Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following is a discussion and analysis of the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of our company as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Item 8 under the heading “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include among others, those identified under the “Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements,” above and described in greater detail elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

In this section, we generally discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2021, to the year ended December 31, 2020, please refer to Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 11, 2022, which discussion is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Overview

We are a bio-pharmaceutical company focusing primarily on developing, manufacturing, marketing, and selling technically challenging generic and proprietary injectable, inhalation, intranasal, and insulin API products. We currently manufacture and sell over 20 products.

Our largest products by net revenues currently include Primatene MIST®, epinephrine, glucagon, lidocaine, phytonadione, and enoxaparin sodium. In April 2022, the FDA approved our ganirelix acetate injection 250mg/0.5mL prefilled syringe, which we launched in June 2022. In July 2022, the FDA approved our vasopressin injection, USP 20 Units/mL, 1 mL single-dose vial, which we launched in August 2022. In May 2022, the FDA approved our regadenoson injection, 0.08mg/mL, 5mL, single-dose prefilled syringe. The timing of the launch of this product is subject to a confidential settlement agreement with the product’s innovator.

We are currently developing a portfolio of generic abbreviated new drug applications, or ANDAs, biosimilar insulin product candidates, and proprietary product candidates, which are in various stages of development and target a variety of indications. Three of the ANDAs and one new drug application, or NDA, are currently on file with the FDA.

To complement our internal growth and expertise, we have made several strategic acquisitions of companies, products, and technologies. These acquisitions collectively have strengthened our core injectable and inhalation product technology infrastructure by providing additional manufacturing, marketing, and research and development capabilities, including the ability to manufacture raw materials, API, and other components for our products.

In 2021, we completed the restructuring of our Chinese subsidiary, ANP, resulting in the reduction of ANP’s ownership of Hanxin Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, or Hanxin to 14%. See Note 3 in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result of the restructuring, we determined that we have significant influence over Hanxin and as such the retained non-controlling investment in Hanxin is accounted for as an equity method investment. Hanxin continues to be a related party subsequent to the restructuring.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting containment measures that have been in effect from time to time in various countries and territories since early 2020 have had a number of substantial negative impacts on businesses around the world and on global, regional, and national economies, including widespread disruptions in supply chains for a wide variety of products and resulting increases in the prices of many goods and services. Currently, our production facilities in all of our locations continue to operate as they had before the COVID-19 pandemic with few changes other than for enhanced safety measures intended to prevent the spread of the virus.

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Some of our ongoing clinical trials experienced short-term interruptions in the recruitment of patients due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as hospitals prioritized their resources towards the COVID-19 pandemic and governments imposed travel restrictions. Some clinical trials experienced increased expenses due to new protocols to protect participants from COVID-19. Additionally, certain suppliers had difficulties meeting their delivery commitments, and we are experiencing longer lead times for components. For example, in the first quarter of 2022, increases in COVID-19 cases in Shanghai, China, led to shutdowns and delays at the ports in Shanghai, which led to temporary delays in shipping certain APIs and starting materials from our facility in China to our U.S. business. Future shutdowns could have an adverse impact on our operations. However, the extent of the impact of any future shutdown or delay is highly uncertain and difficult to predict.

It is not possible at this time to estimate the complete impact that COVID-19 could have on our business, including our customers and suppliers, as the effects will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Infections may resurge or become more widespread, including due to new variants and the limitation on our ability to travel and timely sell and distribute our products, as well as any closures or supply disruptions may be prolonged for extended periods, all of which would have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience an adverse impact on our business due to the continued global economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We cannot anticipate all of the ways in which health epidemics such as COVID-19 could adversely impact our business. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for further discussion of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

Macroeconomic Trends and Uncertainties

The Russia-Ukraine conflict and resulting sanctions and other actions against Russia have led to uncertainty and disruption in the global economy. Although the conflict has not had a direct material adverse impact on our revenues or other financial results, one of our insulin API customers in Western Europe, that previously bought our product and resold it into Russia, did not purchase API from us this year. We are closely monitoring the events of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its impact on Europe and throughout the rest of the world. It is not clear at this time how long the conflict will endure, or if it will escalate further, which could further compound the adverse impact to the global economy and consequently affect our results of operations.

Certain other worldwide events and macroeconomic factors, such as international trade relations, new legislation and regulations, taxation or monetary policy changes, political and civil unrest, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures, and rising interest rates, among other factors, also increase volatility in the global economy. For example, the United States has recently experienced historically high levels of inflation. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the annual inflation rate for the United States was approximately 6.5% as of December 2022. The existence of inflation in the United States, and global economy has and may continue to result in higher interest rates and capital costs, increased costs of labor, weakening exchange rates and other similar effects.

See Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for further discussion of the possible impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other macroeconomic factors on our business.

Business Segments

As of December 31, 2022, our performance is assessed and resources are allocated based on the following two reportable segments: (1) finished pharmaceutical products and (2) API products. The finished pharmaceutical products segment manufactures, markets and distributes Primatene MIST®, epinephrine, glucagon, phytonadione, lidocaine, enoxaparin, naloxone, as well as various other critical and non-critical care drugs. The API segment manufactures and distributes RHI API and porcine insulin API for external customers and internal product development. Information reported herein is consistent with how it is reviewed and evaluated by our chief operating decision maker. Factors used to identify our segments include markets, customers and products.

For more information regarding our segments, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Segment Reporting Information.”

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Results of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to year ended December 31, 2021

Net revenues

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

Net revenues

Cost of revenues

as % of net revenues 50 % 46 %

The increase in net revenues of finished pharmaceutical products for 2022 was primarily due to the following changes:

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

Finished pharmaceutical products net revenues

Primatene MIST® sales continued to grow in 2022 as a result of increased unit volumes, which was primarily a result of the continued success of our advertising campaign. The increase in sales of epinephrine was primarily due to an increase in unit volumes, due to an increase in demand caused by competitor shortages, contributing $9.0 million in sales, as well as a higher average selling price, which contributed $7.7 million to the increase in sales. The increase in sales of glucagon was primarily due to an increase in unit volumes as the prior year period did not include a full year of sales due to glucagon’s launch in the first quarter of 2021. The increase in sales of lidocaine was primarily due to an increase in unit volumes, which contributed $4.4 million, as well as a higher average selling price, which contributed $3.8 million to the increase in sales. The increase in sales of phytonadione was due to a higher average selling price. The decrease in sales of naloxone was primarily due to a decrease in average selling price, which caused a decrease of $3.2 million, which was partially offset by an increase in unit volumes contributing $1.9 million. The increase in other finished pharmaceutical products was primarily due to higher unit volumes of calcium chloride, dextrose and sodium bicarbonate, due to increased demand caused by competitor shortages, as well as the launch of ganirelix and vasopressin in June 2022 and August 2022, respectively.

We anticipate that sales of naloxone and enoxaparin will continue to fluctuate in the future as a result of changing levels of competition. We also anticipate that sales of epinephrine and other finished pharmaceutical products will continue to fluctuate depending on the ability of our competitors to supply market demands.

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Sales of API primarily depend on the timing of customer purchases. One of our insulin API customers in Western Europe that previously bought our product and resold it into Russia did not purchase API this year, which resulted in a decline of $2.0 million in API sales.

In May 2021, we amended the Supply Agreement with MannKind Corporation, whereby MannKind’s aggregate total commitment of RHI API under the Supply Agreement was modified and extended for an additional year through 2027, which timeframe would have previously lapsed after calendar year 2026. MannKind agreed to pay us an amendment fee of $2.0 million. We received the first payment of the amendment fee of $1.0 million in June 2021, which we recognized in net revenues during the year ended December 31, 2021. The remaining $1.0 million of the amendment fee was received in January 2022, which we recognized in net revenues during the year ended December 31, 2022 and relates to the amendments to the 2022 supply level. We anticipate that sales of API will continue to fluctuate and may decrease due to the inherent uncertainties related to sales to MannKind pursuant to our supply agreement with them. In addition, most of our API sales are denominated in euros, and the fluctuation in the value of euros versus the U.S. dollar has had, and may continue to have, an impact on API sales revenues in the near term.

A significant portion of our customer shipments in any period relate to orders received and shipped in the same period, generally resulting in low product backlog relative to total shipments at any time. However, as of December 31, 2022, we experienced a backlog of approximately $7.0 million for various products, partially as a result of competitor shortages, supplier constraints and labor shortages at our facilities in California. We are currently working on resolving backlog related issues and believe that we will be able to reduce the backlog in the near future. Historically, our backlog has not been a meaningful indicator in any given period of our ability to achieve any particular level of overall revenue or financial performance.

Gross Margins

The increase in sales of Primatene MIST®, epinephrine and glucagon, which are higher-margin products, helped increase our gross margins for the year ended December 31, 2022. These increases in gross margins were partially offset by an overall increase in labor and input costs.

We are experiencing increased costs for labor and certain purchased components. Additionally, the cost of heparin may fluctuate, which could put downward pressure on our gross margins. However, we believe that this trend will be offset by increased sales of our higher-margin products, including Primatene MIST®, glucagon, vasopressin, ganirelix and our pipeline products.

Selling, distribution, and marketing, and general and administrative

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

The increase in selling, distribution and marketing expenses was primarily due to increased freight expenses and an increase in advertising spending for Primatene MIST®. The decrease in general and administrative expense was primarily due to a decrease in legal expenses and a decrease in expenses in China due to the ANP restructuring in 2021.

We expect that selling, distribution and marketing expenses will continue to increase due to the increase in marketing expenditures for Primatene MIST®. Legal fees may fluctuate from period to period due to the timing of patent challenges and other litigation matters.

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Research and development

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

Salaries and personnel-related expenses $ 25,786 $ 27,461 $ (1,675) (6) %

The increase in research and development expenses is primarily due to an increase in materials and supplies as a result of an increase in expenditures on raw materials and components for our AMP-018 and insulin products. Additionally, clinical trial expense increased due to external studies related to our insulin and inhalation product pipeline. Reductions of salaries, depreciation and other expenses are related to the restructuring of our subsidiary in China.

Research and development costs consist primarily of costs associated with the research and development of our product candidates including the cost of developing APIs. We expense research and development costs as incurred.

We have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in research and development to expand our product portfolio and grow our business. We expect that research and development expenses will increase on an annual basis due to increased clinical trial costs related to our insulin and inhalation product candidates. These expenditures will include costs of APIs developed internally as well as APIs purchased externally, the cost of purchasing reference listed drugs and the costs of performing the clinical trials. As we undertake new and challenging research and development projects, we anticipate that the associated costs will increase significantly over the next several quarters and years. Over the past year, some of our ongoing clinical trials experienced short term interruptions in the recruitment of patients due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as hospitals prioritized their resources towards the COVID-19 pandemic and trial sites changed their operating protocols to protect participants from COVID-19. These conditions may continue to increase the costs of clinical trials and also delay spending and results of these trials.

Other income (expense), net

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

In January 2022, we received a settlement of $5.4 million in connection with the Regadenoson patent litigation. For more information regarding our litigation matters, see Note 19 in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the third quarter of 2021, we completed the restructuring of ANP, whereby our ownership interest in ANP increased to 100% and ANP’s ownership interest in Hanxin and its subsidiaries was reduced to approximately 14%. As a result of the loss in control over Hanxin, we deconsolidated Hanxin and recorded a $13.6 million gain on deconsolidation. For more information regarding our ANP restructuring, see Note 3 in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Income tax provision

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

Effective tax rate 20 % 25 %

Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased in comparison to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to differences in pre-tax income positions and excess tax benefit from share-based compensation. For more information regarding our income taxes, see Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Requirements and Sources

We need capital resources to maintain and expand our business. We expect our cash requirements to increase significantly in the foreseeable future as we sponsor clinical trials for, seek regulatory approvals of, and develop, manufacture and market our current development stage product candidates and pursue strategic acquisitions of businesses or assets. Our future capital expenditures include projects to upgrade, expand, and improve our manufacturing facilities in the United States and China, including a significant increase in capital expenditures in 2023 We plan to fund this facility expansion with cash flows from operations. Our cash obligations include the principal and interest payments due on our existing loans and lease payments, as described below and throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2022, our foreign subsidiaries collectively held $15.2 million in cash and cash equivalents. Cash or cash equivalents held at foreign subsidiaries are not available to fund the parent company’s operations in the United States. We believe that our cash reserves, operating cash flows, and borrowing availability under our credit facilities will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. We expect additional cash flows to be generated in the longer term from future product introductions, although there can be no assurance as to the receipt of regulatory approval for any product candidates that we are developing or the timing of any product introductions, which could be lengthy or ultimately unsuccessful.

We maintain a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 pursuant to which we may, from time to time, sell up to an aggregate of $250 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, warrants, subscription rights, purchase contracts, or units. If we require or elect to seek additional capital through debt or equity financing in the future, we may not be able to raise capital on terms acceptable to us or at all. To the extent we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities will result in dilution to our stockholders. If we are required and unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Working capital increased $69.2 million to $283.5 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $214.3 million at December 31, 2021.

Cash Flows from Operations

The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Year Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

Statement of Cash Flow Data:

Net cash provided by (used in)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (220) (223)

Sources and Use of Cash

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $89.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which included net income of $91.4 million. Non-cash items comprised primarily of $28.7 million of depreciation and amortization and $17.9 million of share-based compensation expense.

Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2022, there was a net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and

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liabilities of $32.2 million, which resulted from an increase in accounts receivables; an increase in inventories, as we increased purchases of certain raw materials and components; as well as a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities decreased primarily due to the timing of payments. The increase in accounts receivables was due to both increases in sales and timing of sales.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $98.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which included net income of $63.3 million. Non-cash items comprised primarily of $26.8 million of depreciation and amortization, $18.7 million of share-based compensation expense and a $13.6 million gain relating to the deconsolidation of Hanxin and its subsidiaries as result of the ANP restructuring during the third quarter of 2021. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2021, there was a net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.0 million, which resulted from an increase in accounts receivable, which was partially offset by a decrease in inventory, as well as an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased primarily due to the timing of payments. The increase in accounts receivable was due to both increases in sales and the timing of sales.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $32.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of $24.0 million in purchases of property, plant, and equipment, which included $15.4 million incurred in the United States, $1.4 million in France, and $7.2 million in China. Additionally, net cash outflows from purchases and sales of short-term investments during the period was $7.8 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $28.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily as a result of $27.5 million in purchases of property, plant, and equipment, which included $15.3 million incurred in the United States, $0.8 million in France, and $11.4 million in China.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $26.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of purchases of $39.9 million of treasury stock, which was partially offset by $15.7 million in net proceeds from the settlement of share-based compensation awards under our equity plan. Additionally, we also made $1.8 million in principal payments on our long-term debt.

Net cash used in financing activities was $37.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily as a result of $53.6 million in payments relating to the purchase of additional ANP ownership interest in connection with the ANP restructuring completed during the third quarter of 2021 (For more information, see Note 3 in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K). We borrowed $70.0 million in connection with a credit agreement with Capital One N.A., which was partially offset by $37.9 million in principal payments on our long-term debt and lines of credit. We used $28.9 million to purchase treasury stock and received $15.9 million in net proceeds from the settlement of share-based compensation awards under our equity plans.

Debt and Borrowing Capacity

Our outstanding debt obligations are summarized as follows:

December 31,

(in thousands)

As of December 31, 2022, we had $84.6 million in unused borrowing capacity under revolving lines of credit with Capital One N.A. and China Merchant Bank.

The weighted average interest rates on lines of credit as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 5.2% and 1.8%, respectively. For our loans with Capital One N.A. and East West Bank, we have entered into fixed interest rate swap contracts to exchange the variable interests for fixed interest rates.

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For more information regarding our outstanding indebtedness, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – Debt.”

Operating Lease Obligations

As discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2022 we had a total of $32.4 million of minimum rental payments under operating leases. Of that amount, $4.1 million is due within 12 months as of December 31, 2022.

Purchase obligations

We have certain purchase obligations under which we are required to make minimum payments for items including, but not limited to, inventory and pharmaceutical manufacturing and laboratory equipment. As of December 31, 2022, we had an aggregate amount of approximately $58.2 million.

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition and results of operations will be affected. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We refer to accounting estimates of this type as critical accounting policies, which we discuss further below. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policies are critical to the process of making significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our audited consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our net revenues consist principally of revenues generated from the sale of our pharmaceutical products. We also generate a small amount of revenues from contract manufacturing services. Generally, we recognize revenues at the time of product delivery to our customers in accordance with ASC, 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In some cases, revenues are recognized at the time of shipment when stipulated by the terms of the sale agreements. Revenues derived from contract manufacturing services are recognized when third-party products are shipped to customers, after the customer has accepted test samples of the products to be shipped.

The consideration we receive in exchange for our goods or services is only recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. The consideration to which we expect to be entitled includes a stated list price, less various forms of variable consideration. We make significant estimates for related variable consideration at the point of sale, including chargebacks, rebates, product returns, other discounts and allowances.

Provision for estimated chargebacks, rebates, discounts, product returns and credit losses is made at the time of sale and is analyzed and adjusted, if necessary, at each balance sheet date.

If actual future payments for the discounts, returns, fees, rebates and chargebacks exceed the estimates we made at the time of sale, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows would be negatively impacted. As discussed under “Accrual for Product Returns” below, we are generally obligated to accept from our customers the return of pharmaceuticals that have reached or will soon reach their expiration dates. We establish reserves for such amounts based on historical experience and other information available at the time of sale, but the actual returns will not occur until several years after the sale. Although we believe that our estimates and assumptions are reasonable as of the date when made, actual results may differ significantly from these estimates. Our financial position, results of operations and cash flows may be materially and negatively impacted if actual returns exceed our estimated allowances for returns.

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We establish allowances for estimated chargebacks, rebates and product returns based on a number of qualitative and quantitative factors, including:

● contract pricing and return terms of our agreements with customers;

● wholesaler inventory levels and turnover;

● historical chargeback and product return rates;

● direct communication with customers;

● anticipated introduction of competitive products or authorized generics; and

● anticipated pricing strategy changes by us and/or our competitors.

Service revenues derived from research and development contracts is recognized over time based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. For each performance obligation satisfied over time, we assess the proper method to be used for revenue recognition, either an input method to measure progress toward the satisfaction of services or an output method of determining the progress of completion of performance obligation. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue from research and development services at ANP were $4.3 million and $5.1 million, respectively.

Provision for Chargebacks and Rebates

The provision for chargebacks and rebates is a significant estimate used in the recognition of revenue. Wholesaler chargebacks relate to sales terms under which we agree to reimburse wholesalers for differences between the gross sales prices at which we sell our products to wholesalers and the actual prices of such products that wholesalers resell them under our various contractual arrangements with third parties such as hospitals and group purchasing organizations in the United States. Rebates include primarily amounts paid to retailers, payers, and providers in the United States, including those paid to state Medicaid programs, and are based on contractual arrangements or statutory requirements. We estimate chargebacks and rebates using the expected value method at the time of sale to wholesalers based on wholesaler inventory stocking levels, historic chargeback and rebate rates, and current contract pricing.

The provision for chargebacks and rebates is reflected as a component of net revenues. The following table is an analysis of the chargeback and rebate provision:

Year Ended

December 31,

(in thousands)

Credits and payments issued to third parties (201,642) (201,346)

Changes in the chargeback provision from period to period are primarily dependent on our sales to its wholesalers, the level of inventory held by wholesalers, and the wholesalers’ customer mix. Changes in the rebate provision from period to period are primarily dependent on retailer’s and other indirect customers’ purchases. The approach that we use to estimate chargebacks and rebates has been consistently applied for all periods presented. Variations in estimates have been historically small. We continually monitor the provision for chargebacks and rebates and make adjustments when we believe that the actual chargebacks and rebates may differ from the estimates. The settlement of chargebacks and rebates generally occurs within 20 days to 60 days after the sale to wholesalers. Accounts receivable and/or accounts payable and accrued liabilities are reduced and/or increased by the chargebacks and rebate amounts depending on whether we have the right to offset with the customer. Of the provision for chargebacks and rebates as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $20.5 million and $15.6 million were included as a reduction to accounts receivable, net, on the

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consolidated balance sheets, respectively. The remaining provision as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, was $6.1 million and $4.6 million, respectively, were included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Accrual for Product Returns

We offer most customers the right to return qualified excess or expired inventory for partial credit; however, API product sales are generally non-returnable. Our product returns primarily consist of the returns of expired products from sales made in prior periods. Returned products cannot be resold. At the time product revenue is recognized, we record an accrual for product returns estimated using the expected value method. The accrual is based, in part, upon the historical relationship of product returns to sales and customer contract terms. We also assesses other factors that could affect product returns including market conditions, product obsolescence, and new competition. Although these factors do not normally give our customers the right to return products outside of the regular return policy, we realize that such factors could ultimately lead to increased returns. We analyze these situations on a case-by-case basis and make adjustments to the product return reserve as appropriate.

The provision for product returns is reflected as a component of net revenues. The following table is an analysis of the product return liability:

Year Ended

December 31,

(in thousands)

Provision for product returns 4,405 15,005

Credits issued to third parties (6,631) (7,532)

Of the provision for product returns as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $14.9 million and $16.0 million were included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively. The remaining provision as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, of $4.6 million and $5.7 million were included in other long-term liabilities, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our aggregate product return rate was 1.4% and 1.7% of qualified sales, respectively.

Inventory

Inventories consist of currently marketed products and products manufactured under contract. Inventories are stated using the first-in, first-out method, on a consistent basis. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We adjust inventories to their net realizable value: (i) if a launch of a new product is delayed and inventory may not be fully utilized and could be subject to impairment, (ii) when a product is close to expiration and not expected to be sold, (iii) when a product has reached its expiration date, (iv) when a product is not expected to be sellable, and (v) when the estimated net realizable value is below cost. In determining the estimated net realizable value of an inventory item, we consider factors such as the forecasted average net selling price, the amount of inventory on hand, its remaining shelf life, its regulatory approval status, and current and expected market conditions, including management forecasts and levels of competition.

The largest adjustment to the net realizable value of our inventory has historically been related to enoxaparin. The adjustment of enoxaparin inventory to its net realizable value has been driven primarily by increases in the prices of heparin, the starting material for the production of the API in our enoxaparin product. Other cost increases relate to labor and overhead also impacted the cost of producing enoxaparin. Additionally, fluctuations in the forecasted average net selling price impact this estimate. The average net selling price has fluctuated due to competitor entries and exits from the market.

Impairment of Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We review long-lived assets and definite-lived identifiable intangible assets or asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Such events and

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circumstances include decisions by the FDA regarding evidence of effectiveness of proprietary drug candidates or bioequivalence (sameness) of our generic product candidates as compared to the reference drug, communication with the regulatory agencies regarding the safety and efficacy of our products under review, the use of the asset in current research and development projects, any potential alternative uses of the asset in other research and development projects in the short-to-medium term, clinical trial results and research and development portfolio management options. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset or asset groups and its eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset groups, further impairment analysis is performed. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset groups (assets to be held and used) or fair value less cost to sell (assets to be disposed of). All of our impairments relate primarily to the isolated write-off of certain manufacturing equipment related to abandoned projects. Since we periodically assess our product candidates and make changes to product development plans, we incur impairment charges from time to time which can fluctuate significantly from period to period.

The indefinite-lived intangible asset, the Primatene® trademark acquired in June 2008, and goodwill are tested for impairment annually, in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if indicators of impairment are present. An impairment loss is recorded if the asset’s fair value is less than its carrying value. We also periodically review the Primatene® trademark to determine if events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. When we choose to perform a qualitative assessment, we evaluate economic, industry and company-specific factors as an initial step. If we determine it is more likely than not that the Primatene® trademark is impaired or the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, further quantitative impairment process is then performed; otherwise, no further testing is required. If the life is no longer indefinite, the asset is tested for impairment, and the carrying value, after recognition of any impairment loss, is amortized over its remaining useful life. No impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset and goodwill was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020, respectively.

Deferred Income Taxes

We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes under which deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position for which we have established a tax reserve is audited and finally resolved. The number of years for which we can be subject to audit varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of the resolution of an audit, we believe that our reserves for uncertain tax benefits reflect the outcome of tax positions that is more likely than not to occur. The resolution of a matter could be recognized as an adjustment to our provision for income taxes and our effective tax rate in the period of resolution, and may also require a use of cash.

Share-Based Compensation

Options issued under our 2015 Equity Incentive Award Plan, or the 2015 Plan, and our Amended and Restated 2005 Equity Incentive Award Plan, or 2005 Plan, are granted at exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair value of the underlying common shares on the date of grant and vest based on continuous service. There have been no awards with performance conditions and no awards with market conditions. The options have a contractual term of five to ten years and generally vest over a three- to five-year period.

We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options awards. The Black-Scholes option pricing model has various inputs such as the common share price on the date of grant, exercise price, the risk-free interest rate, volatility, expected life and dividend yield, all of which are estimates. We used the risk free rate on U.S. Treasury securities at the time of grant for instruments with maturities commensurate with the expected term of the stock option. Our volatility estimate was based on the weighted average historical volatility of our stock price since IPO. Our dividend yield was assumed to be 0%, because we have no plans to pay dividends. We estimate the expected term of options with consideration of vesting date, contractual term, and historical experience for employee exercise and post-vesting employment termination behavior after our common stock has been publicly traded. The expected term of “plain vanilla” options is estimated based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term under the simplified method.

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The fair value of each share-based compensation award is amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line basis between the grant date for the option and the vesting date net of expected forfeitures. We estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual numbers differ from such estimates. The change of any of these inputs could significantly impact the determination of the fair value of our options as well as significantly impact our results of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

There have been no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the year ended December 31, 2022 that could have a material impact on our balance sheets or statement of operations.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any relationships or financial partnerships with unconsolidated entities, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.

Government Regulation

Our products and facilities are subject to regulation by a number of federal and state governmental agencies. The FDA in particular, maintains oversight of the formulation, manufacture, distribution, packaging, and labeling of all of our products. The Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, maintains oversight over our products that are considered controlled substances.

From May 17 through May 25, 2022, our IMS facility in South El Monte, California was subject to routine cGMP inspection by the FDA. The inspection included a review of compliance with FDA regulations relating to Good Manufacturing Practices. The inspection resulted in one observation on Form 483. We responded to that observation. We believe that our response to the observation will satisfy the requirements of the FDA and that no significant further actions will be necessary.

From May 17, 2022 to June 30, 2022, five of our clinical trial sites were subject to pre-approval biomonitoring inspections by the FDA. The inspections included a review of the clinical trial data to support one of our pending applications. Each inspection resulted in no Form 483 findings. No further actions will be necessary.

On June 21, 2022, our IMS facility in South El Monte, California was subject to routine inspection by the DEA. The inspection included a review of manufacture, storage and handling of our controlled substances. The inspection resulted in no findings. No further actions will be necessary.

From July 18 through July 21, 2022, our Amphastar facility in Rancho Cucamonga, California was subject to a remote pre-approval inspection by the FDA. The inspection included a review of the analytical clinical trial sample testing data to support one of our pending applications. The inspection resulted in no Form 483 findings. No further actions will be necessary.

From November 22 through November 25, 2022, our AFP facility in France was subject to a GMP inspection from ANSM, the French Health Authority. The inspection included a review of compliance with French regulations relating to Good Manufacturing Practices. The inspection resulted in three observations that were provided during the inspection. A final report from ANSM is forthcoming at which time we will provide a response.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

The following discussion provides forward-looking quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risk. Market risk represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in the value of financial instruments. The risk of loss is assessed based on the likelihood of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows or future earnings. We are exposed to market risk for changes in the market values of our investments (Investment Risk), the impact of interest rate changes (Interest Rate Risk), and the impact of foreign currency exchange changes (Foreign Currency Exchange Risk).

Investment Risk

We regularly review the carrying value of our investments and identify and recognize losses, for income statement purposes, when events and circumstances indicate that any declines in the fair values of such investments below our accounting basis are other than temporary. As of December 31, 2022, none of our investments experienced any declines in fair value that are other than temporary. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $14.1 million deposited in four banks located in China, $0.7 million deposited in one bank located in France, and $0.4 million deposited in one bank located in the United Kingdom. We also maintained $130.2 million in cash equivalents that include money market accounts as of December 31, 2022. Additionally, we maintain approximately $15.1 million in investment grade corporate and municipal bonds as of December 31, 2022. The remaining amounts of our cash equivalent as of December 31, 2022, are in non-interest bearing accounts.

As of December 31, 2021, we had $13.1 million deposited in seven banks located in China, $1.2 million deposited in one bank located in France, and $0.3 million deposited in one bank located in the United Kingdom. We also maintained $102.9 million in cash equivalents that include money market accounts as of December 31, 2021. Additionally, we maintain approximately $6.5 million in investment grade corporate and municipal bonds as of December 31, 2021. The remaining amounts of our cash equivalent as of December 31, 2021, are in non-interest bearing accounts.

Interest Rate Risk

Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitive investments and credit facilities, which are affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. Due to the nature of our short-term investments, we believe that we are not subject to any material interest rate risk with respect to our short-term investments.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $75.9 million in long-term debt and finance leases outstanding. Of this amount, $13.3 million had variable interest rates which were not locked-in through fixed interest rate swap contracts. The debt with variable interest rate exposure had a weighted-average interest rate of 5.2% at December 31, 2022. An increase in the index underlying these rates of 1% (100 basis points) would increase our annual interest expense on the debt with variable interest rate exposure by approximately $0.1 million per year.

As of December 31, 2021, we had $77.0 million in long-term debt and finance leases outstanding. Of this amount, $14.9 million had variable interest rates which were not locked-in through fixed interest rate swap contracts. The debt with variable interest rate exposure had a weighted-average interest rate of 1.8% at December 31, 2021.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our finished pharmaceutical products are primarily sold in the U.S. domestic market, and have little exposure to foreign currency price fluctuations. Our API manufacturing business in France is exposed to market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, because our insulin sales contracts are frequently denominated in euros, which are subject to fluctuations relative to the USD.

Our Chinese subsidiary, ANP, maintains its books of record in Chinese yuan. These books are remeasured into the functional currency of USD, using the current or historical exchange rates. The resulting currency remeasurement adjustments and other transactional foreign exchange gains and losses are reflected in our statement of operations.

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Our French subsidiary, AFP, maintains its books of record in euros. AUK’s subsidiary, IMS UK, maintains its books of record in British pounds. These local currencies have been determined to be the subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies. Activities in the statements of operations are translated to USD using average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing rate of exchange at the date of the equity transactions. Translation adjustments are reflected in stockholders’ equity and are included as a component of other accumulated comprehensive income (loss). The unrealized gains or losses of intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature are reported in other accumulated comprehensive income (loss).

We are also exposed to the potential earnings effects from intercompany foreign currency assets and liabilities that arise from normal trade receivables and payables and other intercompany loans.

As of December 31, 2022, a 10% unfavorable change in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar strengthening against the foreign currencies to which we have exposure would result in approximately $2.6 million reduction of foreign currency gains, and approximately $1.6 million reduction in other comprehensive income.

As of December 31, 2021, a 10% unfavorable change in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar strengthening against the foreign currencies to which we have exposure would result in approximately $1.7 million reduction of foreign currency gains, and approximately $2.8 million reduction in other comprehensive income.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our foreign subsidiaries had cash balances denominated in foreign currencies in the amount of $2.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Index to Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) 98

Consolidated Balance Sheets 101

Consolidated Statements of Operations 102

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 103

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 104

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 105

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 106

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework)and our report dated March 1, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Provision for chargebacks estimate

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Enoxaparin inventory lower of cost or net realizable value estimate

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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1998.

Irvine, California

March 1, 2023

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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share data)

December 31, December 31,

ASSETS

Current assets:

Restricted cash 235 235

Restricted short-term investments 2,200 2,200

Income tax refunds and deposits 171 126

Prepaid expenses and other assets 7,563 7,274

Finance lease right-of-use assets 753 353

Operating lease right-of-use assets 25,554 26,894

Investment in unconsolidated affiliate 2,414 3,985

Goodwill and intangible assets, net 37,298 38,870

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Current liabilities:

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 84,242 $ 89,545

Current portion of long-term debt 3,046 2,202

Current portion of operating lease liabilities 3,003 2,982

Long-term reserve for income tax liabilities 7,225 6,531

Deferred tax liabilities 144 534

Commitments and contingencies

Stockholders’ equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (8,624) (6,765)

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 741,987 $ 671,529

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share data)

Year Ended December 31,

Operating expenses:

Non-operating income (expenses):

Total non-operating income (expenses), net 8,543 14,252 (6,317)

Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliate (1,177) (208) —

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Foreign currency translation adjustment (2,335) (2,943) 1,121

Change in pension obligations 476 261 (155)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data)

Common Stock Accumulated Treasury Stock Total

Additional Other Amphastar Non-

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Cash Flows From Operating Activities:

Reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities:

Loss on disposal of assets 141 348 240

Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary — (13,587) —

Depreciation of property, plant, and equipment 23,815 22,196 20,491

Operating lease right-of-use asset amortization 3,506 3,266 3,653

Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliate 1,177 208 —

Changes in reserve for uncertain tax positions 694 1,821 1,285

Changes in deferred taxes, net (16,445) 2,388 (162)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other assets (1,854) 2,927 643

Income tax refunds, deposits, and payable, net (4,555) 8,349 (972)

Operating lease liabilities (3,154) (3,198) (3,597)

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (736) 3,634 20,090

Cash Flows From Investing Activities:

Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment 421 — —

Payment of deposits and other assets (1,372) (2,612) (1,414)

Cash Flows From Financing Activities:

Acquisition of additional ownership interest in ANP — — (106)

ANP restructuring (see Note 3) — (53,592) —

Settlement of ANP equity awards — (839) —

Debt issuance costs (407) (1,738) —

Proceeds from borrowing under lines of credit — — 1,238

Repayments under lines of credit — (1,161) —

Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt — 70,000 6,283

Principal payments on long-term debt (1,781) (36,740) (8,401)

Net cash used in financing activities (26,439) (37,018) (2,246)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (220) (223) 352

Noncash Investing and Financing Activities:

Equipment acquired under finance leases $ 642 $ 107 $ 61

Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:

Interest paid, net of capitalized interest $ 3,023 $ 2,109 $ 2,199

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Business

Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (together with its subsidiaries, hereinafter referred to as the “Company”) is a bio-pharmaceutical company that focuses primarily on developing, manufacturing, marketing, and selling technically challenging generic and proprietary injectable, inhalation, and intranasal products, including products with high technical barriers to market entry. Additionally, the Company sells insulin active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, products. Most of the Company’s products are used in hospital or urgent care clinical settings and are primarily contracted and distributed through group purchasing organizations and drug wholesalers. The Company’s insulin API products are sold to other pharmaceutical companies for use in their own products and are being used by the Company in the development of injectable finished pharmaceutical products. The Company’s inhalation product, Primatene MIST®, is primarily distributed through drug retailers.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, and are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified within the operating activities of the consolidated statements of cash flows to conform to the current period presentation. All intercompany activity has been eliminated in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company.

The Company’s subsidiaries include: (1) International Medication Systems, Limited, or IMS, (2) Armstrong Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Armstrong, (3) Amphastar Nanjing Pharmaceuticals Inc., or ANP, (4) Amphastar France Pharmaceuticals, S.A.S., or AFP, (5) Amphastar UK Ltd., or AUK, and (6) International Medication Systems (UK) Limited, or IMS UK.

Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliate

The Company applies the equity method of accounting for investments when it has significant influence, but not controlling interest in the investee. Judgment regarding the level of influence over each equity method investment includes key factors such as ownership interest, representation on the board of directors, participation in policy-making decisions and material intercompany transactions. The Company’s proportionate share of the earnings or losses resulting from these investments is reported as “Equity in losses of unconsolidated affiliate” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Investments accounted for using the equity method may be reported on a lag of up to three months if financial statements of the investee are not available in sufficient time for the investor to apply the equity method as of the current reporting date. The determination of whether an investee’s results are recorded on a lag is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

The carrying value of equity method investments is reported as “Investment in unconsolidated affiliate” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s equity method investments are reported at cost and adjusted each period for the Company’s share of the investee’s earnings or losses and dividends paid, if any.

The Company assesses equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an investment may not be recoverable. If the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary, the investment is written down to its estimated fair value, which establishes a new cost basis in the investment. No such impairment was identified for any of the periods presented.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The principal accounting estimates include: determination of allowances for credit losses, fair value of financial instruments, allowance for discounts, provision for chargebacks and rebates, provision for product returns, adjustment of inventory to its net realizable value, impairment of investments, long-lived and intangible assets and goodwill, accrual for workers’ compensation liabilities, litigation reserves, stock price volatility for share-based compensation expense, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, and liabilities for uncertain income tax positions.

Foreign Currency

The functional currency of the Company, its domestic subsidiaries, its Chinese subsidiary ANP, and its U.K. subsidiary, AUK, is the U.S. Dollar, or USD. ANP maintains its books of record in Chinese yuan. These books are remeasured into the functional currency of USD using the current or historical exchange rates. The resulting currency remeasurement adjustments and other transactional foreign currency exchange gains and losses are reflected in the Company’s accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The Company’s French subsidiary, AFP, maintains its book of record in euros. AUK’s subsidiary, IMS UK, maintains its book of record in British pounds. These local currencies have been determined to be the subsidiaries’ respective functional currencies. Activities in the statements of operations are translated to USD using average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing rate of exchange at the date of the equity transactions. Translation adjustments are reflected in stockholders’ equity and are included as a component of other accumulated comprehensive income (loss). The unrealized gains or losses of intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature are reported in other accumulated comprehensive income (loss).

The unrealized gains and losses of intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were a $1.8 million loss, a $2.6 million loss, and a $3.0 million gain, respectively.

Comprehensive Income

The Company’s comprehensive income includes its foreign currency translation gains and losses as well as its share of other comprehensive income from its equity method investments. There was no material income tax provision allocated to other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Income tax expense of $0.9 million was allocated to other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Shipping and Handling Costs

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company included shipping and handling costs of approximately $7.4 million, $4.3 million and $4.3 million, respectively, in selling, distribution and marketing expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Advertising Expense

Advertising expenses, primarily associated with Primatene MIST®, are recorded as they are incurred, except for expenses related to the development of a major commercial or media campaign, which are expensed in the period in which the commercial or campaign is first presented, and are reflected as a component of selling, distribution and marketing in the

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Company’s consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, advertising expenses were $8.7 million, $8.1 million, and $5.8 million, respectively.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred and consist of costs incurred to further the Company’s research and development activities. These include salaries and related employee benefits, costs associated with clinical trials, nonclinical research and development activities, regulatory activities, research-related overhead expenses and fees paid to external service providers.

The Company may produce or purchase inventories prior to or with the expectation of receiving regulatory approval in the near term, based on operational decisions about the most effective use of existing resources. This inventory is referred to as pre-launch inventory. It is the Company’s accounting policy that the pre-launch inventory is capitalized if it has a probable future economic benefit at the time it is purchased or manufactured. If regulatory approval is received and previously expensed pre-launch inventory is sold, such sales may contribute up to a 100% margin to the Company’s operating results. Pre-launch inventory costs include cost of work in process, materials, and finished drug products. As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company did not have material capitalized pre-launch inventory.

Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, restricted cash and short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and short-term borrowings approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these items. The majority of the Company’s long-term obligations consist of variable rate debt, and their carrying value approximates fair value as the stated borrowing rates are comparable to rates currently offered to the Company for instruments with similar maturities. The Company at times enters into interest rate swap contracts to manage its exposure to interest rate changes and its overall cost of long-term debt. The Company’s interest rate swap contracts exchange the variable interest rates for fixed interest rates.

The Company from time to time may enter into forward currency contracts to lock in currency exchange rates to manage its foreign currency exchange rate exposure. The Company’s interest rate swaps and forward currency contracts have not been designated as hedging instruments and, therefore are recorded at their fair values at the end of each reporting period with changes in fair value recorded in other income (expenses) on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an unsettled forward currency contract to purchase foreign currency with a fair value of approximately $0.2 million based on Level 2 inputs, which was recorded as a liability in the accounts payable and accrued liabilities line in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, money market accounts, certificates of deposit and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Investments

Investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of certificates of deposit and investment grade corporate and municipal bonds with original maturity dates between three and fifteen months.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash is collateral required for the Company to guarantee certain vendor payments in France. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the restricted cash balance was $0.2 million.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Restricted Short-Term Investments

Restricted short-term investments consist of certificates of deposit that are collateral for standby letters of credit to qualify for workers’ compensation self-insurance. The certificates of deposit have original maturities greater than three months, but less than one year. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the balance of restricted short-term investments was $2.2 million.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company evaluates the collectability of accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. When the Company is aware of circumstances that may impair a customer’s ability to pay subsequent to the original sale, the Company records a specific allowance to reduce the amounts receivable to the amount that the Company reasonably believes to be collectable. For all other customers, the Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses based on factors that include the length of time the receivables are past due, industry and geographic concentrations, the current economic conditions and historical collection experience. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's allowance for credit losses was $2.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively.

Inventories

Inventories consist of currently marketed products and products manufactured under contract. Inventories are stated using the first-in, first-out method, on a consistent basis. The Company states inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Provisions are made for slow moving, unsellable, or obsolete items. Net realizable value is determined using the estimated selling price, in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs to complete and dispose.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost or, in the case of assets acquired in a business combination, at fair value on the purchase date. Depreciation and amortization expense is computed using the straight line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follows:

Buildings 20 - 31 years

Machinery and equipment 3 - 12 years

Furniture and fixtures 3 - 7 years

Automobiles 4 - 5 years

Leasehold improvements Lesser of remaining lease term or useful life

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over the period the asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to the future cash flows of the Company as follows:

Product rights 10 - 15 years

Patents 10 - 20 years

AMPH US Equity

AMPH · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

AMPH US Equity☆

AMPH · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

AMPH US Equity