Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following is a discussion and analysis of the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of our company as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Item 8 under the heading “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include among others, those identified under the “Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements,” above and described in greater detail elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
In this section, we generally discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2023, to the year ended December 31, 2022, please refer to Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024, which discussion is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Overview
We are a bio-pharmaceutical company focusing primarily on developing, manufacturing, marketing, and selling technically challenging generic and proprietary injectable, inhalation, and intranasal products, as well as insulin API products. We currently manufacture and sell over 25 products.
Our largest products by net revenues currently include BAQSIMI®, glucagon, Primatene MIST®, epinephrine, lidocaine, and phytonadione.
In May 2024, the FDA approved our Albuterol Sulfate Inhalation Aerosol, which we launched in August 2024.
We are currently developing a portfolio of generic abbreviated new drug applications, or ANDAs, biologics license applications, or BLAs, including biosimilar insulin product candidates, and proprietary product candidates, which are in various stages of development and target a variety of indications. Four of the ANDAs are currently on file with the FDA.
To complement our internal growth and expertise, we have made several strategic acquisitions of companies, products and technologies. These acquisitions collectively have strengthened our core injectable and inhalation product technology infrastructure by providing additional manufacturing, marketing, and research and development capabilities, including the ability to manufacture raw materials, API, and other components for our products.
Macroeconomic Trends and Uncertainties
Recent worldwide events and macroeconomic factors, such as international trade relations, new legislation and regulations, changes in administration, taxation or monetary policy changes, public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorization in the United States, political and civil unrest, global conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine and Middle East conflicts, supply chain disruptions, heightened inflationary pressures, tariffs and fluctuating interest rates, as well as rising healthcare costs among other factors, also increase volatility in the global economy and continue to pose challenges to our business. For example, the United States has recently experienced historically high levels of inflation. The existence of inflation in the United States, and global economy has and may continue to result in higher interest rates and capital costs, increased costs of labor, weakening exchange rates and other similar effects.
See “Part I – Item 1A, Risk Factors” for further discussion of the potential adverse impacts of unfavorable global and geopolitical economic conditions on our business, results of operations and financial conditions.
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Recent Developments
BAQSIMI® Acquisition
In connection with the acquisition of BAQSIMI® in June 2023, we entered into a Transition Service Agreement, or TSA, with Lilly pursuant to which Lilly agreed, for a period of time not to exceed 18 months to provide certain services to us to support the transition of the BAQSIMI® operations, including with respect to the conduct of certain clinical, regulatory, medical affairs, and commercial sales channel activities. Revenues from the sales of BAQSIMI® under the TSA with Lilly during the transition period were recognized on a net basis, similar to a royalty arrangement. The impact of this revenue recognition method resulted in lower reported revenues relative to the revenue that would have been reported had we recognized gross revenues from sales of BAQSIMI®.
Throughout 2024, we assumed distribution responsibilities from Lilly on a country-by-country basis and once the marketing authorizations for each territory were transferred to us, we entered into distribution agreements, and obtained sufficient quantities of Amphastar labeled inventory. As we assumed distribution responsibilities in each country, we started recognizing gross revenues and cost of revenues from the sales of BAQSIMI®, which is classified as product revenue, net and cost of revenue, respectively on the consolidated statement of operations. As of January 1, 2025, the TSA has been completed and we distribute and manage the BAQSIMI® supply chain in all countries where it is available.
In connection with the acquisition, we also entered into a Manufacturing Service Agreement, or MSA, with Lilly, pursuant to which Lilly agreed, for a period of time not to exceed 18 months, to provide certain manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and supply services for BAQSIMI® directly through third-party contractors to us in connection with our operation of the development, manufacture, and commercialization of BAQSIMI®. The MSA expired in December 2024 and as part of the agreement, we were obligated to purchase all API, components, and finished goods from Lilly at prices agreed upon in the MSA.
During the fourth quarter of 2024, we executed new agreements with CMOs, for the supply and packaging of BAQSIMI®, and entered into an agreement to purchase approximately $34.0 million of API, components and finished goods inventories on hand from Lilly.
For more information regarding our acquisition of BAQSIMI®, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 3. BAQSIMI® Acquisition.”
Business Segments
As of December 31, 2024, our performance is assessed and resources are allocated based on one reportable segment, pharmaceutical products.
We previously operated as two reportable segments, Finished pharmaceutical products and APIs. However, as a result of the BAQSIMI® acquisition, including the expiration of the MSA, and TSA in the fourth quarter of 2024, the level of detail at which our chief operating decision maker, or CODM, regularly reviews and manages the business has changed, resulting in a change from two reportable segments to one segment, pharmaceutical products.
Information reported herein is consistent with how it is reviewed and evaluated by our CODM.
For more information regarding our segments, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 6. – Segment Reporting.”
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Results of Operations
Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023
Net revenues
Year Ended December 31, Change
(in thousands)
Net revenues
as % of net revenues 51 % 54 %
The increase in net revenues for 2024 was primarily due to the following changes:
Year Ended December 31, Change
(in thousands)
Product revenues, net:
Product Revenues, net
Throughout 2024, we assumed distribution responsibilities for BAQSIMI® from Lilly to our customers in the United States, and certain other countries. As a result, $126.9 million of our BAQSIMI® sales for the year ended December 31, 2024, were recognized as product revenues, net, similar to our other products.
For more information, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 4. Revenue Recognition.”
Primatene MIST® sales increased primarily due to an increase in unit volumes. The increase in sales of epinephrine was primarily due to an increase in unit volumes as we began selling our epinephrine pre-filled syringes in Canada starting in the third quarter of 2024. The decrease in sales of glucagon was primarily due to a decrease in unit volumes, as a result of competition and a move to ready to use glucagon products such as BAQSIMI®. The decrease in sales of enoxaparin and naloxone was primarily due to a decrease in unit volumes. The decrease in other products was primarily due to lower unit sales of atropine and calcium chloride, as a result of other suppliers returning to their historical distribution levels, as well as lower unit sales of medroxyprogesterone, as our API supplier discontinued making the active ingredient, which resulted in a halt of sales of medroxyprogesterone after the third quarter of 2023. Subsequently, we qualified our subsidiary, ANP, to manufacture this API, and in September 2024, we re-launched the product. This decrease was partially offset by higher unit volumes of dextrose and sodium bicarbonate due to an increase in demand caused by other supplier shortages, as well as the launch of albuterol in August 2024.
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We anticipate that sales of naloxone and enoxaparin will continue to fluctuate in the future due to competitive dynamics. We also anticipate that sales of epinephrine and other products will continue to fluctuate depending on the ability of our competitors to supply market demands.
Other Revenues
Other revenues include the portion of BAQSIMI® sales made by Lilly on our behalf under the TSA which amounted to $19.2 million and $51.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, based on total BAQSIMI® sales of $37.6 million and $86.3 million, respectively, as reported to us by Lilly, which was recognized on a net basis, similar to a royalty arrangement. The BAQSIMI® sales made by Lilly on our behalf under the TSA have decreased throughout 2024, due to our assumption of distribution responsibilities for BAQSIMI® from Lilly to our customers in the United States, and certain other countries. We recognized these sales within product net revenues.
Backlog
A significant portion of our customer shipments in any period relate to orders received and shipped in the same period, generally resulting in low product backlog relative to total shipments at any time. We had no significant backlog as of December 31, 2024. Historically, our backlog has not been a meaningful indicator in any given period of our ability to achieve any particular level of overall revenue or financial performance.
Gross Margins
The decrease in gross margins during the year ended December 31, 2024, is primarily a result of the TSA with Lilly. The portion of revenues relating to BAQSIMI® sales made by Lilly on our behalf are reported on a net basis, similar to a royalty arrangement with no amount reported as cost of revenues. Therefore, in the prior year, BAQSIMI® sales did not have any associated cost of revenues, which increased the gross margins. Additional factors contributing to the decrease in gross margins during the year include an increase in depreciation and amortization expenses related to the acquired BAQSIMI® assets, as well as increases in labor costs and the cost for certain APIs and purchased components.
The decrease in gross margins was partially offset by the increase in sales of Primatene MIST® and epinephrine, which are higher-margin products.
Selling, distribution, and marketing, and general and administrative
Year Ended December 31, Change
(in thousands)
The increase in selling, distribution and marketing expenses was primarily due to expenses related to the expansion of our sales and marketing efforts related to BAQSIMI®. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily due to an increase in salary and personnel-related expenses and expenses related to BAQSIMI®.
We expect that selling, distribution and marketing expenses will continue to increase due to the increase in marketing expenditures for BAQSIMI® and Primatene MIST®. Legal fees may fluctuate from period to period due to the timing of patent challenges and other litigation matters.
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Research and development
Year Ended December 31, Change
(in thousands)
Total research and development expenses $ 73,914 $ 73,741 $ 173 0 %
Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated with the research and development of our product candidates including the cost of developing APIs. We expense research and development costs as incurred.
Research and development expenses remained flat during the year. There was an increase in salary and personnel-related expenses, as well as an increase in FDA filing fees as we filed the ANDA for AMP-018 in 2024. These increases were offset by a decrease in clinical trials expense, as well as a decrease in materials and supplies expense, as a result of a ramp-up of expenses in 2023 for our insulin and inhalation pipeline products.
We have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in research and development to expand our product portfolio and grow our business. We expect that research and development expenses will increase on an annual basis due to increased clinical trials costs related to our insulin and inhalation product candidates. These expenditures will include costs of APIs developed internally as well as APIs purchased externally, the cost of purchasing reference listed drugs and the costs of performing the clinical trials. As we undertake new and challenging research and development projects, we anticipate that the associated costs will increase significantly over the next several quarters and years.
Non-operating income (expenses), net
Year Ended December 31, Change
(in thousands)
Non-operating income (expenses)
The change in non-operating income (expenses), net is primarily a result of:
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Income tax provision
Year Ended December 31, Change
(in thousands)
Effective tax rate 16 % 19 %
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased in comparison to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to excess tax benefit from share-based compensation and lower state income tax expense. For more information regarding our income taxes, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 15. – Income Taxes.”
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Requirements and Sources
We need capital resources to maintain and expand our business. We expect our cash requirements to increase significantly in the foreseeable future as we make milestone payments for our BAQSIMI® acquisition of up to an aggregate of $575 million contingent upon certain net sales milestones related to the BAQSIMI® acquisition, sponsor clinical trials for, seek regulatory approvals of, and develop, manufacture and market our current development stage product candidates and pursue strategic acquisitions of businesses or assets. Our future capital expenditures include projects to upgrade, expand, and improve our manufacturing facilities in the United States and China, including a significant increase in capital expenditures over the next few years. We plan to fund this facility expansion with cash flows from operations. Our cash obligations include the principal and interest payments due on our existing loans and lease payments, as described below and throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
As of December 31, 2024, our foreign subsidiaries collectively held $9.2 million in cash and cash equivalents. Cash or cash equivalents held at foreign subsidiaries are not available to fund the parent company’s operations in the United States. We believe that our cash reserves, operating cash flows, and borrowing availability under our credit facilities will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months from the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We expect additional cash flows to be generated in the longer term from future product introductions, although there can be no assurance as to the receipt of regulatory approval for any product candidates that we are developing or the timing of any product introductions, which could be lengthy or ultimately unsuccessful.
Working capital increased $96.1 million to $360.3 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $264.2 million at December 31, 2023.
Cash Flows from Operations
The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Statement of Cash Flow Data:
Net cash provided by (used in)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (190) (282)
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Sources and Use of Cash
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $213.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which included net income of $159.5 million. Non-cash items comprised primarily of $63.2 million of depreciation and amortization, which includes $28.2 million related to depreciation of property, plant and equipment; $24.7 million related to amortization of intangible assets; $4.2 million related to amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets; $6.0 million related to amortization of discounts, premiums, and debt issuance costs; and share-based compensation expense of $24.4 million.
Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2024, there was a net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $14.5 million, which resulted primarily from an increase in accounts receivables, an increase in inventories, as well as an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, which was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The increase in accounts receivables was primarily due to the increase in sales. The increase in inventories was primarily due to the increased purchases of finished product, raw materials and components for BAQSIMI®. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased primarily due to the increase in accrued customer fees and rebates associated with BAQSIMI® sales, as we continued to assume distribution responsibilities for BAQSIMI® from Lilly to our customers in the United States and certain other countries throughout 2024.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $183.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which included net income of $137.5 million. Non-cash items comprised primarily of $53.2 million of depreciation and amortization, which includes $25.2 million related to depreciation of property, plant and equipment, $12.8 million related to amortization of intangible assets, $11.4 million related to amortization of discounts, premiums, and debt issuance costs. Additionally, non-cash items included share-based compensation expense of $20.2 million, and an impairment charge of $2.7 million relating to the impairment of the IMS (UK) international product rights. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2023, there was a net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $24.2 million, which resulted from an increase in accounts receivables, an increase in inventories, which was partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased primarily due to the deferred acquisition payment for BAQSIMI® of $129.0 million. The increase in accounts receivables was primarily due to the timing of the payment from Lilly for BAQSIMI® revenues during the fourth quarter, which was received subsequent to the year end.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $124.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to the payment of $129.0 million relating to the BAQSIMI® acquisition, $41.0 million in purchases of property, plant, and equipment, which included $16.6 million incurred in the United States, $2.9 million in France, and $21.5 million in China. This was partially offset by a net cash inflow of $49.2 million from sales and purchases of investments during the period.
Net cash used in investing activities was $649.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of $506.4 million relating to the BAQSIMI® acquisition, $38.2 million in purchases of property, plant, and equipment, which included $24.7 million incurred in the United States, $1.9 million in France, and $11.6 million in China. Additionally, net cash outflows from purchases and sales of investments during the period was $105.9 million.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $81.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily as a result of $85.5 million used to purchase treasury stock and $4.9 million used to settle share-based compensation awards under our equity plan and for tax payments related to the net share settlement of options exercised. Additionally, we made $8.3 million in principal payments on our long-term debt, primarily as a result of paying off the mortgage loan with East West Bank. This was partially offset by $18.4 million of net proceeds from borrowings on our line of credit in China.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $454.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of proceeds of $500.0 million from the Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo and $345.0 million from the 2029 Convertible Notes, which were partially offset by $318.7 million in principal payments of our long-term debt and $25.1 million in debt issuance cost. Additionally, we received $11.0 million in net proceeds from the settlement of share-based
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compensation awards under our equity plan, which was offset by the $58.1 million used to purchase treasury stock.
Debt and Borrowing Capacity
Our outstanding debt obligations are summarized as follows:
December 31,
(in thousands)
As of December 31, 2024, we had $224.5 million in unused borrowing capacity under revolving lines of credit with Wells Fargo Bank, China Merchant Bank, and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited.
The weighted average interest rates on lines of credit as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were 4.0% and 7.0%, respectively. For our loans with Wells Fargo Bank and East West Bank, we have entered into fixed interest rate swap contracts to exchange the variable interest rates for fixed interest rates.
For more information regarding our outstanding indebtedness, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 14. – Debt.”
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
Operating Lease Obligations
As of December 31, 2024 we had a total of $59.3 million of minimum rental payments due under operating leases. Of that amount, $9.6 million is due within 12 months as of December 31, 2024. For more information regarding our operating lease obligations see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements –Note. 18 – Commitments and Contingencies.”
Milestone Obligations
The terms of our Purchase Agreement with Lilly require us to make future sales-based milestone payments aggregating up to $575.0 million based on achievement of specified net sales amounts. As of December 31, 2024, we have not triggered any milestones and therefore no amounts have been recognized or paid. The amount and timing of such future obligations are unknown and uncertain.
Purchase Obligations
We have certain purchase obligations under which we are required to make minimum payments for items including, but not limited to, inventory and pharmaceutical manufacturing and laboratory equipment. As of December 31, 2024, we had an aggregate amount of approximately $135.5 million of purchase obligations.
Critical Accounting Policies
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition and results of operations will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies, which we discuss further below. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to
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Consolidated Financial Statements – Note 2. – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, we believe that the following accounting policies are critical to the process of making significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our audited consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
Product revenues, net
Our net revenues consist principally of revenues generated from the sale of our pharmaceutical products. We also generate a small amount of revenues from contract manufacturing services. Generally, we recognize revenues at the time of product delivery to our customers in accordance with ASC, 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In some cases, revenues are recognized at the time of shipment when stipulated by the terms of the sale agreements. Revenues derived from contract manufacturing services are recognized when third-party products are shipped to customers, after the customer has accepted test samples of the products to be shipped.
The consideration we receive in exchange for our goods or services is only recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. The consideration to which we expect to be entitled includes a stated list price, less various forms of variable consideration. We make significant estimates for related variable consideration at the point of sale, including chargebacks, rebates, product returns, other discounts and allowances.
Provision for estimated chargebacks, rebates, discounts, product returns and credit losses is made at the time of sale and is analyzed and adjusted, if necessary, at each balance sheet date.
If actual future payments for the discounts, returns, fees, rebates and chargebacks exceed the estimates we made at the time of sale, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows would be negatively impacted. We are generally obligated to accept from our customers the return of pharmaceuticals that have reached or will soon reach their expiration dates. We establish reserves for such amounts based on historical experience and other information available at the time of sale, but the actual returns will not occur until several years after the sale. Although we believe that our estimates and assumptions are reasonable as of the date when made, actual results may differ significantly from these estimates. Our financial position, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and negatively impacted if actual returns exceed our estimated allowances for returns.
We establish allowances for estimated chargebacks, rebates and product returns based on a number of qualitative and quantitative factors, including:
● contract pricing and return terms of our agreements with customers;
● wholesaler inventory levels and turnover;
● historical chargeback and product return rates;
● direct communication with customers;
● anticipated introduction of competitive products or authorized generics; and
● anticipated pricing strategy changes by us and/or our competitors.
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The following table summarizes activity in each of our product revenue provision and allowance categories for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:
Chargebacks and Management fees
Rebates(1) Product Returns(2) and Incentives(3)
(in thousands)
Credits and payments issued to third parties (255,905) (6,547) (43,479)
Credits and payments issued to third parties (260,361) (6,917) (60,166)
Other revenues
Revenues related to sales of BAQSIMI®, which was acquired on June 30, 2023 and was manufactured and sold by Lilly under the TSA during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, were recorded on a net basis, similar to a royalty arrangement.
Inventories
Inventories consist of currently marketed products and products manufactured under contract. Inventories are stated using the first-in, first-out method, on a consistent basis. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We adjust inventories to their net realizable value: (i) if a launch of a new product is delayed and inventory may not be fully utilized and could be subject to impairment, (ii) when a product is close to expiration and not expected to be sold, (iii) when a product has reached its expiration date, (iv) when a product is not expected to be sellable, and (v) when the estimated net realizable value is below cost. In determining the estimated net realizable value of an inventory item, we consider factors such as the forecasted average net selling price, the amount of inventory on hand, its remaining shelf life, its regulatory approval status, and current and expected market conditions, including management forecasts and levels of competition.
The largest adjustment to the net realizable value of our inventory has historically been related to enoxaparin. The adjustment of enoxaparin inventory to its net realizable value has been driven primarily by increases in the prices of heparin, the starting material for the production of the API in our enoxaparin product. Other cost increases relate to labor and overhead also impacted the cost of producing enoxaparin. Additionally, fluctuations in the forecasted average net selling price impact this estimate. The average net selling price has fluctuated due to competitor entries and exits from the market.
Impairment of Intangible and Long-Lived Assets
We review long-lived assets and definite-lived identifiable intangible assets or asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Such events and circumstances include decisions by the FDA regarding evidence of effectiveness of proprietary drug candidates or bioequivalence (sameness) of our generic product candidates as compared to the reference drug, communication with the regulatory agencies regarding the safety and efficacy of our products under review, the use of the asset in current research and development projects, any potential alternative uses of the asset in other research and development projects in the short-to-medium term, clinical trial results and research and development portfolio management options. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset or asset groups and its eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than
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the carrying amount of the asset or asset groups, further impairment analysis is performed. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset groups (assets to be held and used) or fair value less cost to sell (assets to be disposed of). All of our impairments relate primarily to the isolated write-off of certain manufacturing equipment related to abandoned projects. Since we periodically assess our product candidates and make changes to product development plans, we incur impairment charges from time to time which can fluctuate significantly from period to period.
The indefinite-lived intangible asset, the Primatene® trademark acquired in June 2008, and goodwill are tested for impairment annually, in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if indicators of impairment are present. An impairment loss is recorded if the asset’s fair value is less than its carrying value. We also periodically review the Primatene® trademark to determine if events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. When we choose to perform a qualitative assessment, we evaluate economic, industry and company-specific factors as an initial step. If we determine it is more likely than not that the Primatene® trademark is impaired or the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, further quantitative impairment process is then performed; otherwise, no further testing is required. If the life is no longer indefinite, the asset is tested for impairment, and the carrying value, after recognition of any impairment loss, is amortized over its remaining useful life.
We acquired the BAQSIMI® product rights in June 2023. BAQSIMI® is an emergency nasal spray used to treat severe hypoglycemia. The BAQSIMI® product rights intangible asset is amortized over its estimated useful life of 24 years. In determining the BAQSIMI® product rights’ useful life, we considered the following: the expected use of the intangible asset; the longevity of the brand; the legal, regulatory and contractual provisions that affect their maximum useful life; our ability to renew or extend the asset’s legal or contractual life without substantial costs; effects of the regulatory environment; expected changes in distribution channels; maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset; and considerations for obsolescence, demand, competition and other economic factors.
No impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset and goodwill was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded an impairment charge of $2.7 million related to our IMS (UK) international product rights, as we decided to delay the launch of the IMS UK products indefinitely. We recorded the impairment in the cost of revenue line in our consolidated statement of operations.
Deferred Income Taxes
We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes under which deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position for which we have established a tax reserve is audited and finally resolved. The number of years for which we can be subject to audit varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of the resolution of an audit, we believe that our reserves for uncertain tax benefits reflect the outcome of tax positions that is more likely than not to occur. The resolution of a matter could be recognized as an adjustment to our provision for income taxes and our effective tax rate in the period of resolution, and may also require a use of cash.
Share-Based Compensation
Options issued under our amended and restated 2015 Equity Incentive Award Plan, or the Amended 2015 Plan, 2015 Equity Incentive Award Plan, or the Original 2015 Plan, and our amended and restated 2005 Equity Incentive Award Plan, or 2005 Plan, are granted at exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair value of the underlying common shares on the date of grant and vest based on continuous service. There have been no awards with performance conditions and no awards with market conditions. The options have a contractual term of five to ten years and generally vest over a three- to five-year period.
We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options awards. The Black-Scholes option pricing model has various inputs such as the common share price on the date of grant, exercise price, the risk-free interest rate, volatility, expected life and dividend yield, all of which are estimates. We used the risk-free rate on U.S. Treasury securities at the time of grant for instruments with maturities commensurate with the expected term of the stock option. Our volatility estimate was based on the weighted average historical volatility of our stock price since IPO. Our
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dividend yield was assumed to be 0%, because we have no plans to pay dividends. We estimate the expected term of options with consideration of vesting date, contractual term, and historical experience for employee exercise and post-vesting employment termination behavior after our common stock has been publicly traded. The expected term of “plain vanilla” options is estimated based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term under the simplified method.
The fair value of each share-based compensation award is amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line basis between the grant date for the option and the vesting date net of expected forfeitures. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual numbers differ from such estimates. The change of any of these inputs could significantly impact the determination of the fair value of our options as well as significantly impact our results of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standard Update 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through additional disclosures about significant segment expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update 2023-09, Income taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures which requires entities to disclose disaggregated information about their effective tax rate reconciliation as well as expanded information on income taxes paid by jurisdiction. The disclosure requirements will be applied on a prospective basis, with the option to apply them retrospectively. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the disclosure requirements related to the new standard.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement Reporting-Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard update improves the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses by requiring more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and amortization) included within income statement expense captions. The guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The standard updates are to be applied prospectively with the option for retrospective application. We are currently evaluating the impact of disclosure requirements related to the new standard on our financial statements.
Government Regulation
Our products and facilities are subject to regulation by a number of federal and state governmental agencies. The FDA in particular, maintains oversight of the formulation, manufacture, distribution, packaging, and labeling of all of our products. The Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, maintains oversight over our products that are considered controlled substances.
Our manufacturing facilities as well as our CMOs are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA to ensure that they are operating in compliance with cGMP requirements. As of December 31, 2024, all of our manufacturing facilities and our CMOs are in compliance with all federal and state governmental agencies, including all FDA and DEA regulations. In 2024, we have had inspections conducted by the FDA in our various manufacturing facilities, which resulted in several observations on Form 483. We have responded to those observations and have satisfied the requirements of the FDA.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
The following discussion provides forward-looking quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risk. Market risk represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in the value of financial instruments. The risk of loss is assessed based on the likelihood of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows or future earnings. We are exposed to market risk for changes in the market values of our investments (Investment Risk), the impact of interest rate changes (Interest Rate Risk), and the impact of foreign currency exchange changes (Foreign Currency Exchange Risk).
Investment Risk
We regularly review the carrying value of our investments and identify and recognize losses, for income statement purposes, when events and circumstances indicate that any declines in the fair values of such investments below our accounting basis are other than temporary. As of December 31, 2024, none of our investments experienced any declines in fair value that we believe are other than temporary. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $6.7 million deposited in six banks located in China, $1.8 million deposited in one bank located in France, and $0.7 million deposited in one bank located in the United Kingdom. We also maintained $102.1 million in cash equivalents that include money market accounts as of December 31, 2024. Additionally, we maintain approximately $54.4 million in investment grade corporate and municipal bonds as of December 31, 2024. The remaining amounts of our cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024, are in non-interest bearing accounts.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $5.9 million deposited in four banks located in China, $5.0 million deposited in one bank located in France, and $0.3 million deposited in one bank located in the United Kingdom. We also maintained $116.4 million in cash equivalents that include money market accounts as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, we maintain approximately $90.1 million in investment grade corporate and municipal bonds as of December 31, 2023. The remaining amounts of our cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023, are in non-interest bearing accounts.
We maintain significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents at one or more financial institutions that are in excess of federally insured limits. Interest bearing and non-interest bearing accounts we hold at banking institutions are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, up to $250,000. Substantially all of our cash balances held at banking institutions are in excess of FDIC coverage. We consider this to be a normal business risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitive investments and credit facilities, which are affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. Due to the nature of our short-term investments, we believe that we are not subject to any material interest rate risk with respect to our short-term investments.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $601.9 million in long-term debt and finance leases outstanding, all of which have either a fixed interest rate or are locked-in fixed interest rates through swap contracts.
As of December 31, 2023, we had $590.0 million in long-term debt and finance leases outstanding, all of which have either a fixed interest rate or are locked-in fixed interest rates through swap contracts.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our products are primarily sold in the U.S. domestic market, and have little exposure to foreign currency price fluctuations. Our API manufacturing business in France is exposed to market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, because our insulin sales contracts are frequently denominated in euros, which are subject to fluctuations relative to the USD.
Our Chinese subsidiary, ANP, maintains its books of record in Chinese yuan. These books are remeasured into the functional currency of USD, using the current or historical exchange rates. The resulting currency remeasurement adjustments and other transactional foreign exchange gains and losses are reflected in our consolidated statement of operations.
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Our French subsidiary, AFP, maintains its books of record in euros. AUK’s subsidiary, IMS UK, maintains its books of record in British pounds. These local currencies have been determined to be the subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies. Activities in the statements of operations are translated to USD using average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing rate of exchange at the date of the equity transactions. Translation adjustments are reflected in stockholders’ equity and are included as a component of other accumulated comprehensive income (loss). The unrealized gains or losses of intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature are reported in other accumulated comprehensive income (loss).
We are also exposed to the potential earnings effects from intercompany foreign currency assets and liabilities that arise from normal trade receivables and payables and other intercompany loans.
As of December 31, 2024, a theoretical 10% unfavorable change in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar strengthening against the foreign currencies to which we have exposure would result in approximately $1.2 million reduction of foreign currency gains, and approximately $3.1 million reduction in other comprehensive income.
As of December 31, 2023, a theoretical 10% unfavorable change in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar strengthening against the foreign currencies to which we have exposure would result in approximately $2.2 million reduction of foreign currency gains, and approximately $1.6 million reduction in other comprehensive income.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our foreign subsidiaries had cash balances denominated in foreign currencies in the amount of $6.6 million and $8.9 million, respectively.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Index to Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) 98
Consolidated Balance Sheets 100
Consolidated Statements of Operations 101
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 102
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 103
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 104
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 105
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 3, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Provision for chargebacks estimate
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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1998.
Irvine, California
March 3, 2025
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share data)
December 31, December 31,
ASSETS
Current assets:
Restricted cash 235 235
Restricted short-term investments 2,200 2,200
Income tax refunds and deposits 1,747 526
Prepaid expenses and other assets 18,214 9,057
Finance lease right-of-use assets 383 564
Operating lease right-of-use assets 46,899 32,333
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate — 527
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 157,057 $ 93,366
Accrued payments for BAQSIMI® (see Note 3) — 126,090
Current portion of long-term debt 234 436
Current portion of operating lease liabilities 6,804 3,906
Long-term reserve for income tax liabilities 6,957 6,066
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (9,181) (8,478)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
Net revenues:
Operating expenses:
Non-operating income (expenses):
Total non-operating income (expenses), net (15,655) (25,628) 8,543
Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliate (573) (1,981) (1,177)
Net income per share:
Weighted-average shares used to compute net income per share:
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes
Foreign currency translation adjustment (695) 298 (2,335)
Change in pension obligations (8) (152) 476
Total other comprehensive income (loss) (703) 146 (1,859)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share data)
Common Stock Accumulated Treasury Stock
Additional Other
Paid-in Retained Comprehensive
Shares Amount Capital Earnings loss Shares Amount Total
Other comprehensive loss — — — — (1,859) — — (1,859)
Share-based compensation expense — — 17,860 — — — — 17,860
Other comprehensive income — — — — 146 — — 146
Share-based compensation expense — — 20,242 — — — — 20,242
Other comprehensive loss — — — — (703) — — (703)
Share-based compensation expense — — 24,368 — — — — 24,368
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities:
Loss on disposal of assets 9 475 141
Impairment of long-lived assets — 2,700 —
Depreciation of property, plant, and equipment 28,249 25,205 23,815
Operating lease right-of-use asset amortization 4,238 3,742 3,506
Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliate 573 1,981 1,177
Changes in reserve for uncertain tax positions 891 (1,159) 694
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other assets (10,726) (2,728) (1,854)
Income tax refunds, deposits, and payable, net 6,834 (3,319) (4,555)
Operating lease liabilities (3,750) (3,589) (3,154)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 63,563 13,237 (736)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment — — 421
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from borrowing under lines of credit 18,433 — —
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt — 845,000 —
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (190) (282) (220)
Noncash Investing and Financing Activities:
Deferred payment for BAQSIMI® acquisition $ — $ 121,699 $ —
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable $ 5,622 $ 4,454 $ 5,256
Equipment acquired under finance leases $ — $ — $ 642
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:
Interest paid, net of capitalized interest $ 26,811 $ 17,573 $ 3,023
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Business
Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together with its subsidiaries, hereinafter referred to as the “Company”) is a bio-pharmaceutical company that focuses primarily on developing, manufacturing, marketing, and selling technically challenging generic and proprietary injectable, inhalation, and intranasal products, including products with high technical barriers to market entry. Additionally, the Company sells insulin active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, products. Most of the Company’s products are used in hospital or urgent care clinical settings and are primarily contracted and distributed through group purchasing organizations and drug wholesalers. The Company’s insulin API products are sold to other pharmaceutical companies for use in their own products and are being used by the Company in the development of injectable finished pharmaceutical products. The Company’s over-the-counter inhalation product, Primatene MIST®, is primarily distributed through drug retailers.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, and are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. All intercompany activity has been eliminated in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company.
The Company’s subsidiaries include: (1) International Medication Systems, Limited, or IMS, (2) Armstrong Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Armstrong, (3) Amphastar Nanjing Pharmaceuticals Inc., or ANP, (4) Amphastar France Pharmaceuticals, S.A.S., or AFP, (5) Amphastar UK Ltd., or AUK, (6) International Medication Systems (UK) Limited, or IMS UK, and (7) Amphastar Medication Co., LLC, or Amphastar Medication.
Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate
The Company applies the equity method of accounting for investments when it has significant influence, but not controlling interest in the investee. The Company’s proportionate share of the earnings or losses resulting from these investments is reported as “Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliate” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Investments accounted for using the equity method may be reported on a lag of up to three months if financial statements of the investee are not available in sufficient time for the investor to apply the equity method as of the current reporting date.
The carrying value of equity method investments is reported as “Investment in unconsolidated affiliate” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s equity method investments are reported at cost and adjusted each period for the Company’s share of the investee’s earnings or losses and dividends paid, if any.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The principal accounting estimates include: fair value of financial instruments, allowance for discounts, provision for chargebacks and rebates, provision for product returns, adjustment of inventory to its net realizable value, impairment of investments, long-lived and intangible assets and goodwill, litigation reserves, stock price volatility for share-based compensation expense, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, and liabilities for uncertain income tax positions.
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Foreign Currency
The functional currency of the Company, its domestic subsidiaries, its Chinese subsidiary ANP, and its U.K. subsidiary, AUK, is the U.S. Dollar, or USD. ANP maintains its books of record in Chinese yuan. These books are remeasured into the functional currency of USD using the current or historical exchange rates. The resulting currency remeasurement adjustments and other transactional foreign currency exchange gains and losses are reflected in the Company’s accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The Company’s French subsidiary, AFP, maintains its books of record in euros. AUK’s subsidiary, IMS UK, maintains its books of record in British pounds. These local currencies have been determined to be the subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies. Activities in the statements of operations are translated to USD using average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing rate of exchange at the date of the equity transactions. Translation adjustments are reflected in stockholders’ equity and are included as a component of other comprehensive income. The unrealized gains or losses of intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature are reported in other accumulated comprehensive income.
The unrealized gains and losses of intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were a $1.9 million loss, a $1.1 million gain, and a $1.8 million loss, respectively.
Comprehensive Income
The Company’s comprehensive income includes its foreign currency translation gains and losses, changes in pension obligations as well as its share of other comprehensive income from its equity method investments.
Acquisitions
The Company evaluates acquisitions and other similar transactions to assess whether or not the transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If the screen is met, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If the screen is not met, further determination is required as to whether or not the Company has acquired inputs and substantive processes that have the ability to create outputs, which would meet the definition of a business.
Acquisitions meeting the definition of business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that the purchase price be allocated to the net assets acquired at their respective fair values. In a business combination, any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.
For asset acquisitions, a cost accumulation model is used to determine the cost of an asset acquisition. Direct transaction costs are recognized as part of the cost of an asset acquisition. The cost of an asset acquisition, including transaction costs, is allocated to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on a relative fair value basis, with the exception of non-qualifying assets. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition. When a transaction accounted for as an asset acquisition includes an in-process research and development, or IPR&D, asset, the IPR&D asset is only capitalized if it has an alternative future use other than in a particular research and development project. Asset acquisitions may include contingent consideration arrangements that encompass obligations to make future payments to sellers contingent upon the achievement of future financial targets. Contingent consideration, including assumed contingent considerations, is not recognized until all contingencies are resolved and the consideration is paid or becomes payable (unless contingent considerations meets the definition of a derivative, in which case the amount becomes part of the basis in the asset acquired), at which point the consideration is allocated to the assets acquired based on their relative
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
fair values at the acquisition date, with the exception of non-qualifying assets.
Judgments are used in determining estimates of useful lives of long-lived assets. Useful life estimates are based on, among other factors, estimates of expected future net cash flows, the assessment of each asset’s life cycle, and the impact of competitive trends on each asset’s life cycle and other factors. These judgments can materially impact the estimates used to allocate purchase consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and the resulting timing and amounts charged to or recognized in current and future operating results. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results.
Shipping and Handling Costs
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company included shipping and handling costs of approximately $8.0 million, $7.0 million and $7.4 million, respectively, in selling, distribution and marketing expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Advertising Expense
Advertising expenses, primarily associated with Primatene MIST®, are recorded as they are incurred, except for expenses related to the development of a major commercial or media campaign, which are expensed in the period in which the commercial or campaign is first presented, and are reflected as a component of selling, distribution and marketing in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, advertising expenses were $10.5 million, $10.4 million, and $8.7 million, respectively.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred and consist of costs incurred to further the Company’s research and development activities. These include salaries and related employee benefits, costs associated with clinical trials, nonclinical research and development activities, regulatory activities, research-related overhead expenses and fees paid to external service providers.
The Company may produce or purchase inventories prior to or with the expectation of receiving regulatory approval in the near term, based on operational decisions about the most effective use of existing resources. This inventory is referred to as pre-launch inventory. It is the Company’s accounting policy that the pre-launch inventory is capitalized if it has a probable future economic benefit at the time it is purchased or manufactured. If regulatory approval is received and previously expensed pre-launch inventory is sold, such sales may contribute up to a 100% margin to the Company’s operating results. Pre-launch inventory costs include cost of work in process, materials, and finished drug products. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company did not have material capitalized pre-launch inventory.
Financial Instruments
The Company’s accompanying consolidated balance sheets include the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, short-term borrowings and long-term obligations. The Company considers the carrying amounts of current assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets to approximate the fair value of these financial instruments due to the short maturity of these items. The carrying value of the Company’s long-term obligations, with the exception of the convertible debt (See Note 14) approximates their fair value, as the stated borrowing rates are comparable to rates currently offered to the Company for instruments with similar maturities. The Company at times enters into interest rate swap contracts to manage its exposure to interest rate changes and its overall cost of long-term debt. The Company’s interest rate swap contracts exchange the variable interest rates for fixed interest rates.
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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, money market accounts, certificates of deposit and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
Investments
Investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of certificates of deposit and investment grade corporate, agency, and municipal bonds with original maturity dates between three and nineteen months.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash is collateral required for the Company to guarantee certain vendor payments in France. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the restricted cash balance was $0.2 million.
Restricted Short-Term Investments
Restricted short-term investments consist of certificates of deposit that are collateral for standby letters of credit to qualify for workers’ compensation self-insurance. The certificates of deposit have original maturities greater than three months, but less than one year. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the balance of restricted short-term investments was $2.2 million.
Accounts receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company evaluates the collectability of accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. When the Company is aware of circumstances that may impair a customer’s ability to pay subsequent to the original sale, the Company records a specific allowance to reduce the amounts receivable to the amount that the Company reasonably believes to be collectable. For all other customers, the Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses based on factors that include the length of time the receivables are past due, industry and geographic concentrations, the current economic conditions and historical collection experience. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's allowance for credit losses was $3.5 million and $2.8 million, respectively.
Inventories
Inventories consist of currently marketed products and products manufactured under contract. Inventories are stated using the first-in, first-out method, on a consistent basis. The Company states inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Provisions are made for slow moving, unsellable, or obsolete items. Net realizable value is determined using the estimated selling price, in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs to complete and dispose.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost or, in the case of assets acquired in a business combination, at fair value on the purchase date. Depreciation and amortization expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follows: