH, an affiliate of Merck & Co, Inc. (“Merck”) for the development, manufacture and commercialization of ruzasvir. Ruzasvir is the NS5A inhibitor the Company is developing in combination with bemnifosbuvir for the treatment of HCV.

Pursuant to the terms of the Merck License Agreement, the Company obtained from Merck a worldwide exclusive (subject to certain reserved rights to conduct internal research) and, sublicensable license under certain Merck patents and know-how to research, develop, manufacture, have manufactured, use, import, export, sell, offer for sale, and otherwise commercialize ruzasvir or products containing ruzasvir (each a “Product”) for all therapeutic or prophylactic uses in humans.

In addition to a non-refundable upfront payment that the Company made in February 2022, the Company will be required to pay Merck milestone payments upon its achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales-based milestones. Additionally, the Company will pay Merck tiered royalties based on annual net sales of Products ranging from high single digits to mid-teens percentages. The Company’s royalty payment obligations will continue until the later of (i) the expiration of the last to expire valid claim of a licensed Merck patent claiming such Product and (ii) a period of years after the first commercial sale of such Product in such country. The Company may terminate the Merck License Agreement for convenience upon prior written notice. The first potential milestone in the amount of $5.0 million would be payable upon the commencement of a Phase 3 clinical trial.

Contingent Consulting Fee

The Company has an agreement with a consultant that requires payment of a success fee calculated as a percentage of certain product sales, subject to a cumulative maximum payout of $5.0 million. This success payment is contingent upon the occurrence of future events and the timing and likelihood of such payment is neither probable nor estimable.

Indemnification

The Company enters into certain types of contracts that contingently requires the Company to indemnify various parties against claims from third parties. These contracts primarily relate to (i) the Company’s bylaws, under which the Company must indemnify directors and executive officers, and may indemnify other officers and employees, for liabilities arising out of their relationship with the Company, (ii) contracts under which the Company must indemnify directors and certain officers and consultants for liabilities arising out of their relationship with the Company, and (iii) procurement, service or license agreements under which the Company may be required to indemnify vendors, service providers or licensees for certain claims, including claims that may be brought against them arising from the Company’s acts or omissions with respect to the Company’s products, technology, intellectual property or services.

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From time to time, the Company may receive indemnification claims under these contracts in the normal course of business. In the event that one or more of these matters were to result in a claim against the Company, an adverse outcome, including a judgment or settlement, may cause a material adverse effect on the Company’s future business, operating results or financial condition. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount payable under these contracts since the Company has no history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular claim will be determinative.

9. Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2023 the Company has 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized. None of these shares of preferred stock have been issued.

10. Common Stock

As of December 31, 2023, the authorized capital of the Company included 300,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 83,435,513 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding.

On all matters to be voted upon by the holders of common stock, holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share. The holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends, when declared by the board, and to share ratably in the Company’s assets legally available for distribution to the holders of the Company’s stock in the event of liquidation. The holders of common stock have no preemptive, redemption or conversion rights.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had the following reserved shares of common stock:

Outstanding restricted stock units 2,337,517

Outstanding performance-based restricted stock units 724,970

Shares reserved for future grant under 2020 Incentive Award Plan 6,510,704

Shares reserved under Employee Stock Purchase Plan 1,896,901

11. Stock-based Compensation

In October 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved the Company’s 2020 Incentive Award Plan (“2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan initially provided for the issuance of up to 7,924,000 shares of common stock and for the grant of incentive stock options or other incentive awards to employees, officers, directors and consultants of the Company. The number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2020 Plan is also subject to increase on the first day of each calendar year equal to the lesser of i) 5% of the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year or ii) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the board of directors. Through December 31, 2023, the shares available under the plan were increased by 12,450,364 shares. As of December 31, 2023, 6,510,704 shares of common stock were available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan. In January 2024, the shares of the Company's common stock available under the 2020 Plan were increased by 4,171,775 shares.

The 2020 Plan replaced and is the successor of the Company’s 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (“2013 Plan”). In the event of any cancellation of an outstanding option award under the 2013 Plan, the shares underlying the cancelled option award will be made available for grant under the 2020 Plan.

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Restricted Stock Units

During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the Company granted 2,264,700 and 182,350 restricted stock units to employees with an aggregate grant date fair market value of $10,384 and $1,302. The restricted stock unit awards vest in three annual installments. In January 2023, the Company issued 53,935 shares of common stock upon the vesting and settlement of restricted stock units. During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 34,998 and 20,600 restricted stock units were cancelled due to employee terminations.

Number ofShares Weighted AverageGrant Date Fair Value

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

No performance-based restricted stock units were granted during the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted 742,070 performance-based restricted stock units to employees with an aggregate grant date fair value of $5,298. No performance-based restricted stock units were granted during the year ended December 31, 2023. The performance stock unit awards provide for a performance period from February 1, 2022 through January 31, 2025 to achieve up to six defined performance metrics. The percentage of each award eligible to vest will be determined based on the number of metrics achieved during the performance period and may range from 0% to 200%. The Company has not recognized any compensation expense through December 31, 2023, as the minimum performance criteria had not been deemed probable. The vesting of any eligible awards will occur in equal installments on January 31, 2025 and January 31, 2026.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no cancellations of performance-based restricted stock units. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 17,100 performance-based restricted stock units were cancelled due to employee terminations.

Number ofShares Weighted AverageGrant Date Fair Value

Granted — $ —

Release — $ —

Cancelled — $ —

Stock Options

The following summarizes stock option activity:

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Exercised — $ —

The aggregate intrinsic value of options granted is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock for those options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock.

Option grants generally vest over a service period of three or four years and have a contractual term of ten years. As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock option awards was $55,157, which amount is being recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.2 years.

The weighted average grant date fair value per option granted during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3.27 and $5.09, respectively. The fair value of each award was estimated using Black-Scholes based on the following assumptions:

For the Year EndedDecember 31,

Risk-free interest rate 3.65 % 2.10 %

Expected term 5.97 years 5.96 years

Expected volatility 85.0 % 85.0 %

Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 %

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In October 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved the ESPP, which became effective upon the closing of the Company’s IPO in November 2020. The Company initially reserved a total of 1,187,000 shares of its common stock for issuance under the ESPP. The ESPP provides that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the ESPP will be increased on January 1 of each calendar year by 1% of the number of shares of the Company's common stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser amount as specified by the board of directors. Through December 31, 2022, there was no increase in the number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP. In January 2024 and 2023, the number of shares of the Company's common stock available for issuance under the ESPP was increased by 834,355 and 832,876 shares, respectively.

The Company issued 93,939 and 29,036 shares for proceeds of $257 and $140 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is classified as follows:

For the Year EndedDecember 31,

Total stock-based compensation expense $ 49,428 $ 46,718

The components of stock-based compensation expense were:

For the Year EndedDecember 31,

Restricted stock units $ 3,679 $ 352